Periodic Table of the Elements

1 18
HYDROGEN POWER
GENERATION HANDBOOK
1 2

H
Hydrogen
He Helium
1.008 4.003
2 13 14 15 16 17
3 4 Atomic number 1 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be H Element symbol B C N O F Ne
Lithium
6.941
Beryllium
9.012
Element name Hydrogen
1.008 Atomic weight
Boron
10.81
Carbon
12.01
Nitrogen
14.01
Oxygen
16.00
Fluorine
19.00
Neon
20.18
(Fifth Edition)
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg
Sodium Magnesium
Al
Aluminum
Si
Silicon
P
Phosphorus
S
Sulfur
Cl Ar
Chlorine Argon
Towards the realization of integrated hydrogen technologies
from production to power generation
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K
Potassium
Ca Sc Ti
Calcium Scandium Titanium
V
Vanadium
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Gallium
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.63 74.92 78.97 79.90 83.80

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr
Rubidium Strontium
Y
Yttrium
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Tin Antimony Tellurium
I
Iodine
Xe Xenon
Indium
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.95 (99) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3

55 56 57-71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba
Cesium Barium
Lanthanoid Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium
Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Platinum Gold Mercury Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Thallium
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222)

87 88 89-103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra
Francium Radium
Actinoid Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Nihonium
(223) (226) (267) (268) (271) (272) (277) (276) (281) (280) (285) (278) (289) (289) (293) (293) (294)

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Ac Th Pa
Actinium Thorium Protactinium
U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Nobelium Lawrencium
Mendelevium
(227) 232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (239) (243) (247) (247) (252) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)

Source SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY WEEK (MEXT) https://www.mext.go.jp/stw/series.html

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

Energy Systems Download the
Hydrogen Power Generation
Mitsubishi Power
Website here
Handbook here
2-3, Marunouchi 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo, 110-8332, Japan
power.mhi.com METP-11GT02E1-D-0, (0.0)24-10, ZEG Mitsubishi Power is a power solutions brand
of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.
 INTRODUCTION
Hydrogen—atomic number 1.
It’s the first element we learn about as students.
It forms water, which is essential for life on Earth, the planet of water.
It is abundant throughout the universe.
It is light, diffuses rapidly, and burns.

“Burning” forms the foundation of civilization, because it is a source of energy.

Energy is essential to our daily lives, and meeting the world’s increasing needs, while
reducing CO2 emissions, is a critical issue of our times.

We have arrived at a watershed in the history of energy with the diversification of energy
sources such as renewables and the impact of their evolution on the best energy mix.

Hydrogen is a clean energy source that does not emit CO2 upon combustion.
With the spread of AI, economic development in emerging nations, and a forecast for
increased global electricity demand, hydrogen power generation, both clean and abundant,
is a promising option.

Hydrogen power generation, controlling the violently burning hydrogen and maximizing its
utilization. Competition among developers of the technology is taking place around the world,
where engineers are solving a host of issues.

INDEX
3 Realizing a carbon-neutral society
5 Hydrogen is not in the future. This is real.
13 Hydrogen gas turbine Successful demonstration of 30% co-firing technology

Notes on the Publication of the fifth edition of the “Hydrogen Power Generation Handbook”
TECHNICAL REVIEW Recently, at Mitsubishi Power’s Takasago Hydrogen Park, we succeeded in operating a demonstration gas turbine power
20 Hydrogen/Ammonia-fired Gas Turbine Initiatives for Carbon Neutrality generation facility that uses 30% hydrogen co-firing, and we have also started up a demonstration unit (400kW-class)
32 “Hydrogen Park Takasago” and “Carbon Neutral Park Nagasaki” Initiative to Create Decarbonized World of our in-house developed SOEC* hydrogen production technology. In this revision, in addition to Mitsubishi Power’s
44 Development of Hydrogen Production Technology Initiative to Create Decarbonized World efforts, including the validation and demonstration of the hydrogen power generation and production technologies
mentioned above, we have updated the content to include new trends in hydrogen energy and introductions to
57 Compendium technical papers by developers. We hope that this handbook will be useful to you.

*SOEC: Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell

1-2
 Realizing a carbon-neutral society
Decarbonization with a power-generation technology
that emits no CO2.

The world is now facing a major change that can be called a For some time, Mitsubishi Power, in collaboration with MHI group Hydrogen power will play an important role in decarbonizing thermal
“decarbonization revolution” in response to the issues of global companies has plotted a path toward solutions called “Energy power generation, which accounts for the majority of the global The world s fastest aircraft, the X-15, which flew at Mach
warming and climate change. At the same time, the demand for Transition” that will balance the expansion of renewable energy with electricity supply at present. Furthermore, as reducing the cost of 6.7, flew on ammonia!
electricity is increasing due to the construction of new data centers economic efficiency and stable supply, and has also established the hydrogen is an issue, Mitsubishi Power aims to develop hydrogen Ammonia combustion, which is anticipated to be useful in carbon-free
against the backdrop of population growth, economic development, direction of technological development needed to achieve this goal. production and power generation technology to help create a virtuous initiatives, is actually an old technology. The North American X-15, an
and the rapid spread of AI, and how to balance economic growth with Mitsubishi Power has been developing and cultivating highly efficient cycle of hydrogen value chain development and cost reduction, experimental high-altitude hypersonic aircraft equipped with an ammonia
engine, began flight in 1961 and in 1967, set the world speed record of
measures to combat global warming has become an important issue power generation and environmental technologies over the years and thereby contributing to the realization of a hydrogen society.
Mach 6.7. This record remains unbroken in manned winged aircraft even
shared around the world. is working on the use of fuels that do not emit CO2 upon combustion, today. Ammonia is fuel for the dreams of mankind.
Under these circumstances, renewable energy sources such as wind such as hydrogen and ammonia, with the aim of reducing CO2 MHI Group has a track record of producing and supplying various
and solar power, whose electrical output depends on natural emissions and decarbonizing thermal power generation. hydrogen-related products including rocket engines that use hydrogen
conditions, are becoming more widespread, and the need for a stable as a liquid fuel and hydrogen production facilities. In the roughly 50
Why are liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen used
power supply is becoming even greater. The hydrogen power generation technology introduced in this years from the 1970s to the present, we have made abundant
as rocket fuel?
handbook involves converting the fuel used in gas turbine combined accomplishments in the use of by-product gas that contains hydrogen
It can be said that the greater the speed a combusted gas is ejected
Under such circumstances, the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) cycle (GTCC) power generation, which currently has the lowest CO2 for power generation purposes. In addition to supplying equipment, MHI
from a rocket engine, the greater the propulsive force and the better
Group announced the 2040 Carbon Neutrality Declaration “MISSION emissions per unit of electricity generated among fossil fuel-based Group is also involved in the entire fuel value chain, from the the engine. Furthermore, the lighter the gas used in combustion, the
NET ZERO” in October 2021. Achieving a carbon-neutral society is a thermal power generation processes, from natural gas to hydrogen, production, transportation, storage, and utilization of hydrogen and easier it accelerates, which leads to higher ejection speed.
In other words, the combustion gas, mainly H2O, generated by burning
global issue, and we at Mitsubishi Power, as a leader with a proven and is a technology that will make a significant contribution to ammonia. With our proven technological capabilities and our
oxygen and hydrogen is a lighter substance than the combustion gas
track record in the decarbonization field, believe it is our decarbonization on a global scale. Mitsubishi Power’s hydrogen promotion of decarbonized energy, we will continue to contribute to of other fuels.
responsibility to lead climate change measures. We will contribute to power generation technology makes it possible to reduce installation the protection of the global environment and move the world closer
the realization of a carbon-neutral society by cooperating with costs by maximizing the use of existing equipment and converting it to a carbon-neutral society.
partners around the world through products, technologies, and to hydrogen power generation.
services that can promote CO2 reduction.

