Deloitte

Training
2016

FOUNDATION TRAINING
Java
1
 Deloitte Training 2016

JDBC and Annotations

 Day 6

3
 Objectives of Day 6 Deloitte Training 2016

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

 Perform all database operations through Java

 Use Annotations

4
JDBC
 Introduction
 JDBC is a Java Database Connectivity API that lets user access
virtually any tabular data source from a Java application.
 Additionally provides connectivity to a wide range of SQL
databases, and allows user to access other tabular data sources
such as spreadsheets or flat files.
 JDBC defines a low-level API designed to support basic SQL
functionality independently of any specific SQL implementation.
This means the focus is on executing raw SQL statements and
retrieving their results.
 JDBC is based on the X/Open SQL Call Level Interface, an
international standard for programming access to SQL databases.
 The JDBC 2.0 API includes two packages: java.sql, known as the
JDBC 2.0 core API; and javax.sql, known as the JDBC Standard
Extension. Together, they contain the necessary classes to develop
database applications using Java. 6
 contd..
 As a core of the Java 2 Platform, the JDBC is available on any
platform running Java.
 The JDBC 3.0 Specification, released in October 2001, introduces
several features, including extensions to the support of various
data types, additional MetaData capabilities, and enhancements to
a number of interfaces.
 JDBC – a module of jdk, provides for backend database
connectivity.
 Java is linked with backend database through JDBC driver.

 JDBC Driver – A software component that enables a Java

application to interact with a database.
 JDBC driver works in two steps

 provides Connection with the database

 implements the protocol for transferring the query and

result between the client and the database.
 Two-Tier Model
 The JDBC API supports both two-tier model for database access.
JDBC can either be used directly from an application or as part of
a middle-tier server application.
 Here in a Java application interacts directly with the database.
 Functionality is divided into these two layers:
 Application layer, including the JDBC driver, business logic,
and user interface
 Database layer, including the RDBMS
 The interface to the database is handled by a JDBC driver
appropriate to the particular database management system being
accessed.
 The JDBC driver passes SQL statements to the database and
returns the results of those statements to the application.
 contd..
 Type 1
 The Type 1 driver is known as the
End -User JDBC–ODBC Bridge driver.
JDBC Driver Manager
 The driver converts JDBC function
calls into ODBC function calls.
JDBC – ODBC Bridge  The driver is platform dependent.
 It needs to be installed on the
ODBC Driver client machine.
 Not suitable for applets.

Data Base
 contd..
 Type 2
 The Type 2 driver is known as the
End-User Native–API driver.
 Uses the client side libraries of
JDBC Driver Manager
the database.
 The driver converts JDBC method
Native API Driver calls into native calls of database
API.
 The driver is platform dependent.
Data Base  It needs to be installed on the client
machine.
 Not suitable for applets.
 contd..
 Type 3  The Type 3 driver is known as the
End -User Network Protocol driver.
 The driver converts JDBC function
JDBC Driver Manager
calls into ODBC function calls.
 It makes use of a middle ware that
Network Protocol Driver converts JDBC method calls into
vendor specific database calls.
Middleware  Same driver can be used for
(Application Server) multiple vendors.
 Type 3 is platform independent.
 Can be used on inter net as no
Data Base Data Base
client side software is needed.
 contd..
 Type 4  The Type 4 driver is known as the
End -User Native Protocol driver. It is also
known as direct to database pure
JDBC Driver Manager
Java driver.
Native-Protocol Driver
 The driver is platform independent.
 Does not need associated software to
work.

