JDBC

(Java Database Connectivity)

Overview (1/2)
 JDBC
 JDBC is a standard interface for connecting to relational databases
from Java
 The JDBC Classes and Interfaces are in the java.sql package

 JDBC is Java API for executing SQL statements

 Provides a standard API for tool/database developers

 Possible to write database applications using a pure Java API

 Easy to send SQL statements to virtually any relational database

 What does JDBC do?

 Establish a connection with a database

 Send SQL statements

 Process the results

Database
JAVA Applet/ JDBC Call Command
Application JDBC Driver Database
 Overview (2/2)
 Reason for JDBC
 Database vendors (Microsoft Access, Oracle etc.) provide
proprietary (non standard) API for sending SQL to the server
and receiving results from it
 Languages such as C/C++ can make use of these proprietary
APIs directly
 High performance

 Can make use of non standard features of the database

 All the database code needs to be rewritten if you change

database vendor or product

 JDBC is a vendor independent API for accessing relational
data from different database vendors in a consistent way

CCTM: Course material developed by James King ([email protected])

 History of JDBC (1/2)
 JDBC 1.0 released 9/1996.
 Contains basic functionality to connect to database, query database,
process results
 JDBC classes are part of java.sql package
 Comes with JDK 1.1
 JDBC 2.0 released 5/1998
 Comes with JDK 1.2
 javax.sql contains additional functionality
 Additional functionality:
 Scroll in result set or move to specific row

 Update database tables using Java methods instead of SQL

commands
 Send multiple SQL statements to the database as a batch

 Use of SQL3 datatypes as column values

 History of JDBC (2/2)
 JDBC 3.0 released 2/2002
 Comes with Java 2, J2SE 1.4
 Support for:
 Connection pooling

 Multiple result sets

 Prepared statement pooling

 Save points in transactions

 JDBC Model
JAVA Applet/ Java Application
Developer
Application

 JDBC consists of two parts: JDBC API

 JDBC API, a purely Java-based API JDBC Developer

Driver Manager
 JDBC driver manager
 Communicates with vendor-specific Driver API
drivers Vender Specific
JDBC developer

 Connection con = Vendor Specific JDBC-ODBC Bridge

JDBC Driver
DriverManager.getConnection( Vender Specific
"jdbc:myDriver:myDatabase", ODBC Driver

username, password); Database

Database
JDBC Programming Steps

1) Register the driver

Connect 2) Create a connection to the database

1) Create a statement
Query 2) Query the database

1) Get a result set

Process Results 2) Assign results to Java variables

1) Close the result set

Close 2) Close the statement
3) Close the connection
 Skeleton Code
Class.forName(DRIVERNAME);
Loading a JDBC driver
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(
CONNECTIONURL, DBID, DBPASSWORD);
Connecting to a database
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(“SELECT a, b, c FROM member);

While(rs.next())
{
Executing SQL
Int x = rs.getInt(“a”);
String s = rs.getString(“b”);
Float f = rs.getFloat(“c”); Processing the result set
}

rs.close();
stmt.close();
con.close(); Closing the connections
 Step 1 : Loading a JDBC Driver
 A JDBC driver is needed to connect to a database
 Loading a driver requires the class name of the driver.
Ex) JDBC-ODBC: sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver
Oracle driver: oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver
MySQL: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver

 Loaing the driver class

Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

 It is possible to load several drivers.

 The class DriverManager manages the loaded driver(s)
 Step 2 : Connecting to a Database (1/2)

 JDBC URL for a database

 Identifies the database to be connected
 Consists of three-part:
jdbc:<subprotocol>:<subname>

Protocol:
Protocol: JDBC
JDBC isis Sub-protocol:
Sub-protocol: Subname:
Subname: indicates
indicates the
the location
location and
and
the
the only
only protocol
protocol inin identifies
identifies aa name
name of
of the
the database
database toto be
be
JDBC
JDBC database
database accessed.
accessed. Syntax
Syntax is
is driver
driver specific
specific
driver
driver

Ex) jdbc:mysql://oopsla.snu.ac.kr/mydb
 Step 2 : Connecting to a Database (2/2)

 The DriverManager allows you to connect to a database using

the specified JDBC driver, database location, database name,
username and password.
 It returns a Connection object which can then be used to
communicate with the database.

Connection connection =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://oopsla.snu.ac.kr/mydb",“useri
d",“password");
JDBC
JDBC URL URL
Vendor
Vendorofofdatabase,
database,Location
Locationofof Username
Username Password
Password
database
databaseserver
serverand
andname
nameofof
database
database
 Step 3 : Executing SQL (1/2)
 Statement object
 Can be obtained from a Connection object

Statement statement = connection.createStatement();

 Sends SQL to the database to be executed
 Statement has three methods to execute a SQL statement:
 executeQuery() for QUERY statements
 Returns a ResultSet which contains the query results
 executeUpdate() for INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements
 Returns an integer, the number of affected rows from the SQL
 execute() for either type of statement
 Step 3 : Executing SQL (2/2)

 Execute a select statement

Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
ResultSet rset = stmt.executeQuery
("select RENTAL_ID, STATUS from ACME_RENTALS");

 Execute a delete statement

Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
int rowcount = stmt.executeUpdate
("delete from ACME_RENTAL_ITEMS
where rental_id = 1011");
 Step 4 : Processing the Results (1/2)

 JDBC returns the results of a query in a ResultSet object

 ResultSet object contains all of the rows which satisfied the conditions
in an SQL statement
 A ResultSet object maintains a cursor pointing to its current
row of data
 Use next() to step through the result set row by row
 next() returns TRUE if there are still remaining records
 getString(), getInt(), and getXXX() assign each value to a Java variable

Internal Pointer ResultSet

Record 1 Record 2 Record 3 Record 4

The internal pointer starts one before the first record

 Step 4 : Processing the Results (2/2)

 Example
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(“SELECT ID, name, score FROM table1”);
NOTE
While (rs.next()){ You must step the cursor to the first record before read the results
int id = rs.getInt(“ID”); This code will not skip the first record
String name = rs.getString(“name”);
float score = rs.getFloat(“score”);
System.out.println(“ID=” + id + “ ” + name + “ ” + score);}

ID name score Output

1 James 90.5 ID=1 James 90.5
2 Smith 45.7 ID=2 Smith 45.7
3 Donald 80.2 ID=3 Donald 80.2
Table1
 Step 5 : Closing Database Connection

 It is a good idea to close the Statement and Connection objects

when you have finished with them
 Close the ResultSet object
rs.close();
 Close the Statement object
stmt.close();
 Close the connection
connection.close();
 The PreparedStatement Object

 A PreparedStatement object holds precompiled SQL

statements
 Use this object for statements you want to execute more than
once
 A PreparedStatement can contain variables (?) that you supply
each time you execute the statement
// Create the prepared statement
PreparedStatement pstmt = con.prepareStatement(“
UPDATE table1 SET status = ? WHERE id =?”)
// Supply values for the variables
pstmt.setString (1, “out”);
pstmt.setInt(2, id);
// Execute the statement
pstmt.executeUpdate();