3-4
 Hydrogen is not in the future. The world has started moving towards a hydrogen society
At the COP28 international conference on climate change, attended by million tons of green hydrogen per year within the EU in 2030, and

This is real. 198 countries and organizations, an agreement was reached on

sector-specific contributions that take into account the environment in
importing 10 million tons of green hydrogen per year from outside the
EU, and as part of the “Green Deal Industry Plan,” the EU has established
which each country finds itself, as well as the path to the goal, and the the European Hydrogen Bank as one of its policies and has begun efforts
need to accelerate hydrogen power generation as a decarbonization to support the production of green hydrogen within the EU. Additionally,
technology was mentioned. In addition, the joint declaration from the G7 Singapore is making progress in supporting research and development,
Environment Ministers’ Meeting held in Sapporo, included the use of infrastructure development, and other areas in order to realize hydrogen
hydrogen and ammonia as power generation fuels. utilization. And ahead of COP28, the Middle Eastern nation of the UAE
officially announced its National Hydrogen Strategy 2050. Aiming to become
Let’s take a look at the hydrogen policy initiatives of each country. The one of the world's leading hydrogen producing nations by 2031, the UAE
United States has set a goal of expanding annual clean hydrogen aims to produce 1.4 million tons of hydrogen per year by 2031, 7.5 million
production to 10 million tons by 2030, 20 million tons by 2040, and 50 tons by 2040, and 15 million tons by 2050. Meanwhile, in terms of hydrogen
million tons by 2050 and has announced a $9.5 billion support package usage, they anticipate annual demand of 2.1 million tons for domestic use
over five years for clean hydrogen-related projects, is aiding in the and 600,000 tons for export in 2031. Meanwhile, Japan has also put together
development of clean hydrogen hubs to serve as bases to promote its a “Hydrogen Society Promotion Bill” and a “Bill on Carbon Dioxide Storage
use, and is supporting research and development related to clean Projects,” making steady progress toward achieving carbon neutrality by 2050.
hydrogen. In response to this, the EU has set goals of producing 10

Accelerating the global energy transition

Three factors can be cited to accelerate the energy transition. Firstly, an States, which will guarantee many incentives as counter-measures for
energy crisis occurred due to Ukraine being invaded, and the energy climate change for more than 10 years, and has stimulated various
transition efforts, which were expected to slow down as a result, began projects. Thirdly, energy transition movement has also gained momentum
accelerating particularly in Europe. Unlike fuels that rely on imports, in the Asia-Pacific region. Interest in decarbonization technology
renewable energy is an independent power source for each region, so starting with hydrogen is increasing in countries such as Singapore,
there is a growing momentum for its active development. Secondly, in which is promoting its decarbonization strategy as a national strategy,
August 2022, the IRA (Inflation Reduction Act) was enacted in the United and in Australia, which is aiming to become a clean energy exporter.

MHI Group’s “MISSION NET ZERO”

“MISSION NET ZERO” is the MHI Group’s 2040 carbon neutral declaration. roughly 40% of our company’s product use. In order to achieve Net Zero,
The first goal is to reduce the MHI Group’s CO2 emissions (CO2 emitted the top priority is to switch to carbon-free fuels that do not emit CO2
from the use of fuels such as gas and oil at factories and CO2 emitted when burned, in other words, to promote the energy transition.
when purchased and used energy such as electricity is produced) by
50% by 2030 (compared to 2014), and to achieve Net Zero by 2040. In addition, while a significant expansion of renewable energy is an
effective option for promoting the energy transition, it is also important
The second goal is to achieve Net Zero CO2 emissions along the entire to maintain a stable supply of energy while responding to the increasing
value chain by 2040. The intermediate goal is to reduce CO2 emissions energy demand that accompanies economic growth. The optimal solution
by 50% by 2030 (compared to 2019). These goals take into account the differs between countries and regions with abundant renewable energy,
reduction in CO2 emissions by customers when using MHI’s products, as such as Europe and the United States, and countries in Asia that lack
well as the contribution of CCUS (Carbon dioxide Capture, Utilization and renewable energy. The energy transition advocated by the MHI Group is
Storage). Compared to MHI Group’s CO2 emissions of approximately to provide realistic solutions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions
700,000 tons (2019), the CO2 emissions from the entire value chain are while minimizing social costs, according to the circumstances of
approximately 1.5 billion tons, which is an astounding 2,000 times customers and regions, and to bring about a stable supply of energy.
higher. This is because primary energy use, including power generation To achieve this, we will introduce innovative technologies to meet a wide
equipment, is the main cause of CO2 emissions, and such emissions variety of needs and contribute to the realization of a sustainable
from the operation of thermal power generation equipment account for society.

Reduce CO2 emissions Reduce CO2 emissions

Target
across MHI Group across MHI’s value chain
Year
Scope 1,2 Scope 3 + reductions from CCUS

2030 -50% (compared to 2014) -50% (compared to 2019)

2040 Net Zero Net Zero

Scope 1, 2 : The calculation standard is based on the GHG Protocol.

Scope 3 : The calculation standard is based on the GHG Protocol, but takes into account the contribution of reduced
5-6 emissions through CCUS, a unique indicator.
Energy Transition and the Solutions Mitsubishi Power’s Hydrogen Project
The MHI Group is committed to promoting the energy transition to Working toward conversion to the hydrogen-fired M701F As such, Mitsubishi Power will undertake technical studies and a feasibility
realize a carbon-neutral society. We will provide solutions based on gas turbine study (FS) to convert fuel from a natural gas to a hydrogen for its three
the three pillars of “Decarbonize existing infrastructure,” “Realize a Mitsubishi Power is participating in a decarbonization business plan for M701F gas turbines operating at a natural gas-fired 1,200MW-class GTCC
CO2 H2 CO2
hydrogen solutions ecosystem,” and “Realize a CO2 solutions the largest industrial cluster in the country (Humber Cluster), which is in power plant in Saltend Chemicals Park, an industrial cluster in the northern
ecosystem.” We are already participating in large projects around the progress in the delta area of the Humber River Basin on the east coast part. Using this project participation as an impetus for MHI Group’s
world and supporting their success. of the United Kingdom. Fourteen companies and institutions in the strategic business, Energy Transition, we will stimulate demand for the
Decarbonize Realize a Realize a CO2
existing hydrogen solutions solutions global decarbonization industry including Equinor ASA, a major energy utilization of hydrogen by thermal power generation companies. In addition,
infrastructure ecosystem ecosystem company based in Norway, have joined forces to form the “Zero Carbon we will contribute to the realization of a decarbonized society by being
Humber Partnership (ZCH)”. By utilizing hydrogen produced from involved in the construction of an international hydrogen value chain for
natural gas and making full use of CO2 capture and removal technologies, hydrogen supply, transportation, and storage while working closely with
Decarbonize existing infrastructure Transition from fossil fuels to alternatives
such as hydrogen and ammonia the industrial cluster aims to achieve virtually zero CO2 emissions by 2040. these technologies and partners.
Carbon-free
power generation Gas turbines
In order to advance the decarbonization of existing infrastructure, Boilers
Engines
including power generation equipment, which is the main cause of
Retrofitting/upgrading to improve efficiency/
CO2 emissions, we are promoting development and commercialization Energy solution for operability or convert to different fuels
of power generation technologies that can use carbon-free fuels in-house power generation Energy use optimization through digital solutions
such as TOMONI®
such as hydrogen and ammonia, as well as biomass power
Using of biomass Biomass power generation
generation and gasification technologies.
Synthetic fuel production Power-to-Liquid method
(including SAF*) Biomass gasification
etc.
*SAF: Sustainable Aviation Fuel

Realize a hydrogen solutions Hydrogen production equipment

(SOEC, Turquoise Hydrogen, AEM* Electrolyzer, alkaline water electrolysis)
ecosystem
In order to decarbonize energy upstream of the value chain, we will Hydrogen and ammonia transportation Zero Carbon Humber Partnership ZCH Saltend GTCC Power Plant
work on constructing ecosystems covering production, transportation, Source: Zero Carbon Humber Website

storage and utilization when switching from fossil fuels to hydrogen

and ammonia. Hydrogen utilization Storing green hydrogen in salt domes
(gas turbines for power generation, boilers, engines, fuel cells, etc.)
Mitsubishi Power Americas, Inc., an MHI group company, is promoting Mitsubishi Power has cutting-edge hydrogen combustion technologies,
*AEM: Anion Exchange Membrane the Advanced Clean Energy Storage Project, a joint project with and its hydrogen gas turbine requires minimum modification to the
Magnum Development under Chevron U.S.A. Inc. in Utah, U.S.A. The existing infrastructures at the power plants. In 2018, Mitsubishi Power
green hydrogen produced by electrolyzing water using wind and solar had already achieved 30% hydrogen co-firing and aims to make this
power will be stored in two massive underground salt domes, each 100% hydrogen by roughly 2025. Large-frame hydrogen generation is
Water, natural gas, etc.
with a storage capacity of over 5,500 tons of hydrogen. The idea is to a crucial piece in creating a truly sustainable society across the globe.
supply this hydrogen to power plants and other facilities. In June Cost is a challenge today, however as technology evolves, we will
Electricity 2022, the world’s largest green hydrogen project entered the execution continue to reduce the cost of green hydrogen. Mitsubishi Power is fully
phase with a loan guarantee from the U.S. Department of Energy. committed to playing a significant leadership role in addressing this
Renewable energy
H2 H2
(geothermal power, etc.) The construction of the plant is going well for the commercial global obligation and deliver technological advancements to attain a
SOEC, Turquoise Hydrogen, AEM
operation in 2025. carbon-free hydrogen society.
Power generation (hydrogen GT)
Heat
Electrolyzer, alkaline water electrolysis
etc.

