Victorian Certificate of Education

Year

CHEMISTRY
Written examination

ANNOTATED
DATA BOOK

Instructions
This data book is provided for your reference.
A question and answer book is provided with this data book.

Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic
devices into the examination room.

© VICTORIAN CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY 2020

December 2020
 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 2

a e of content
Page
1. Periodic table of the elements 3
2. Electrochemical series 4
3. Chemical relationships 5
4. Physical constants and standard values 5
5. Unit conversions 6
6. Metric (including SI) prefixes 6
7. Acid-base indicators 6
8. Representations of organic molecules 7
9. Formulas of some fatty acids 7
10. Formulas of some biomolecules 8–9
11. Heats of combustion of common fuels 10
12. Heats of combustion of common blended fuels 10
13. Energy content of food groups 10
14. Characteristic ranges for infra-red absorption 11
15. 13C NMR data 11
16. 1H NMR data 12–13
17. 2-amino acids (α-amino acids) 14–15

PREPARED BY JAMES KENNEDY

Free to use
ELECTRONEGATIVITY 1ST IONISATION ENERGY
METALLIC CHARACTER ATOMIC RADIUS
eriodic ta e of t e e e ent
IONS INCREASING
CORE CHARGE
1 2
H INCREASING He
IONS CAN FORM
1.0 SHIELDING 4.0
hydrogen
HYDROGEN BONDS helium

3 4 atomic number 79 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be Au symbol of element B C N O F Ne
6.9 9.0 relative atomic mass 197.0 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
lithium beryllium gold name of element boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
23.0 24.3 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 39.9
sodium magnesium EXCEPTIONS TO AUFBAU RULE aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 96.0 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon

3
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba 57–71 f Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 lanthanoids 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222)
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra 89–103 f Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
(223) (226) actinoids (261) (262) (266) (264) (267) (268) (271) (272) (285) (280) (289) (289) (292) (294) (294)
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1 175.0
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium

CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK

TURN OVER

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
(227) 232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium

The value in brackets indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope.

ALL ELEMENTS AFTER URANIUM ARE ARTIFICIAL

 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 4
STANDARD CONDITIONS

2. Electrochemical series
Reaction Standard electrode potential
OXIDANTS REDUCTANTS (E0) in volts at 25 °C
STONGEST
OXIDANT F2(g) + 2e– ⇌ 2F–(aq) +2.87

H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ 2H2O(l) +1.77

Au+(aq) + e– ⇌ Au(s) +1.68

THESE TWO
⇌
HALF-EQUATIONS
Cl2(g) + 2e– 2Cl–(aq) +1.36 SWAP AT ≥2M

O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e– ⇌ 2H2O(1) +1.23

Br2(l) + 2e– ⇌ 2Br–(aq) +1.09

Ag+(aq) + e– ⇌ Ag(s) +0.80

Fe3+(aq) + e– ⇌ Fe2+(aq) +0.77

O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ H2O2(aq) +0.68

I2(s) + 2e– ⇌ 2I–(aq) +0.54

O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– ⇌ 4OH–(aq) +0.40

Cu2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Cu(s) +0.34

Sn4+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Sn2+(aq) +0.15

S(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ H2S(g) +0.14

⇌
STANDARD HYDROGEN
2H+(aq) + 2e– H2(g) 0.00 ELECTRODE (S.H.E.)