Data Base
 contd..
 Steps in using JDBC
1. Load the driver
2. Define the Connection URL
3. Establish the Connection.
4. Create a Statement Object
5. Execute the query
6. Close the connection
 contd..
1. Load the driver – the Driver is loaded using the method
forName().
2. Define the Connection URL – the URL is defined as the
String object.
3. Establishing the Connection – the Connection is established
using the Connection object.
4. Creating the Statement – the statement is created using the
Statement
5. Execute the Query
6. Close the connection – the connection is closed using the
close() method.
 contd..
 The JDBC API defines standard mappings between SQL
data types and Java/JDBC data types, including support for
SQL99 advanced data types such as BLOBs and CLOBs,
ARRAYs, REFs, and STRUCTs.
 contd..
 Sun defines the following levels of JDBC compliance:
 JDBC 1.0 API Compliance, which requires implementation of
the following interfaces:
 java.sql.Driver
 java.sql.DatabaseMetaData
 java.sql.ResultSetMetaData
 java.sql.Connection
 java.sql.Statement
 java.sql.CallableStatement
 java.sql.PreparedStatement
 java.sql.ResultSet
 JDBC 2.0 API Compliance, requires –
 JDBC 1.0 API compliance
 Full implementation of the DatabaseMetaData interface
extensions defined in JDBC 2.0
 Implementation of additional JDBC 2.0 ResultSet methods
 contd..
 Connection – provides for a connection (session) with a specific
database.
 Statement – provides for the object used for executing a static
SQL statement and returning the results it produces.
 PreparedStatement – A PreparedStatement is a SQL statement
that is precompiled and stored in a PreparedStatement object.
This object can then be used to execute this statement multiple
times.
 CallableStatement – CallableStatement is used to execute SQL
stored procedures. CallableStatements are created by the method
prepareCall().
 ResultSet – provides for a table of data representing a database
result set, which is usually generated by executing a statement that
queries the database.
 contd..
 Methods of Connection interface
 void close() – releases the Connection object's database and JDBC
resources immediately
 void commit() – makes all changes made since the previous
commit/rollback permanent; releases any database locks currently
held by this Connection object.
 Statement createStatement() – Creates a Statement object for
sending SQL statements to the database.
 Statement createStatement (int resultSetType,
int resultSetConcurrency) – Creates a Statement object that will
generate ResultSet objects with the given type and concurrency.
 Statement createStatement(int resultSetType,
int resultSetConcurrency, int resultSetHoldability) – Creates a
Statement object that will generate ResultSet objects with the
given type, concurrency, and holdability.
 contd..
 Statement interface
 ResultSet executeQuery(String sql) – Executes the given SQL
statement, which returns a single ResultSet object.
 int executeUpdate(String sql) – Executes the given SQL
statement, which may be an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
statement or an SQL statement that returns nothing, such as
an SQL DDL statement.
 ResultSet execute(String sql) – Executes a SQL statement
that may return multiple results.
 contd..
 ResultSet Interface
 Statement getStatement() – Retrieves the Statement object
that produced this ResultSet object.
 String getString(String columnName) – Retrieves the value
of the designated column in the current row of this
ResultSet object as a String in the Java programming
language.
 contd..
 java.sql classes
 DriverManager – provides for the basic service for managing a set of
JDBC drivers.
 Methods of DriverManager
o static Connection getConnection(String url) – Attempts to establish
a connection to the given database URL.
o static Connection getConnection(String url, Properties info) –
Attempts to establish a connection to the given database URL.
o static Connection getConnection(String url, String user, String
password) – establishes a connection to the given database URL.
o static Driver getDriver(String url) – locates a driver that understands
the given URL.
o static Enumeration getDrivers() – Retrieves an Enumeration with
all of the currently loaded JDBC drivers to which the current caller
has access.
 Batch Updates
 A batch update is a set of update statements submitted to the
database for processing as a batch. This is more efficient than
sending update statements separately. Support for batch updates
is part of the JDBC 2.0 API.
 Under the JDBC 2.0 API, the Statement, PreparedStatement and
CallableStatement support a batch list, which may contain
statements for updating, inserting, or deleting a row.
 The batch list may also contain DDL statements such as
CREATE TABLE and DROP TABLE.
 Only statements that produce an update count can be used in a
batch update. Statements that return a ResultSet object, such as a
SELECT statement, cannot be used in a batch.

22
 contd..
 Commands used to manage batch updates include the following:
 AddBatch (add SQL commands to the batch list)
 clearBatch (empty the batch list)
 executeBatch (execute all statements in the list as a batch)
 The batch list associated with a Statement is initially empty.
 The code for inserting new rows as a batch might look like this:
con.setAutoCommit(false);
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
stmt.addBatch("INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS VALUES('Hoer', 'Simpson')");
stmt.addBatch("INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS VALUES('Bart', 'Simpson')");
stmt.addBatch("INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS VALUES('Marge', 'Simpson')");
int [] updateCounts = stmt.executeBatch();
con.commit();

23
 Annotations
 Annotation is supplementary information embedded into the
source file, which is used by various tools during development and
deployment.
 provides for compiler generated boilerplate code.
 do not change the actions of the program.
 ensure the consistency between classes,
 can check the validity of the parameters passed by the clients at run-
time.
 Annotation is created using the interface based mechanism.
Annotations consist of method declarations, which act much as
data members.
@ Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@ interface exampleanno
{ String str();
int val(); }
 contd..
 When an annotation is applied the members are given the values.
 @exampleanno ( str = “CoreJava”, val = 25 )

public static void samp()

{ …………………..
…..}
 An annotation can annotate any declaration viz.. class, interface,
methods, constructors, fields, parameters and enum constants
and other annotations.
 All annotations automatically extend the interface Annotation
belonging to package java.lang.annotation.
 contd..
 Retention Policy – determines at what point an annotation is
discarded.
 three retention policies. – SOURCE, CLASS and RUNTIME.
RUNTIME retention offers highest persistence.
 the default policy of CLASS is used.
 A retention policy is specified for an annotation by using one
of Java’s built-in annotations.
 contd..
 Using default values – Annotation members are given default
values, which are used if no value is specified.
 @ interface exampleanno {

String str() default "Testing";

int val() default 9000; }
 @exampleanno() // both str and val default

 @exampleanno(str = "some string") // val defaults

 @exampleanno(val = 100) // str defaults

 @exampleanno(str = "Testing", val = 100) // no defaults

 Marker Annotations – are empty annotations. Used in situations

where only declarations are needed.
 @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)

 @interface sampleanno { }
 contd..
 Single member annotations – are the ones which contain only
one member. The advantage being that when applied the name of
the member need not be mentioned.
 The name of the member must be value.
 Rules of annotations usage –
 Annotations cannot inherit another annotation.
 All methods declared inside annotation must be without
parameters and the methods cannot be generic.
 Annotation methods cannot specify a throws clause.
 Annotation methods must return one of the following –
√ A primitive type, such as int or double
√ An object of type String, Class, enum type
√ Another annotation type
√ An array of one of the preceding types
 Summary Deloitte Training 2016

You have learned how to:

 The various drivers of JDBC

 The JDBC API

 Write programs to connect to the database and perform

various database operations through Java.
 The concept of Annotation

29