Electricity
Hydrogen production Transportation/storage Utilization
Renewable Energy Storage Gas Turbine Power Generation

Electricity

Realize a CO2 solutions ecosystem Local photo AC DC

Electrolyzers
For industrial sectors where decarbonization is difficult, capturing
Brine pond Existing salt dome Power line
CO2 emissions is an effective solution. We will provide the equipment, Clean power equipment
generation
Underground salt dome Pumps, valves, power supplies
products and services required for this ecosystem, which covers Source: Energy Information
Administration / DOE
• We will supply two hydrogen-fired M501JAC gas turbines (840MW) to the power plant
capture, transportation, storage and utilization. Electricity Hydrogen • 30% hydrogen co-combustion operation in 2025, 100% hydrogen operation plan by 2045

7-8
Mitsubishi Power’s decarbonization technology development Showcase of Takasago Hydrogen Park’s power generation and hydrogen production demonstration facilities

bases and initiatives

Takasago Hydrogen Park, the World’s First Hydrogen Production and Takasago Hydrogen Park will become an important base for creating a [Hydrogen Gas Turbine] Control of the Combustor is Key
Power Generation Demonstration Facility, Begins Operation of an hydrogen ecosystem by building a value chain of ‘Production,’ ‘Storage,’ Mitsubishi Power has decades of experience in building gas turbines
SOEC Demonstration Machine and ‘Utilization.’ fueled by natural gas, but hydrogen is a fuel with completely different
In 2023, Mitsubishi Power started full-scale operation of the Takasago properties from natural gas and is extremely flammable, so we need
Hydrogen Park (Takasago City, Hyogo Prefecture), which is the first Recently within the park, we began operation of a demonstration unit to design combustors with a different approach than that of natural
facility in the world to be able to validate technologies from hydrogen for SOEC, a next-generation, highly efficient hydrogen production gas. In response to the frequent challenges, people from various
production to power generation, in an integrated way, with the aim of technology. SOEC is an application of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) departments gathered together to thoroughly discuss the matter, and
early commercialization of hydrogen gas turbines. The main focus is to technology that we have already developed and commercialized, and in we are working to commercialize the product by staying true to the
improve product reliability through technological validation and to addition to its advantage of being highly efficient, we are promoting its basics and meeting expectations.
contribute to the social implementation of hydrogen power generation development as a technology that enables high pressure through our
and manufacturing technologies. In addition to hydrogen production unique cylindrical cells. The demonstration unit mentioned above is a [Alkaline Water Electrolysis] Adapting to Japanese Format
using water electrolysis equipment, we will sequentially expand the 400kW-class unit that was designed and manufactured based on the The alkaline water electrolysis installed at Takasago Hydrogen Park is
introduction of next-generation hydrogen production technologies and technology used for SOFC after undergoing elemental technology one of the world's largest, at 5MW-class, manufactured by HydrogenPro AS
demonstrate hydrogen co-firing and hydrogen firing (100% hydrogen) development at Nagasaki Carbon Neutral Park and has been installed of Norway, and after coordinating with their headquarters, we were able
using actual gas turbines. The park is divided into three areas: hydrogen and started operation at Takasago Hydrogen Park. We will use the to produce and supply hydrogen. In order to ensure the success of the
production, storage, and utilization. We installed and began operation of results to achieve even higher output and larger capacity. This SOEC Advanced Clean Energy Storage project in Utah, U.S.A., which will use
an alkaline water electrolysis unit manufactured by HydrogenPro AS of demo unit is composed of a module equipped with multiple cartridges the same type of equipment, we are proceeding with long-term
Norway, which has one of the world's largest hydrogen production that combine approximately 500 cells. During the demo operation, the reliability validation, while also working to both stockpile and further
capacities at 1,100 Nm3/h, in the “Production” area. The hydrogen electrolysis efficiency of the module was 3.5kWh/Nm3 (101%-HHV: improve hydrogen production know-how.
produced at the facility is stored in hydrogen storage tanks with a total higher heating value equivalent), and highly efficient operation was
capacity of 39,000Nm3 installed in the “Storage” area. In addition, actual confirmed. This is a major step forward toward achieving our goal of a
[SOEC] Moving Toward a Future with a Highly Efficient System that
validation of hydrogen combustion will be conducted using a large JAC system efficiency of over 90%-HHV.
Produces Steam by Recovering Heat
type gas turbine (450MW-class) at the demonstration facility combined
By making maximum use of existing fuel cell technology and equipment,
cycle power plant (we named it "T-Point 2") and a small to medium-sized Takasago Hydrogen Park plans to continue demonstrations of hydrogen
we have been able to design a 400kW-class SOEC demo unit in the
H-25 gas turbine (40MW-class) installed to drive a compressor at the production equipment with different characteristics, such as AEM
shortest possible amount of time, completed test runs, and started
combustion test facility, both of which are located in the “Utilization” Electrolyzer and turquoise hydrogen, in the hydrogen “Production” area,
operation. Currently, the unit is being demonstrated as a standalone unit,
area. For hydrogen production, we are developing our own technologies with the aim of commercializing the equipment. In addition, in order to
but in the future, we plan to operate the plant as a highly efficient system,
such as SOEC, AEM Electrolyzer, turquoise hydrogen which generates conduct demonstration operations of 50% hydrogen co-firing using the
producing steam as a raw material by recovering heat, and producing
hydrogen without CO2 emission by pyrolysis of methane into hydrogen T-Point 2 JAC gas turbine installed in the “Utilization” area, the park is
hydrogen as part of the fuel for hydrogen gas turbines.
and solid carbon. Regarding hydrogen production technology, elemental planning to expand its facilities, such as expanding the total capacity of
technologies will be developed at the Nagasaki Carbon Neutral Park and the hydrogen storage equipment in the “Storage” area to 117,000 Nm3,
then validated and demonstrated under actual operating conditions. approximately three times the current capacity. The hydrogen production facility at Takasago Hydrogen Park has and technology development and demonstrations are progressing
attracted a great deal of attention from both inside and outside the across departmental boundaries. By working closely with related parties
company. We have many employees with a variety of skills, not just in and working as a unified team to establish hydrogen production
Nagasaki Shipyard & Machinery Works and Takasago Machinery Works, technology, we will contribute to the coming hydrogen society.

Hydrogen Utilization (Power Generation) Hydrogen Production

Takasago Hydrogen Park Demonstration Schedule

2024 2025 2026 2027

Demonstration Commercial operation started (40 units)

Alkaline water Electrolysis in progress Advanced Clean Energy Storage (North America)
H-25 M501JAC Alkaline water electrolysis SOEC Turquoise H2
400kW-class demo unit
SOEC
under demonstration
Hydrogen production Multi-MW demonstration operation
equipment (planned)
AEM Electrolyzer Element testing/development validation

Multi-MW demonstration
Large-frame GTCC (T-Point 2) Turquoise Hydrogen Element testing/development validation operation (planned)

Mid-frame GT Hydrogen storage 39,000Nm3

Hydrogen Storage Expansion 78,000Nm3 700 cylinders
equipment (350 cylinders)
30% co-firing Commercial operation started 30% hydrogen co-firing GT (North America)
Large-frame Gas Turbine demonstration achieved
50% co-firing demonstration (planned)
H2 supply piping Gas turbine
water electrolysis Small and medium-frame
100% dedicated combustion demonstration
gas turbine

H2 storage tanks
Hydrogen Storage

9-10
Accelerating Development of Key Technologies for Energy combustion technology to decarbonize thermal power generation. Introduction to Common Hydrogen Production Methods
Decarbonization at the Nagasaki Carbon Neutral Park Furthermore, we will conduct research and accelerate development Raw material How to produce CO2 emission Our related technology
In 2023, we established and began operating the Nagasaki Carbon toward productization and commercialization by utilizing the design
Water Electrolysis Water Alkaline water electrolysis (AEL) No *1
Neutral Park in Nagasaki City as a central base for technology and manufacturing functions of various thermal energy equipment
Proton Exchange Membrane water
development related to energy decarbonization. The design, cultivated at the Nagasaki Shipyard & Machinery Works, where the electrolysis (PEM)
Anion Exchange Membrane water
manufacturing, and development departments work together to put Nagasaki Plant handles design and manufacturing, and the Koyagi electrolysis (AEM)
AEM electrolyzer SOEC Alkaline water electrolysis
product technology into practical use. In particular, the Nagasaki Plant conducts manufacturing. Following these steps, after Steam Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) (HydrogenPro AS)
District Research & Innovation Center, is a research facility that is a developing key technologies at the Nagasaki Carbon Neutral Park, Photocatalysis (artificial photosynthesis) No
symbol of our base, and conducts research and development we will conduct hydrogen production demonstration operations and Hydrocarbon Natural gas Modification (SMR/ATR Yes*2
including the elemental technologies related to hydrogen production, power generation demonstrations in conjunction with hydrogen gas compound Pyrolysis (methane pyrolysis) No *3 Turquoise Hydrogen
(Methane pyrolysis)
biomass synthetic fuel production, and CO2 capture. For hydrogen turbines at the hydrogen production and power generation
production, we are currently developing next-generation hydrogen demonstration facility, Takasago Hydrogen Park.
Coal Gasification Yes*2 Coal gasification (IGCC)
production technologies including SOEC, turquoise hydrogen, and Biogas
(Grasses, trees, waste, etc.) Gasification Yes*4 SAF Production
AEM Electrolyzer. We are also working on developing ammonia
Hydrogen Methylcyclohexane Dehydrogenation reaction No *1
Ammonia Nitrogen Hydrogen
carrier (NH3) (N2) (H2)
Ammonia Cracking
H H H H Ammonia H H H H
Liquid hydrogen Claude process N N Cracking N N
H H System H H