Pb2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Pb(s) –0.13

Sn2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Sn(s) –0.14

Ni2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Ni(s) –0.25

Co2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Co(s) –0.28

Cd2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Cd(s) –0.40

Fe2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Fe(s) –0.44

Zn2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Zn(s) –0.76

2H2O(l) + 2e– ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH–(aq) –0.83

Mn2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Mn(s) –1.18

Al3+(aq) + 3e– ⇌ Al(s) –1.66

Mg2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Mg(s) –2.37 THESE METALS

CAN ONLY FORM FROM A
Na+(aq) + e– ⇌ Na(s) –2.71 MOLTEN ELECTROLYTE

Ca2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Ca(s) –2.87

K+(aq) + e– ⇌ K(s) –2.93

⇌
STRONGEST
Li+(aq) + e– Li(s) REDUCTANT
–3.04

MOST REACTIVE METAL ON THIS LIST

 5 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK

3. Chemical relationships
Name Formula

m V
number of moles of a substance n= ; n = cV ; n =
M Vm

universal gas equation pV = nRT

VIt
calibration factor (CF) for bomb calorimetry CF = DON'T ADD 273 TO ΔT
∆T

heat energy released in the combustion of a fuel q = mc∆T

q IF THERE'S ΔH IN THE EQUATION

enthalpy of combustion ∆H = THEN q HAS UNITS kJ... otherwise, J
n

electric charge Q = It

Q
number of moles of electrons n (e − ) =
F

molar mass of desired product 10

00
% atom economy ×
molar mass of all reactants 1

actual yield 100

% yield ×
theoretical yield 1

4. Physical constants and standard values

Name Symbol Value

Avogadro constant NA or L 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

charge on one electron (elementary charge) e –1.60 × 10–19 C

Faraday constant F 96 500 C mol–1

molar gas constant R 8.31 J mol–1 K–1

molar volume of an ideal gas at SLC Vm 24.8 L mol–1

(25 °C and 100 kPa)

specific heat capacity of water c 4.18 kJ kg–1 K–1 or 4.18 J g–1 K–1

density of water at 25 °C d 997 kg m–3 or 0.997 g mL–1

DILUTION FORMULA AQUEOUS MIXTURES FORMULA

NUMBER OF PARTICLES

GAS FORMULA DENSITY FORMULA

TURN OVER
 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 6

5. Unit conversions
Measured value Conversion

0 °C 273 K

100 kPa 750 mm Hg or 0.987 atm

1 litre (L) 1 dm3 or 1 × 10–3 m3 or 1 × 103 cm3 or 1 × 103 mL

etric inc udin refi e

Metric cientific notation u ti in factor IN CALCULATIONS, PREFIXES AND VALUES
(including SI) ARE INTERCHANGEABLE, for example:
refi e

giga (G) 109 1 000 000 000

mega (M) 106 1 000 000

pH FORMULAE
kilo (k) 103 1000

deci (d) 10–1 0.1

centi (c) 10–2 0.01

milli (m) 10–3 0.001

micro (μ) 10–6 0.000001 ONLY TRUE WHEN

THE SOLUTION
IS AT 25°C
nano (n) 10–9 0.000000001

pico (p) 10–12 0.000000000001

7. Acid-base indicators
Name pH range Co our c an e fro
lower pH to higher pH in range
thymol blue (1st change) 1.2–2.8 red → yellow

methyl orange 3.1– 4.4 red → yellow

bromophenol blue 3.0– 4.6 yellow → blue

DON'T
CONFUSE
THESE methyl red 4.4– 6.2 red → yellow
TWO!
bromothymol blue 6.0–7.6 yellow → blue

phenol red 6.8–8.4 yellow → red

thymol blue (2nd change) 8.0–9.6 yellow → blue

phenolphthalein 8.3–10.0 colourless → pink

 7 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK

e re entation of or anic o ecu e

The following table shows different representations of organic molecules, using butanoic acid as an example.

Formula Representation

molecular formula C 4 H 8O 2

structural formula H H H O
H C C C C

H H H O H

semi-structural (condensed) formula CH3CH2CH2COOH or CH3(CH2)2COOH

skeletal structure O
H
O

or u a of o e fatt acid
Name Formula e i tructura for u a

lauric C11H23COOH CH3(CH2)10COOH

myristic C13H27COOH CH3(CH2)12COOH

palmitic C15H31COOH CH3(CH2)14COOH

palmitoleic C15H29COOH CH3(CH2)4CH2CH=CHCH2 (CH2)5CH2COOH

stearic C17H35COOH CH3(CH2)16COOH

oleic C17H33COOH CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

linoleic C17H31COOH CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH

linolenic C17H29COOH CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH

arachidic C19H39COOH CH3(CH2)17CH2COOH

arachidonic C19H31COOH CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)3CH=CH(CH2)3COOH

