CHAPTER 1 : JAVA DATABASE

CONNECTIVITY

• Introduction to JDBC
• JDBC Architecture
• Common JDBC Components
• JDBC Driver
• Java Database Connectivity

Prepared By:
Prof. Jigar Bhawsar
 Introduction to JDBC
• stands for Java Database Connectivity
• to connect and execute the query with the database
• uses JDBC drivers to connect with the database
• There are four types of JDBC drivers:
✔ JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver,
✔ Native Driver,
✔ Network Protocol Driver, and
✔ Thin Driver
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• The java.sql package contains classes and interfaces for
JDBC API
• A list of popular interfaces of JDBC API are given below:
✔ Driver interface
✔ Connection interface A list of popular classes of
✔ Statement interface JDBC API are given below:
✔ PreparedStatement interface ✔ DriverManager class
✔ Blob class
✔ CallableStatement interface
✔ Clob class
✔ ResultSet interface ✔ Types class
✔ ResultSetMetaData interface
✔ DatabaseMetaData interface
✔ RowSet interface
Why Should We Use JDBC
• Before JDBC, ODBC API was the database API to
connect and execute the query with the database
• ODBC API uses ODBC driver which is written in C
language (i.e. platform dependent and unsecured)
• That is why Java has defined its own API (JDBC API)
that uses JDBC drivers (written in Java language)
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• We can use JDBC API to handle database using Java
program and can perform the following activities:
1. Connect to the database
2. Execute queries and update statements to the database
3. Retrieve the result received from the database.
 JDBC Architecture
• JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier processing
models
• JDBC Architecture consists of two layers −
✔ JDBC API: This provides the application-to-JDBC Manager
connection.
✔ JDBC Driver API: This supports the JDBC Manager-to-Driver
Connection.
• uses a driver manager and database-specific drivers to
provide transparent connectivity to heterogeneous
databases.
• JDBC driver manager ensures that the correct driver is used
to access each data source.
• The driver manager is capable of supporting multiple
concurrent drivers connected to multiple heterogeneous
databases.
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Common JDBC Components
• DriverManager: This class manages a list of database
drivers. Matches connection requests from the java
application with the proper database driver using
communication sub protocol. The first driver that
recognizes a certain subprotocol under JDBC will be used
to establish a database Connection.

• Driver: This interface handles the communications with

the database server. You will interact directly with Driver
objects very rarely. Instead, you use DriverManager
objects, which manages objects of this type. It also
abstracts the details associated with working with Driver
objects.
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• Connection: This interface with all methods for
contacting a database. The connection object
represents communication context, i.e., all
communication with database is through connection
object only.
• Statement: You use objects created from this interface
to submit the SQL statements to the database. Some
derived interfaces accept parameters in addition to
executing stored procedures.
• ResultSet: These objects hold data retrieved from a
database after you execute an SQL query using
Statement objects. It acts as an iterator to allow you to
move through its data.
• SQLException: This class handles any errors that
occur in a database application.
JDBC Driver
• software component that enables java application
to interact with the database
• There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:
✔ JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
✔ Native-API driver (partially java driver)
✔ Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)
✔ Thin driver (fully java driver)
1) JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
• uses ODBC driver to connect to the database
• converts JDBC method calls into the ODBC
function calls
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❖ Advantages:
✔ easy to use.
✔ can be easily connected to any database.