Ammonia cracking

By-product gas Water Salt Soda electrolysis No *1

Key technologies for Petroleum refinery related Diffusion combustor
Oil Yes*2
Carbon Neutrality (naphtha cracking, etc.) for gas turbine
Coal Coke production(COG,BFG,LDG) Yes*2
Hydrogen production
Design & Manufacture *1 Depends on the power source and heat source *2 CCS is necessary for decarbonization *3 Depends on the heat source *4 If CCS is used, it is negative emission
Nagasaki Plant Biomass combustion
& gasification
Introducing Our Hydrogen Production and Combustion Technologies
Ammonia combustion
[SOEC] World’s First Efficient Hydrogen Production hundreds of cylindrical cell stacks made using our proprietary
CO2 capture
SOEC applies SOFC technology that has already been developed and technology. By combining this with our technology for handling
commercialized and is capable of producing large volumes of hydrogen high-temperature, high-pressure steam and gas used in steam power
more efficiently than other electrolysis methods. Element tests on generation, we will continue to develop our SOEC, which combines
individual cells confirmed that the hydrogen production volume and world-class size and performance, and after demonstrations at
durability were excellent, and we successfully operated a 400kW-class Takasago Hydrogen Park, we aim to be the first in the world to achieve
demonstration unit equipped with multiple cartridges consisting of commercialization.

Manufacture
Koyagi Plant [Turquoise Hydrogen] Methane is Thermally Decomposed to Produce generation will become possible even in areas where hydrogen
Hydrogen and Solid Carbon supply infrastructure is not yet in place. Based on the knowledge
Natural gas, the main component of which is methane (CH4), is gained at Nagasaki Carbon Neutral Park, we are currently focusing
R&D reacted at approximately 800°C using the fluidized bed technology on the design of a demonstration unit to be built at Takasago
Research & Innovation Center that we have developed for our boilers. By adding this process near Hydrogen Park. We will steadily move forward toward demonstration
existing natural gas power generation facilities and replacing the gas operation in 2027 and large-scale hydrogen production.
turbine combustors with ones made for hydrogen, hydrogen power
Initiatives at Nagasaki Carbon Neutral Park
[AEM Electrolyzer] Next-Generation Water Electrolysis Technology making it possible to downsize the electrolytic cell and reduce costs. It
Hydrogen production technology SOEC Turquoise Hydrogen AEM Electrolyzer with Excellent Compactness and Low Cost also has excellent compatibility with renewable energy sources that
AEM Electrolyzer is a hydrogen production technology employing have frequent output fluctuations and stoppages. Currently, we are
electrolysis technology that uses solid polymer electrolyte membranes, developing multi-layer stacks for large stacks, taking into account the
and while it uses inexpensive cell materials similar to conventional sealing properties of the laminates and flow distribution. We aim to
alkaline water electrolysis, it can operate on as little power as PEM* conduct demonstration tests in the MW-class in 2026 and transition into
water electrolysis. In addition, it can operate at high current density, practical use beyond 2030. *PEM: Proton Exchange Membrane

Raw materials Steam Natural gas Water

[Ammonia Burner] Research & Innovation Center and Business emission of large amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx) unless the fuel
Manufacturing method Electrolysis Thermal separation of methane Electrolysis & membrane treatment
Progress Under demonstration Under development Under development
Division Promote to Development Together concentration is appropriate, have been overcome through actual-scale
Characteristics Low power consumption Utilizes existing natural gas infrastructure Compact, low-cost equipment We are also working on the development of ammonia combustion combustion tests. In addition to quickly reducing CO2 emissions from
technology to decarbonize thermal power generation. We are promoting existing plants, we will provide this as a realistic measure for the energy
Combustion and gasification technology Ammonia combustion Biomass gasification/combustion the development of an ammonia burner to convert more than 50% of the transition of countries such as Southeast Asia that are not blessed with
fuel in the boiler to ammonia. The challenges specific to ammonia, such renewable energy resources and have no choice but to use coal as their
as its slow burning speed, difficulty in maintaining a flame, and the main power source for the time being.
11-12
 Hydrogen gas turbine Expectations for hydrogen
energy and technologies
Successful demonstration of Coping with the conflict between robust energy demand and coal at 30.8%, and thermal power generation accounts for 72.8%.

30% co-firing technology

global decarbonization (As of 2022).
“Energy is the cornerstone of industry,” said Satoshi Tanimura— Source: https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/whitepaper/2024/pdf/2_1.pdf

Chief Engineer, GTCC Business Division, Energy Systems, Mitsubishi

Heavy Industries, Ltd.—a leader in the development of hydrogen-fueled As energy choices steadily increase, thermal power still remains a
gas turbines that feature CO2-free combustion technology. key energy source.
“If demand exists, supply will be provided by electric power “With regard to thermal power using fossil fuels, efforts have
companies, and power-generating facilities are necessary to continuously been made toward reducing emissions by enhancing
provide this supply. At the same time, there is increasing public efficiency through technological innovation,” said Tanimura. “CO2
scrutiny toward power-generation that produces CO2 emissions. emissions per unit with GTCC plants, which combine gas and steam
They want electricity, but they don’t want the attendant CO2 turbines, are less than half of those generated by coal-fired thermal
emission. It’s the mission of engineers to pursue thermal power power. But it doesn’t change the fact that CO2 is still emitted in the
generation that emits zero CO2.” generation of gas-fired thermal power; we cannot close our eyes to
this fact. As an engineer, I’m particularly sensitive to global issues and
Electricity is the main source of primary energy conversion in Japan, expectations toward resolving them. And we must develop technology
accounting for approximately 47% of the total. The proportion of to cope with the conflicting issues of strong demands for energy and
electricity supplied by fuel is natural gas at 33.8%, oil at 8.2%, for CO2 reduction.”

A clear roadmap to the achievement of a hydrogen society gas-fired power plants, with 30% hydrogen. It burns hydrogen while
Satoshi Tanimura’s focus is on thermal power generation that does not allowing suppression of NOx emissions to the level of gas-fired thermal
emit CO2. “Our area of involvement is the development of hydrogen gas power. The technology is compatible with an output equivalent to
turbines,” he said. 840MW, and it offers a reduction of about 12% in CO2 emissions
compared with GTCC.
Japan’s Basic Hydrogen Strategy includes the target of aiming for
hydrogen power generation by 2030. As this technology enables the use of existing facilities, large-frame
However, will it be possible to make hydrogen power generation a modification of power generation facilities becomes unnecessary. This
reality in about six years? Even if technology is successfully developed, makes it possible to lower costs and other hurdles, promoting a smooth
how many power plant operators can afford to renew their facilities? transition to a hydrogen society.
Also, how will we secure large quantities of hydrogen to serve as fuel?
But can hydrogen be infused into the fuel mix of existing facilities so
“Even if hydrogen power-generating facilities are installed at power plants easily? Aspects such as fusion, combustion, and the quality and
already scheduled for renewal, it’s not realistic to expect substantial power behavior of hydrogen will certainly differ from those of natural gas.
generation volume to be secured in only six years,” said Tanimura. “That’s What is this hydrogen-mixed combustion technology developed by
where Mitsubishi Power comes in—we conceived a hydrogen power Mitsubishi Power? Where was the technological breakthrough? And
generation system that utilizes existing gas turbine facilities.” what is the next move? We will now introduce the many challenges that
Tanimura had to overcome.
Tanimura and his colleagues at MHI have developed a combustor for gas
turbines that can operate stably when mixing natural gas, the fuel for

13-14
Commercialization of 30% hydrogen co-firing opens pivotal door 100% hydrogen power generation
to a hydrogen-powered society — achieving a complete hydrogen-fired gas turbine
The dream of a CO2-free society—100% hydrogen thermal
The battle with highly flammable hydrogen Even with excellent materials, it cannot be called technology unless it is
power generation CO2 emission
Hydrogen is a clean energy source producing the only water when controllable, durable, and capable of producing high-quality results on a (g/kWh)
The values below are emissions per unit indicating CO2 emission
burned. Conversely, it is a substance that is difficult to handle. It burns continuous basis. Engineers are the ones who solve these problems.
volume when generating 1kWh of electricity.
violently, so the idea of hydrogen is often accompanied by the fear of Mitsubishi Power has successfully conducted demonstration operation
explosions. It is highly combustible, only needs energy equivalent to at the T-Point 2 (rated output: 566,000kW) located within the Takasago Almost half
Standard coal-fired power generation: 863g-CO2 /kWh
static electricity to ignite, and has a broad combustion range. These are Hydrogen Park, using a state-of-the-art JAC-type gas turbine with a
Ultra-supercritical (USC) coal-fired power generation: 820g-CO2 /kWh
difficulties that come with such a combustible element. Thus there are turbine inlet temperature of 1,650°C-class, under both partial load and
GTCC power generation: 340g-CO2 /kWh
many challenges that engineers must overcome in order to realize a 30% 100% load, using a mixed fuel of municipal gas and 30%* hydrogen. The Zero emission
Hydrogen 30% mixed-combustion gas turbine: 305g-CO2 /kWh
hydrogen co-firing. hydrogen used in the test was produced at an alkaline water electrolysis
820* 340* 305 0
facility within Takasago Hydrogen Park, and it was the world’s first
Obstacles standing in the way of a 30% hydrogen co-firing are flashback, demonstration operation (in November 2023) of a large-scale gas turbine USC Coal-fired LNG LNG-30%H2 100%H2
thermal power GTCC co-firing firing
combustion pressure fluctuation, and NOx. The unique characteristics of using 30% hydrogen co-firing while connected to the local power grid GTCC GTCC