TO FIND N(C=C) IN A FATTY ACID TAIL, USE THIS FORMULA:

E.G. ARACHIDONIC ACID C19H31COOH HAS 4 C=C BONDS:

TURN OVER
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 8

or u a of o e io o ecu e

CH3
H 3C CH CH CH H3C CH2 CH2 CH
3
CH CH CH
3 CH CH2 CH
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3

CH CH
CH CH

CH2 CH2

HO HO
vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

H
OH
O
H C OH

HO H C OH
CH OH
H C OH
CH2
HO H

vitamin C (ascorbic acid) glycerol

CH2OH CH2OH
O O

OH OH
HO OH CH2OH
HO
OH OH

α-glucose -fructose

CH2OH
O
CH2OH CH2OH FORMS DURING CONDENSATION REACTION
RELEASING H2O AS A BY-PRODUCT
O O CH2OH OH
O O OH
HO
OH OH OH
HO O CH2OH
OH
OH OH
OH
sucrose α-lactose
 9 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK

WHEN DRAWING A POLYMER,

AMIDE ALWAYS DRAW BONDS THROUGH
GROUP SQUARE BRACKETS LIKE THIS

CH2OH OH
O O
O
H2N O OH
N OH
CH3
H O O O
HO
OH CH2OH
n
O
CONSISTS OF
aspartame cellulose

CH2OH
O

OH
CONSISTS OF
O
OH
O

CH2OH CH2 CH2OH

O O O

OH OH OH
O O O O
OH OH OH CANNOT BE
HYDROLYSED
COMPLETELY WITH
amylopectin (starch) AMYLASE ENZYME

CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

O O O CONSISTS OF

OH OH OH
O O O O
OH OH OH
n

CAN BE HYDROLYSED
amylose (starch) WITH AMYLASE ENZYME

TURN OVER
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 10

eat of co u tion of co on fue

The heats of combustion in the following table are calculated at SLC (25 °C and 100 kPa) with combustion
products being CO2 and H2O. Heat of combustion may be defined as the heat energy released when a
specified amount of a substance burns completely in oxygen and is, therefore, reported as a positive value,
indicating a magnitude. Enthalpy of combustion, ∆H, for the substances in this table would be reported as
negative values, indicating the exothermic nature of the combustion reaction.

Fuel Formula State eat of co u tion o ar eat of co u tion

(kJ g–1) (kJ mol–1)
hydrogen H2 gas 141 282

methane CH4 gas 55.6 890

ethane C2H6 gas 51.9 1560

propane C3H8 gas 50.5 2220

butane C4H10 gas 49.7 2880

octane C8H18 liquid 47.9 5460

ethyne (acetylene) C2H2 gas 49.9 1300

methanol CH3OH liquid 22.7 726

ethanol C2H5OH liquid 29.6 1360

(ACCORDING TO THE VCAA)

REMEMBER:

eat of co u tion of co on ended fue

Blended fuels are mixtures of compounds with different mixture ratios and, hence, determination of a generic
molar enthalpy of combustion is not realistic. The values provided in the following table are typical values
for heats of combustion at SLC (25 °C and 100 kPa) with combustion products being CO2 and H2O. Values
for heats of combustion will vary depending on the source and composition of the fuel.
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
ARE ALWAYS GASES
Fuel State eat of co u tion
(kJ g–1)
kerosene liquid 46.2

diesel liquid 45.0

natural gas gas 54.0 QUICKEST WAY TO BALANCE

ANY COMBUSTION EQUATION:

Ener content of food rou

AND USE FRACTIONS WHERE NEEDED
Food eat of co u tion e.g. ½ or ¼
DIGESTED BY
(kJ g–1)
fats and oils 37

protein 17

carbohydrate 16
 11 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK

C aracteri tic ran e for infra red a or tion

Bond Wave number Bond Wave number
(cm–1) (cm–1)
IN THE
FINGERPRINT
C–Cl (chloroalkanes) 600–800 C=O (ketones) 1680–1850
REGION AND
DIFFICULT TO
IDENTIFY C–O (alcohols, esters, ethers) 1050–1410 C=O (esters) 1720–1840