❖ Disadvantages:
✔ Performance degraded because JDBC method call is converted
into the ODBC function calls.
✔ The ODBC driver needs to be installed on the client machine.
2) Native-API driver

Native API driver uses the client-side libraries of the database The
driver converts JDBC method calls into native calls of the database API.
It is not written entirely in java
❖ Advantage:
✔ performance upgraded than JDBC-ODBC bridge driver.
❖ Disadvantage:
✔ The Native driver needs to be installed on the each client machine.
✔ The Vendor client library needs to be installed on client machine.
3) Network Protocol driver

The Network Protocol driver uses middleware (application server)

that converts JDBC calls directly or indirectly into the vendor-specific
database protocol. It is fully written in java.
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❖ Advantage:
✔ No client side library is required because of application server that
can perform many tasks like auditing, load balancing, logging etc.
❖ Disadvantages:
✔ Network support is required on client machine.
✔ Requires database-specific coding to be done in the middle tier.
✔ Maintenance of Network Protocol driver becomes costly because it
requires database-specific coding to be done in the middle tier.
4) Thin driver

The thin driver converts JDBC calls directly into the vendor-specific
database protocol. That is why it is known as thin driver. It is fully written in
Java language.
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❖ Advantage:
✔ Better performance than all other drivers.
✔ No software is required at client side or server side.
❖ Disadvantage:
✔ Drivers depend on the Database.
Java Database Connectivity
1) Register the driver class
✔ The forName() method of Class class is used to register the
driver class. This method is used to dynamically load the driver
class.

Syntax
public static void forName(String className)throws ClassNotFoun
dException

Example

Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
2) Create the connection object
✔ getConnection() method of DriverManager class is used to establish
connection with the database

Syntax
1) public static Connection getConnection(String url)throws
SQLException
2)public static Connection getConnection(String url,String name,
String password) throws SQLException

Example
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","password");
3) Create the Statement object
✔ The createStatement() method of Connection interface is used to
create statement
✔ responsible to execute queries with the database.

Syntax
public Statement createStatement()throws SQLException

Example

Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
4) Execute the query
✔ used to execute queries to the database
✔ This method returns the object of ResultSet that can be used to get
all the records of a table.

Syntax

public ResultSet executeQuery(String sql)throws SQLException

Example
ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
while(rs.next()){
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2));
}
5) Close the connection object
✔ used to close the connection.

Syntax

public void close()throws SQLException

Example

con.close();
 Resultset metadata
• The metadata means data about data i.e. we can get
further information from the data.
• If you have to get metadata of a table like total number of
column, column name, column type etc. ,
ResultSetMetaData interface
ResultSet is useful because it
Metadata
provides methodsInterface
to get metadata from the ResultSet
object
Method Description

public int it returns the total

getColumnCount()throw number of columns in
s SQLException the ResultSet object.
public String it returns the column
getColumnName(int name of the specified
index)throws column index.
SQLException
public String it returns the column
getColumnTypeName(int type name for the
index)throws specified index.
SQLException
public String it returns the table
getTableName(int name for the specified
index)throws column index.
SQLException
 Precompiled statements
• The PreparedStatement interface is a subinterface of
Statement. It is used to execute parameterized query.

• String sql="insert into emp values(?,?,?)";

• Why use PreparedStatement?
• Improves performance: The performance of the
application will be faster if you use PreparedStatement
interface because query is compiled only once.
• How to get the instance of PreparedStatement?
• The prepareStatement() method of Connection interface
is used to return the object of PreparedStatement. Syntax:

• public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String quer

y)throws SQLException{}
Method Description
public void setInt(int sets the integer value to the given
paramIndex, int value) parameter index.

public void sets the String value to the given

setString(int parameter index.
paramIndex, String
value)
public void setFloat(int sets the float value to the given
paramIndex, float parameter index.
value)
public void sets the double value to the given
setDouble(int parameter index.
paramIndex, double
value)
public int executes the query. It is used for
executeUpdate() create, drop, insert, update, delete
etc.

public ResultSet executes the select query.

executeQuery() It returns an instance of ResultSet.
 Performing CRUD operations through JDBC API

• Create
• Retrieve
• Update
• Delete
 JDBC transactions
• Transaction represents a single unit of work.
• The ACID properties describes the transaction
management well.
• ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, isolation and
durability.
Method Description

void It is true bydefault means each transaction is committed

setAutoCommit(boolean bydefault.
status)

void commit() commits the transaction.

void rollback() cancels the transaction.