hydrogen and the mixing of hydrogen with air are the cause of flashbacks. and using a large amount of hydrogen produced and stored on the same *Source: METI Website
(https://warp.da.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/11402477/www.meti.go.jp/committee
/kenkyukai/energy_environment/jisedai_karyoku/pdf/001_01_00.pdf)
Flashback is a phenomenon where the flames inside the combustor site. Combustion tests of an isolated combustor using 50% hydrogen
travel up the incoming fuel and leave the chamber. As hydrogen burns co-firing have already been successful, and efforts are currently under
rapidly, flashback commonly occurs. Burning of fuel anywhere but inside way to develop a combustor with the aim of demonstrating it using an
the combustor absolutely must be avoided. If flashback cannot be operational gas turbine. From 30% hydrogen fuel mixture operation, they Development Status of Hydrogen Combustion Technology has to be done in as confined a space as possible. The problem is that
prevented, a hydrogen gas turbine cannot be successfully developed. are moving on to realizing 50% hydrogen fuel mixture operation. As Mitsubishi Power has successfully achieved mixed-combustion in this case the fuel nozzle jets and flame are in closer proximity,
Expectations for societal implementation are rising once again. power generation at 30% hydrogen, Satoshi Tanimura’s next making flashback increasingly likely. We thought about how to deal
*Hydrogen mixture ratio is expressed by volume.
objective is thermal power generation that does not emit CO2 upon with this, and it occurred to us that we needed to disperse the flame
combustion, or 100% hydrogen power generation technology. and reduce the fuel spray particle size.
However, with a high concentration of hydrogen, the risk of flashback The key technology to this method is the fuel delivery nozzle. We
rises, as does the concentration of NOx. A combustor for upgraded the design, which normally features eight nozzles, and
hydrogen-fired power generation demands technology that enables created the distributed lean burning, or multi-cluster combustor, which
efficient mixing of hydrogen and air, and stable combustion. incorporates many nozzles. We reduced the size of the nozzle opening
and injected air, and then sprayed hydrogen and mixed them. As this
“There are important conditions concerning the mixing of hydrogen and method does not employ a rotational current, mixing is possible on a
Source: University of Michigan at the 2014 University air as well,” said Tanimura. “It is difficult to mix hydrogen and air in a smaller scale, and low-NOx combustion can be accomplished.”
Turbine Systems Research Workshop large space, and using a rotational current and mixing them well Hydrogen is an excellent fuel, but difficult to handle. Changing thinking in
requires a rather large space. This is what pushes the risk of flashback mixing methods by upgrading the nozzle, that’s the kind of challenge
upward. In order to mix hydrogen and air in a short period of time, it engineers are wrestling with in the battlefield of development.

Innovative technology to control combustion pressure fluctuation do we adjust the location and method of fuel burning, we continue to
that can destroy a combustor incorporate a number of innovations such as a sound absorption device.” Hydrogen Gas Turbine Combustor Development Status
Temperatures inside the combustor reach 1,650°C, and it is known that
Combustion method Low NOx technology Performance Hydrogen Content Development/operation status
imposing an extremely high thermal load on the combustor cylinder While suppressing these phenomena and satisfying the necessary
results in the generation of a very loud noise due to the cylinder’s conditions, Tanimura and his team must also extend the service life of
N2 Dilution Combustion Temperature
specified eigenvalue. This is the phenomenon known as combustion the facility by enhancing maintenance capabilities and the performance Type 1 Diffusion Combustion 100% Development completed
Water/Steam Addition 1200 - 1400 -Class
pressure fluctuation. of the facility overall. Moreover, they must constantly search for the
best materials, the optimum form, and the ideal combination—from the
Put the oscillation from the loud sound together with the oscillation of optimization of the shape and material of the fuel delivery nozzle and
the flames from combustion and they amplify, producing immense the combustor shape and material to the quality of the thermal
30% Development completed
power. Also, given the particularly short interval when combusting insulation ceramic coating and adjustment of particle size. The
hydrogen, the flame and the oscillation are more likely to match, repetition of this trial-and-error process brings them ever closer to the Dry Combustion Temperature
increasing the likelihood of combustion pressure fluctuation. development of a power generation system that does not emit CO2 upon Type 2 Premixed Combustion
Low NOx 1650 -Class
So how loud is the sound? combustion and ultimately to the realization of a carbon-free society.
50% Successful combustion test in 2022
“It’s actually beyond loud. And once oscillation occurs, it will destroy the
combustor in an instant,” said Tanimura. “In order to avoid this, not only

Dry Combustion Temperature Development scheduled

Type 3 Multi-Cluster 100%
Low NOx 1650 -Class to be completed after 2025

15-16
Creating a hydrogen fuel supply chain as a bridge to the future
A gas turbine alone is not enough to achieve 100% hydrogen-fired hydrogen, methylcyclohexane (MCH), and ammonia (NH3) are
combustion technology: Stable sources of hydrogen must be regarded as the most promising hydrogen transport vehicles, and if
secured; a supply source and way to transport the hydrogen to a demand increases further, we should see economies of scale
pipe-less Japan must be considered; technology to extract hydrogen emerge in transport as well. We have also begun the development of
from the source material, and technology to collect and retain the a 40,000kW-class gas turbine system that uses 100% ammonia
CO2 emitted during the process must be developed. Such hydrogen directly as fuel, and are currently conducting validation aiming for
infrastructure must mature along with the development of hydrogen actual operation and commercialization from 2025 onwards.” said
combustion technology. Tanimura.

“Simply increasing gas turbine efficiency does not necessarily lead Gas turbine engineers factor in everything from production to costs.
to enhanced efficiency overall,” said Tanimura, when taking a “We need a vision for hydrogen use, encompassing everything from
comprehensive perspective of the practical use of hydrogen. “In creation of infrastructure to the various methods of use,” Tanimura
Japan, we simply assume we’ll have hydrogen transported from said. “For instance, a fuel mix of 20% hydrogen can be used without
abroad and use it in fuel-cell vehicles and industry. Meanwhile, there any technological improvements, and if we use a gas turbine with an
is a blueprint overseas from the hydrogen supply phase through to output capacity of 500MW, and a turbine efficiency rating of 60%, it
use, including the CCS scheme for processing CO2 emitted during requires 1.4 tons of hydrogen per hour. This equals the volume of
manufacturing. In Europe, with the advantage of their existing hydrogen used by around 100,000 to 130,000 fuel-cell vehicles. If we
natural gas pipeline being well-developed, they are proceeding with are going to proceed in earnest with hydrogen use, it’s imperative
hydrogen use while taking a holistic view through to supply, that we quickly move to upgrade the hydrogen infrastructure,
considering it part of the overall infrastructure,” he said. through measures such as proactively increasing the number of
As engineers developing gas turbines, Tanimura and his colleagues turbines using hydrogen. This is another reason hydrogen gas
have a clear understanding of the need for a comprehensive turbines will drive the forthcoming hydrogen society,” he said.
hydrogen usage plan.
“In Japan, as we don’t have a developed pipeline, naturally the Human beings discovered fire and began using it purposefully about
transport of hydrogen constitutes a major issue,” Tanimura said. “As 500,000 years ago. And now with CO2-free combustion in hand, we can
of now, there are schemes for extracting hydrogen from renewable set our sights on the energy that will support a carbon-neutral society.
energy, petroleum, and natural gas. If renewable energy, regarded as
unstable, is converted into hydrogen, the storage and transport of Tanimura and his colleagues remain dedicated to achieving 100%
energy becomes possible, which is a huge benefit. Today, liquid hydrogen combustion technology by 2025.
Satoshi Tanimura
Chief Engineer, GTCC Business Division,
Energy Systems,
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

Overview of Global Hydrogen Supply Chain

An expert with a focus in gas turbine combustor development, from
Production Transportation Utilization basic design to combustion adjustment. Tanimura joined Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries in 1986 and was assigned to the Gas Turbine
Hydrogen from fossil fuel Hydrogen transportation Engineering Department, where he pursued the development of
(with CO2 capture & storage)
Liquid Hydrogen/ Methylcyclohexane Hydrogen large-frame gas turbine combustors and also served as an engineer.
He worked on the development of a 1300°C-class gas turbine
LH2/MCH H2
combustor, and spearheaded efforts to develop low-NOx technology
Ammonia Power
H2 for the 1500°C-, 1600°C-, and 1650°C-class models.
CO2
NH3
N2 Transport
CH4 + 2H2O CO2 + 4H2
Nitrogen gas
H2
Hydrogen
Hydrogen from renewable source Industry
O2 H2
CO2 capture & utilization
Hydrogen Synthetic Fuels/Materials
Household
H2 CH3OH/CH4

H2O
Green H2 Blue H2
Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide capture

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Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 60 No. 3 (September 2023)

TECHNICAL REVIEW

Mitsubishi Power is developing high efficiency power generation technologies. This includes the field of gas turbine power generation technologies where
Mitsubishi Power has made possible hydrogen co-firing and is in the process of taking the technology to it’s next phase. Additionally, the needs of the electricity
market are diversifying, and we are proceeding with the development of technologies that will contribute to the energy transition. From this point on, using
the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review, we will introduce the ammonia-fired gas turbine that can burn ammonia directly as fuel, the hydrogen
production technology and its development, and demonstration equipment, as well as the features and development status of the hydrogen production technology.