C=C (alkenes) 1620–1680 C–H (alkanes, alkenes, arenes) 2850–3090

C=O (amides) 1630–1680 O–H (acids) 2500–3500

C=O (aldehydes) 1660–1745 O–H (alcohols) 3200–3600

C=O (acids) 1680–1740 N–H (amines and amides) 3300–3500

15. 13C NMR data

Typical 13C shift values relative to TMS = 0 WAVENUMBER, WAVELENGTH

FREQUENCY,
These can differ slightly in different solvents.
ENERGY

e of car on C e ica ift

R–CH3 8–25

R–CH2–R 20– 45

R3–CH 40–60

R4–C 36– 45
THERE'S NO SPLITTING IN 13C NMR
R–CH2–X 15–80

R3C–NH2, R3C–NR 35–70

R–CH2–OH 50–90

RC CR 75–95

R2C=CR2 110–150

RCOOH 160–185

R 165–175
C O
RO

R 190–200
C O
H

R2C O 205–220

TURN OVER
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 12

16. 1H NMR data

Typical proton shift values relative to TMS = 0
These can differ slightly in different solvents. The shift refers to the proton environment that is indicated in
bold letters in the formula.

e of roton C e ica ift

R–CH3 0.9–1.0

R–CH2–R 1.3–1.4

RCH=CH–CH3 1.6–1.9

R3–CH 1.5

O O
CH3 C or CH3 C 2.0
OR NHR

R CH3
C 2.1–2.7

O
R–CH2–X (X = F, Cl, Br or I) 3.0– 4.5

R–CH2–OH, R2–CH–OH 3.3– 4.5

O
R C 3.2
NHCH2R

R—O—CH3 or R—O—CH2R 3.3–3.7

O

O C CH3 2.3

O
R C 3.7– 4.8
OCH2R

R–O–H 1–6
(varies considerably under different conditions)

R–NH2 1–5

RHC=CHR 4.5–7.0

OH 4.0–12.0
 13 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK

e of roton C e ica ift

H 6.9–9.0

O
R C 8.1
NHCH2R

O
R C 9.4 –10.0
H

O
R C 9.0–13.0
O H

EXCEPT FOR SILVER, MERCURY AND LEAD SALTS

(REMEMBER: S, M, L)

EXCEPT FOR BARIUM, CALCIUM AND LEAD SALTS

(REMEBER: B, C, L)

TURN OVER
 ACIDIC SIDE-GROUP
NON-POLAR SIDE-GROUP
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 14
POLAR SIDE-GROUP
17. 2-amino acids ( -amino acids) BASIC SIDE-GROUP

The table below provides simplified structures to enable the drawing of zwitterions, the identification of
products of protein hydrolysis and the drawing of structures involving condensation polymerisation of amino
acid monomers.

Name Symbol Structure

alanine Ala CH3

H2N CH COOH

arginine Arg NH

CH2 CH2 CH2 NH C NH2

H2N CH COOH

asparagine Asn O

CH2 C NH2

H2N CH COOH

aspartic acid Asp CH2 COOH

H2N CH COOH

cysteine Cys CH2 SH

H2N CH COOH

glutamic acid Glu CH2 CH2 COOH

H2N CH COOH

glutamine Gln O

CH2 CH2 C NH2

H2N CH COOH

glycine Gly H2N CH2 COOH

histidine His N

CH2 N
H
H2N CH COOH

isoleucine Ile CH3 CH CH2 CH3

H2N CH COOH
 15 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK

Name Symbol Structure

leucine Leu CH3 CH CH3

CH2

H2N CH COOH

lysine Lys CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

H2N CH COOH

methionine Met CH2 CH2 S CH3

H2N CH COOH

phenylalanine Phe
CH2

H 2N CH COOH

proline Pro COOH

HN

serine Ser CH2 OH

H2N CH COOH

threonine Thr CH3 CH OH

H2N CH COOH

tryptophan Trp HN

CH2

H2N CH COOH

tyrosine Tyr OH
CH2

H2N CH COOH

valine Val CH3 CH CH3

H 2N CH COOH

END OF DATA BOOK