Hydrogen/Ammonia-fired Gas Turbine Initiatives

for Carbon Neutrality Development of Hydrogen Production Technology Initiative to Create
The development status and future demonstration schedule of hydrogen and Decarbonized World
ammonia-fired gas turbine combustors and combustion technology, which Focusing on the hydrogen production equipment that we are developing, namely
continues to work towards achieving carbon neutrality as early as possible. SOEC, AEM Electrolyzer, and turquoise hydrogen (methane pyrolysis), we have
showcased the features of the technologies and the current status of their
“Hydrogen Park Takasago” and “Carbon Neutral Park Nagasaki” development.
Initiative to Create Decarbonized World
The development status of hydrogen-fired gas turbines at Takasago Hydrogen Park,
which began partial operation in 2023, and decarbonization technology initiatives
including hydrogen production are under way at Nagasaki Carbon Neutral Park. Source: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review
Authors and affiliation names shown here are true and accurate at the time of writing

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 Com pe ndiu m
COMPENDIUM
In this section, we list the characteristics of hydrogen and
information pertaining to engineering for your use.
We also provide information about ammonia, which is seen
as a potential hydrogen energy carrier from
the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review.
Contents
1. Basic Data
2. Transport Property
3. Combustion Property
4. Comparison of Heat Required to Produce 1mol of Hydrogen

5. Conversion Tables
5-1. Unit Conversion Table
5-2. Hydrogen Cost Simple Conversion Table
5-3. Ammonia Cost Simple Conversion Table
6. Gas Turbine Lineup

Performance
• Simple Cycle Specs
• Mechanical Drive Specs
• Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine Specs
• Combined Cycle Specs

7. Fuel Consumption by Gas Turbine Type

8. Co-firing of Hydrogen and Natural Gas:
The Relation between Volume Fraction and Thermal Ratio
9. Hydrogen Production Process
10. Characteristics of Typical Green Hydrogen Production Methods

11. Technical Review: CO2-Free Energy (Ammonia)

57-58
1. Basic Data 3. Combustion Property

Hydrogen H2 Methane CH Ammonia NH3 Air Nitrogen N2 Carbon Dioxide CO2 Fuel Name Hydrogen H2 Methane CH4 Ammonia NH3 Propane C3H8

Density [kg/Nm3]*1 0.08987 0.717 0.771 2.02

Molecular Weight * 1 2.016 16.04 17.03 28.97 28.02 44.01
Boiling Point (@hPa) [ ]*2 -252.87 -161.49 -33.4 -42.1
Density (gas)* 2
kg/Nm3 0.08987 0.717 0.771 1.2932 1.2506 1.977
Lower-heating Value [MJ/kg]*2 120.4 50.2 18.6 46.6

Density (liquid)* 3 0.071 0.427 0.682 0.898 (N2:02=0.79:0.21) 0.807 1.032 [MJ/Nm3] 10.82 35.99 14.34 93.67
kg/L (-252.9 C, 0.1MPa) (-165.0 C, 0.1MPa) (-33.7 C, 0.1MPa) (-200.0 C, 0.1MPa) (-196.0 C, 0.1MPa) (-20.1 C, 2MPa)
Specific Heat* 4 Cp [MJ/mol] 0.243 0.805 0.317 2.055
kJ/(kg K) 14.306 2.2317 2.1645 1.0063 1.0413 0.85085
25 ,1atm Higher-heating value [MJ/kg] 141.77 55.5 22.5*3 50.32
Heat Capacity Ratio*4 (-)
25 ,1atm
1.4054 1.3062 1.316 1.4018 1.4013 1.2941 [MJ/Nm3] 12.75 39.72 17.1 99

[MJ/mol] 0.286*4 0.89*4 0.383 2.219*4

Gas Constant R
J/(kg K)
4124.3 518.4 488.2 287.0 296.7 188.9
Flammability Equivalence Ratio [-]*2 0.10 7.17 0.50 1.69 0.63 1.40 0.51 2.51
Freezing Point* 5
-259.14 -182.76 -77.7 - -209.86 -56.6 Maximum Burning Velocity [m/s]*2 2.91 0.37 0.07 0.43
1atm
Boiling Point* 5
Minimum Self-ignition Temperature [ ]*2 500 537 651 432
-252.87 -161.49 -33.4 - -195.8 -78.5 (rise)
1atm
Generated CO2 [g/MJ] 0 54.8 0 64.4
Source *1: 14102 chemical products (The Chemical Daily), p.1, p265, p275, p277, p288 (excluding Air) *2: Revised 4th edition Chemistry Handbook Basics (Maruzen) I-28, II-3, Gas Density and
Specific Gravity (Heishin Mono Pump) *3: NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69 (https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/), Refprop_ver9.0 (NIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport
Generated H2O [g/MJ] 74.8 44.8 85.4 35.1
Properties Database) *4: Calculated with Refprop_ver9.0 *5: Revised 4th Edition Chemistry Handbook Basics (Maruzen) I-28, I-409, I-176, I-131 (excluding Air)

Source *1: Chronicle of Scientific Tables 2021, 31 (397) *2: Journal of the Combustion Society of Japan Vol.58, No.183, (2016), 41-48 *3: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsssj/36/11/36_583/_pdf,
https://www.jccme.or.jp/11/pdf/2021-06/josei01.pdf *4: Calculated from figures published on page 285 of Combustion Engineering Handbook, edited by the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995

What is the difference between hydrogen and ammonia?

What is the flame color of hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4)
The secret of the hydrogen visualization burner
Hydrogen and ammonia both have the characteristic of not and ammonia (NH3)?
Hydrogen (H2) Ammonia (NH3)
emitting CO2 when burned, but while hydrogen only produces
water when burned, ammonia produces Nitrous Oxides (NOx), Chemical At MHI’s Research & Development Center (Takasago), demonstrations of Pale/Translucent (invisible), blue, and orange, respectively. In the process of
reaction formula 2H2 + O2 2H2O 4NH3 + 3O2 2N2 + 6H2O
an air pollutant, when burned at high temperatures. In terms hydrogen combustion are being conducted for visitors. In fact, the burner burning a substance, intermediate products called radicals that cannot exist
• Steam reforming (reforming methane • Haber-Bosch method (industrially used there is one of many prototypes that were produced to confirm the in normal conditions are formed. Radicals emit light of specific wavelengths
of transportation and storage, hydrogen, which has a lower Manufacturing gas, etc.) synthesizing nitrogen and hydrogen using
method
boiling point, is more expensive. • Water electrolysis a catalyst) manufacturing limits of metal 3D printers when developing a 100% when they are formed and dissolved, but the type and ratio of radicals
hydrogen firing multi-cluster combustor. It managed to avoid being change depending on the combustible material and combustion method,
scrapped and is living a second life. resulting in flames of different colors.

2. Transport Property
4. Comparison of Heat Required to Produce 1mol of Hydrogen
Compressed Compressed
Liquid Hydrogen Methane CH4 Ammonia NH3 Natural Gas Propane C3H8 Methylcyclohexane
Hydrogen H2 Hydrogen H2
H2 (liquid) (liquid) (LNG 13A) (liquid) C7H14 MCH*
(350 atm) (700 atm)
Method Thermochemical Equation Heat Required to Produce 1mol of Hydrogen

Molecular Weight 2.016 2.016 2.016 16.04 17.03 18.36 44.1 98.18
Hydrogen Content (1) Methane Pyrolysis CH4 (g) + 74.4kJ = 2H2 (g) + C 37.2kJ/mol
weight % 100 100 100 25.13 17.76 23.77 18.29 6.16

Hydrogen Density
70.8 23 39 108.1 120.0 103.0 107.0 47
kg-H2/m3 CH4 (g) + H2O (g) + 205.7kJ = CO (g) + 3H2 (g)
-161.49
(2) Methane Reforming CO (g) + H2O (g) = H2 (g) + CO2 (g) + 41.2kJ 41.1kJ/mol
Boiling Point
-252.87 - - -161.49 -33.4 (Methane) -42.07 101.05 CH4 (g) + 2H2O (g) CO2 (g) + 4H2 (g) - 164.5kJ (= + )
Varies by composition

Composition (%)
Normal temperature
High hydrogen density High inflammable High hydrogen density Methane CH4: 89.60 (3) Ammonia Decomposition NH3 + 46.1kJ 3/2H2 + 1/2N2 (g) 30.7kJ/mol
and pressure
Other properties No recycling required Highly combustible - No recycling required Ethane C2H6: 5.62 -
Petroleum infrastructure
High purity Explosive Can be used directly Propane C3H8: 3.43
Available for use
Butane C4H10: 1.35

* Carrying hydrogen using the difference of hydrogen between MCH toluene (C7H8) (molecular weight 92) and MCH (C7H14) (molecular weight 98) (4) MCH Dehydrogenation C6H11CH3 + 202.5kJ C6H5CH3 + 3H2 (g) 67.5kJ/mol

CH3 + 3H2 CH3

(liquid) water electrolysis H2O (l) + 286kJ = H2 (g) + 1/2O2 (g) 0.079* kWh/mol

* In water electrolysis, electrical energy is added to water to generate hydrogen. So, the energy required to generate 1 mol of hydrogen is expressed here as 0.079 kWh/mol in terms of kWh (1 kWh = 3600 kJ).

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 5. Conversion Tables 6. Gas Turbines Lineup
5-1. Unit Conversion Table
Energy
Per Million British Per British Thermal Unit Kilowatt Hour Megajoule Kilocalorie Tonne of Oil Equivalent Mitsubishi Power gas turbines made with Powering the world with a full range of
Thermal Units (MmBtu) (Btu) (kWh) (MJ) (kcal) (toe)
cutting-edge technologies gas turbines
Per Million British
Thermal Units (MmBtu)
1 1.000 x 106 2.931 x 102 1.055 x 103 2.519 x 105 2.519 x 10-2

Per British Thermal Small and medium capacity gas turbines (41 MW to 116 MW) To meet the power demands of industries and societies around
Unit(Btu) 1.000 x 10-6 1 2.930 x 10-4 1.055 x 10-3 2.519 x 10-1 2.519 x 10-8
the world, Mitsubishi Power produces a wide range of gas turbines
Kilowatt Hour
3.412 x 10-3 3.412 x 103 1 3.6 8.598 x 102 8.598 x 10-5 • H-25-series (50Hz / 60Hz) from the 30 MW to the 574 MW class for power generation and
(kWh)
• H-100-series (50Hz / 60Hz) industrial use. These turbines drive the development and supply
Megajoule
9.478 x 10-4 9.478 x 102 2.777 x 10-1 1 2.388 x 102 2.388 x 10-5 of highly-efficient, clean energy around the world. In fact,
(MJ)

Kilocalorie Large capacity gas turbines (114 MW to 574 MW) Mitsubishi Power has delivered more than 1,700 gas turbines to
3.968 x 10-6 3.968 1.163 x 10-3 4.186 x 10-3 1 1.000 x 10-7
(kcal)
customers in more than 50 countries worldwide.
Tonne of Oil Equivalent 3.968 x 101 3.968 x 107 1.163 x 104 4.186 x 104 1.000 x 107 1 • J-series (50Hz / 60Hz)
(toe)
• G-series (60Hz)
Gas Turbine and Combined Cycle Output
• F-series (50Hz)
Volume
• D-series (50Hz / 60Hz) [60 Hz]
Cubic Meter Cubic Feet US Gallon US Barrel Liter H-25
(m3) (cf) (US gal) (bbl) (litre)
H-100
Cubic Meter
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbines (30 MW to 140 MW)
(m3)
1 3.531 x 101 2.641 x 102 6.29 1 x 103 M501DA
M501GAC
Cubic Feet
1
• FT8 ® MOBILEPAC® M501JAC
(cf) 2.831 x 10-2 7.480 1.781 x 10-1 2.831 x 101
• FT8 ® SWIFTPAC® 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
US Gallon (MW)
(US gal) 3.785 x 10-3 1.336 x 10-1 1 2.38 x 10-2 3.785 • FT4000 ® SWIFTPAC®
[50 Hz]
US Barrel H-25
1.589 x 10 -1 5.614 42 1 1.589 x 10 2
(bbl)
H-100
Liter M701DA
1 x 10-3 3.531 x 10-2 2.641 x 10-1 6.289 x 10-3 1
(litre) M701F
M701JAC
M701JAC
Mass
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Kilogram Ton UK Ton US Ton Pound (MW)
(kg) (t) (UK ton) (US ton) (lb)
Simple Cycle Combined Cycle

Kilogram • (ISO, 1 GT + 1 ST, GAS FUEL)

(kg) 1 1.000 x 10-3 9.842 x 10-4 1.102 x 10-3 2.204

Ton
(t) 1 x 103 1 9.842 x 10-1 1.102 2.20462 x 103

UK Ton
(UK ton)
1.016 x 103 1.016 1 1.120 2.240 x 103 Thermal Efficiency of Combined Cycle Systems
US Ton 2 x 103
9.071 x 102 9.071 x 10-1 8.928 x 10-1 1
(US ton)

Pound [60 Hz] [50 Hz]

4.535 x 10-1 4.535 x 10-4 4.464 x 10-4 5 x 10-4 1
(lb) 65 65
M501JAC M701JAC
J series J series

F series M701F
5-2. Hydrogen Cost Simple Conversion Table

Combined Cycle Efficiency (LHV%)

Combined Cycle Efficiency (LHV%)

G series M501GAC
€/MJ Yen/kWh-th $/kWh-th €/kWh-th 60 60
H2 Cost $/Nm3 €/Nm3 Yen/kg $/kg €/kg Yen/MmBtu $/MmBtu €/MmBtu Yen/MJ $/MJ

G series
30.00 Yen/Nm3 0.205 0.186 334 2.28 2.07 2480 16.9 15.4 2.35 0.0160 0.0146 8.46 0.0578 0.0524 F series

H-100
Based on the Japanese government's target of 30 yen/Nm3 by around 2030, the following assumptions have been applied to create the conversion table. 55 H-100 55
Gas density: 0.08987 kg/Nm3 Higher heating value: 12.77 MJ /Nm3 – HHV Unit conversion: 1,055 MJ/MmBtu H series
H-25 H series H-25
Exchange rate: 146.44 yen/US $, 161.35 yen/€ (TTM rate at September 2024)

M501DA D series M701DA D series

Cost
5-3.HAmmonia
2
Cost Simple Conversion Table
50 50
1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 1,600 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 1,600
NH3 Cost Yen/ton €/ton Yen/MmBtu $/MmBtu €/MmBtu Yen/MJ $/MJ €/MJ Yen/kWh-th $/kWh-th €/kWh-th Yen/Nm3H2 $/Nm3H2 €/Nm3H2
Turbine Inlet Temperature (°C) Turbine Inlet Temperature (°C)

350.00 $/ton 51300 386 2410 16.5 14.9 2.28 0.0156 0.0142 8.22 0.0561 0.0509 29.2 0.199 0.181

Based on the $350/ton* that CFAA (Cree Fuel Ammonia Association) considers feasible by around 2030, the following assumptions have been applied to create the conversion table.
Gas density: 0.771 kg/Nm3 Higher heating value: 22.47 MJ/kg – HHV Unit conversion: 1,055 MJ/MmBtu
Exchange rate: 146.44 yen/US $, 161.35 yen/€ (TTM rate at September 2024)
The conversion between hydrogen and ammonia was performed using their respective higher heating values, and the mutual conversion loss, etc., were not taken into account.
Source example of $350/ton: https://www.mlit.go.jp/kowan/content/001418024.pdf

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 Performance

Simple Cycle Specs Combined Cycle Specs

ISO Base Rating LHV Heat Rate Efficiency Pressure Turbine Speed Exhaust Flow Exhaust Temp Plant Output LHV Heat Rate Plant Efficiency Gas Turbine Power Steam Turbine Power Number & Type
(kW) (kJ/kWh) (Btu/kWh) (%-LHV) Ratio (rpm) (kg/s) (ºC) (kW) (%) (kW) (kW) Gas Turbine
(kJ/kWh) (Btu/kWh)
50Hz / 60Hz
50Hz / 60Hz

H-25* 41,030 9,949 9,432 36.2 17.9 7,280 114 569

MPCP1(H-25) 60,100 6,667 6,319 54.0 39,600 20,500 1 H-25

50Hz
MPCP2(H-25) 121,400 6,606 6,261 54.5 79,200 42,200 2 H-25

H-100* 116,450 9,400 8,909 38.3 18 3,000 296 586

50Hz

M701DA 144,090 10,350 9,810 34.8 14 3,000 453 542

MPCP1(H-100) 171,000 6,272 5,945 57.4 112,700 58,300 1 H-100

M701F 385,000 8,592 8,144 41.9 21 3,000 748 630

MPCP2(H-100) 346,000 6,207 5,884 58.0 225,400 120,600 2 H-100
M701JAC 448,000 8,182 7,755 44.0 25 3,000 765 663
MPCP1(M701DA) 212,500 7,000 6,635 51.4 142,100 70,400 1 M701DA
M701JAC 574,000 8,295 7,862 43.4 25 3,000 1,024 646
MPCP2(M701DA) 426,600 6,974 6,610 51.6 284,200 142,400 2 M701DA
60Hz
MPCP3(M701DA) 645,000 6,947 6,585 51.8 426,300 218,700 3 M701DA
H-100* 105,780 9,421 8,930 38.2 18.4 3,600 293 534
MPCP1(M701F) 566,000 5,807 5,504 62.0 379,300 186,700 1 M701F
M501DA 113,950 10,320 9,780 34.9 14 3,600 354 543
MPCP2(M701F) 1,135,000 5,788 5,486 62.2 758,600 376,400 2 M701F
M501GAC 283,000 9,000 8,531 40.0 20 3,600 618 617
MPCP1(M701JAC) 650,000 <5,625 <5,332 >64.0 441,700 208,300 1 M701JAC
M501JAC 453,000 8,182 7,755 44.0 25 3,600 815 649
MPCP1(M701JAC) 840,000 <5,625 <5,332 >64.0 570,900 269,100 1 M701JAC

Mechanical Drive Specs

60Hz
ISO Base Rating LHV Heat Rate Efficiency Pressure Turbine Speed Exhaust Flow Exhaust Temp
(hp) (kW) (kJ/kWh) (Btu/hp-hr) (%-LHV) Ratio (rpm) (kg/s) (ºC)
MPCP1(H-100) 150,000 6,534 6,193 55.1 102,500 47,500 1 H-100
H-100* 144,350 107,650 9,256 6,542 38.9 18.4 3,600 293 534

H-100* 160,780 119,900 9,266 6,549 38.9 20.1 3,000 315 552 MPCP2(H-100) 305,700 6,418 6,083 56.1 205,000 100,700 2 H-100

MPCP1(M501DA) 167,400 7,000 6,635 51.4 112,100 55,300 1 M501DA

Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine Specs
ISO Base Rating LHV Heat Rate Efficiency Turbine Speed Exhaust Flow Exhaust Temp MPCP2(M501DA) 336,200 6,974 6,610 51.6 224,200 112,000 2 M501DA
(kW) (kJ/kWh) (Btu/kWh) (%-LHV) (rpm) (kg/s) (ºC)

50Hz MPCP3(M501DA) 506,200 6,947 6,585 51.8 336,300 169,900 3 M501DA

FT8® 28,528 10,376 9,834 34.7 3,000 92 496

MPCP1(M501GAC) 427,000 5,951 5,640 60.5 280,800 146,200 1 M501GAC
FT4000® 70,154 8,908 8,443 40.4 3,000 183 431
MPCP2(M501GAC) 856,000 5,931 5,622 60.7 561,600 294,400 2 M501GAC
FT4000® 140,500 8,896 8,431 40.5 3,000 367 431

60Hz MPCP3(M501GAC) 1,285,000 5,931 5,622 60.7 842,400 442,600 3 M501GAC

FT8® 30,941 9,825 9,312 36.7 3,600 92 491
MPCP1(M501JAC) 664,000 <5,625 <5,332 >64.0 450,300 213,700 1 M501JAC
FT4000® 71,928 8,686 8,232 41.5 3,600 183 422

FT4000® 144,243 8,661 8,209 41.6 3,600 367 422 MPCP2(M501JAC) 1,332,000 <5,608 <5,315 >64.2 900,600 431,400 2 M501JAC

Notes: (1) All ratings are defined at ISO standard reference conditions: 101.3kPa. 15°C and 60% RH.
(2) All ratings are at generator terminals and are based on the use of natural gas fuel.
* without inlet and exhaust losses

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 7. Fuel Consumption by Gas Turbine Type 9. Hydrogen Production Process

Catalog Performance Hydrogen Natural Gas CO2 Emissions Common name for hydrogen Origin & Production Method Related Products & Technologies in MHI Gr.
Gas Turbine Type
ISO Base Rating Efficiency Renewable Electricity Electrolysis Wind Turbines
(ton/hour) (Nm3/hour) (ton/hour) (Nm3/hour) (g/kWh) Green
(kW) (%-LHV) H2O H2 + ½O2 Water Electrolysis Equipment (SOEC, AEM)*

Nuclear Heat Pyrolysis/Electrolysis

50Hz / 60Hz Pink High-temperature Gas-cooled Reactor
CH4 2H2 + C
Carbon-free Hydrogen
Fossil Fuel Pyrolysis
Turquoise Methane Pyrolysis Technology
CH4 2H2 + C
H-25 41,030 36.2 4 45,000 9 12,000 550
Natural Gas Reforming Apparatus
Blue Fossil Fuel Reforming & CO2 Capture
Coal Gasifier
CH4 + 2H2O 4H2 + CO2
CO2 Capture Technology
50Hz

Fossil Fuel Reforming

Conventional Hydrogen Natural Gas Reforming Apparatus
Gray (CO2 release into the atmosphere)
(with CO2 emission) Coal Gasifier
CH4 + 2H2O 4H2 + CO2
H-100 116,450 38.3 10 112,000 24 30,000 520
*SOEC: Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell
AEM: Anion Exchange Membrane

M701F 385,000 41.9 28 312,000 72 90,000 470

What kind of hydrogen transport and storage methods

Why is colorless and transparent hydrogen turquoise?
M701JAC 448,000 44.0 31 345,000 79 99,000 460 are there?

As shown in the table above, carbon-free hydrogen is color-coded according The main methods are high pressure compression (most common),
to its origin and production method. Although turquoise hydrogen is derived use of metal (high transport and storage efficiency), conversion to other
from fossil fuels thus making it blue, it does not generate CO2, which causes substances (for lightweight and compact storage), use of pipelines
M701JAC 574,000 43.4 40 445,000 103 128,000 450
global warming, during the manufacturing process thus also making it green. (for stable mass transport). Nevertheless, each has its own challenges, so
So, mixing two colors gives turquoise, today’s hot trendy color! we are intensively researching toward the early realization of
a hydrogen society.

60Hz

H-100 105,780 38.2 9 101,000 22 28,000 520

10. Characteristics of Typical Green Hydrogen Production Methods

M501GAC 283,000 40.0 22 245,000 55 69,000 500 M et h o d AEL PEM AEM S OEC

(Conventional) (Our Group)

MEA*3 Planar Type Tubular Type
MEA*3 MEA*3
Electrolytic Sell
YSZ
M501JAC 453,000 44.0 31 345,000 80 100,000 450 O2

2H2 O2 2H2 O2 H2 O2
H2 O2 + O2 Elec.
OH - H2O Air
Schematic Diagram
• Atmospheric temperature 15°C base (ISO standard) OH - H+ OH- O- H2 Steam
• Fuel consumption when 100% hydrogen-fired is estimated based on the performance of a natural gas-fired system.
H2O OH -
2H2O 2H2O 2H2O 2H2O Cell stack (ceramic)
Steam Air
(H2O) (Carrier)
Proton exchange Anion exchange
8. Co-firing of Hydrogen and Natural Gas: Microporous membrane membrane membrane YSZ

The Relation between Volume Fraction and Calorie Fraction Conversion efficiency 52-70% 55-75%
49-70%
74-85% (90% *4
75% *4
100
Cathode side: Ni-base alloy, etc.
Electrode material Nickel, Stainless steel, etc. Nobel metals, Titanium, etc. Nickel, Stainless steel, etc. Anode Side: Super heat-resistant
steel/Ceramic
80
High
Relative Cost*2 1 (It is also necessary 1 1
H2 (cal%)

to secure supply chains.)

79.3 vol%, 50 cal%
60
Response Character High High High Slow

40
Footprint 1 1/10(Main facility) 1/10(Main facility) 1
30 vol%, 10.1 cal%
20 vol%, 6.1 cal%
20 AEL: Alkaline water Electrolysis, PEM: Proton Exchange Membrane water electrolysis, AEM: Anion Exchange Membrane water electrolysis,
SOEC: Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell, YSZ: Yttria Stabilized Zirconia
*1 Reference value “Carbonomics”
*2 Relative comparison with AEL cost = 1
0 *3 Membrane-Electrode Assembly
*4 Our efficiency goal
0 20 40 60 80 100

H2 (vol%)
(Residual Natural Gas)
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11. Technical Review
1 2
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 56 No. 1 (March 2019)

67-68
 3 4

69-70
 5 6

Introduction of our activities

Nature
An article about Mitsubishi Power's hydrogen gas turbine was published in the international scientific journal
“Nature”. An electronic version is also available, so please give it a read.
https://www.nature.com/
articles/d42473-020-00545-7

The Gakken: Learning with Manga series

We have collaborated with Gakken Plus Co., Ltd. to produce a special edition of “The Gakken: Learning with
Manga series,” an educational manga for elementary school students, entitled “The Secrets of SDGs 7
Affordable and Clean Energy.” While the book is not for sale, the digital version is available for free for your
https://www.mhi.com/
viewing pleasure. sustainability/sdgs_cartoon.html

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