BME 302

BIOMEDICAL
ELECTRONICS II

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS - III

Dr. Gökhan ERTAŞ

Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
YEDITEPE UNIVERSITY

Calculate output voltage

Vo if

 V1 = 120 μV

NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER 2/30

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 Calculate output voltage
Vo if

 V1 = 2.5 mV

INVERTING AMPLIFIER 3/30

Calculate the output

Voltage Vo if

V1 = 50 mV sin(1000t)
V2 = 10 mV sin(3000t)

VOLTAGE SUMMING 4/30

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 when |Vi| < |Vcc|

when |Vi| ≥ |Vcc|

VOLTAGE BUFFER 5/30

VOLTAGE COMPARATOR

when |Vi×AOL| ≥ |Vcc|

The output voltage for an op-amp is

limited by the supply voltage of
the op-amp !!! 6/30

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VOLTAGE COMPARATOR
Determine the gain of
the circuit, G
the output voltage, Vo
and the operation of
the LED

7/30

VOLTAGE COMPARATOR
Determine the gain of
the circuit, G
the output voltage, Vo
and the operation of
the LED

8/30

4
DRIVER CIRCUITS
Determine the
possible maximum
current at the output
of the op-amp, Io.
Consider that the forward
voltage for the LED is 1.4V
Io

VO  VLED (5  1.4)V
Io    20mA
180 180
The output current for an op-amp
is limited to ~30 mA !! 9/30

DRIVER CIRCUITS
Determine the
current at the output
of the op-amp, Io.
Consider that the bulb
Io draws 600mA current and
the transistor’s β is 20.

IC 600mA
Io  I B    30mA
 20
10/30

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FILTERs
In signal processing, a filter is a device or process
that removes from a signal some unwanted
component (such as background noise).

Filters can be built in different technologies:

 Optical filters

 Acoustic filters

 Mechanical filters

 Electronic filters 11/30

ELECTRONIC FILTERS
An electronic filter is a circuit that can be designed to
modify, reshape or reject all unwanted frequencies of an
electrical signal and accept/pass only those signals
wanted by the circuits designer.

Raw ECG Signal

Filtered ECG
Signal
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ELECTRONIC FILTERS in BME

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ELECTRONIC FILTERS

The transfer function of

a filter is
Y( f )
H(f ) 
X(f )

The frequency response of a

filter is represented by a plot

G( f )  H ( f )

The filter is characterized by its cutoff frequency and rate

of frequency roll-off
There are many different types of filters with
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different responses to changing frequency !

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COMMON FILTER TYPES
1. Low-pass filter (LPF)
Ideal LPF provides a constant
output from dc up to a cutoff
frequency fOH and then passes no
signal above that frequency.

2. High-pass filter (HPF)

Ideal HPF passes signals above
a cutoff frequency fOL

3. Band-pass filter (BPF)

Ideal BPF passes signals that are
above one cutoff frequency fOL and
15/30
below a second cutoff frequency fOH.

FREQUENCY RESPONSE
Frequency response of ideal filters

Frequency response of filters in practice

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FREQUENCY RESPONSE and ORDER
The higher the filter order, the higher the number of
cascaded stages there are within the filter design,
and the closer the filter becomes to the ideal
response (see below figure for a LPF)

1st-order filters
have a roll-off of
20 dB/decade

2nd-order filters
have a roll-off of
40 dB/decade
17/30

FREQUENCY RANGES for

ECG, EEG and EMG

Band-pass filter
BPF

18/30

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ELECTRONIC FILTER TECHNOLOGY
Electronic filters are grouped into two depending
on the technology used:
1) Passive Filters are made up of passive
components such as resistors, capacitors and
inductors.
These filters have no amplifying elements
(transistors, op-amps, etc) so have no signal gain.
Therefore, their output level is always less than the input.

2) Active Filters use op-amps that makes design

easier and opens up new possibilities in filter
specifications.
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PASSIVE LPFs
REMEMBER: Passive filters consist of resistance and
capacitance and(or) inductance.

1st order LPF

2nd order LPF

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 PASSIVE 1st ORDER LPF
1 1
Zc   vout (t )  vC (t )
jwC j 2 fC
1
f    Zc  0 vout  0

1
f  0  Zc   vout  vin
0
from KVL: vR (t )  vout (t )  vin (t )
dvout (t )
RC  vout (t )  vin (t )
from Ohms vR (t )  RiR (t ) dt
Law: Laplace Transform
from KCL: i (t )  iR (t )  ic (t )
RCsVout ( s)  Vout ( s )  Vin ( s )
dv (t )
and ic (t )  C out 21/30
dt Vout ( s )( RCs  1)  Vin ( s)

PASSIVE 1st ORDER LPF

Vout ( s )( RCs  1)  Vin ( s)

Vout ( s ) 1
  H (s)
Vin ( s ) 1  sRC

H( f ) 1
H (s) 
1  ( sRC ) 2

1
H(f ) 
1  (2 fRC ) 2

22/30

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PASSIVE 1st ORDER LPF

Cut-off frequency or -3dB point, fc

is defined for
vout vout
3dB  20 log   0.707
vin vin

1
H( f ) H ( f )  0.707 
2

1 1

2 1  (2 fRC ) 2

1
fc 
2 RC
23/30

ACTIVE 1st ORDER LPF

RF
ACL  1 
RG

24/30

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EXAMPLE
Calculate the cut-off
frequency of the active
low-pass filter seen if
R1 = 16 kΩ
C1 = 0.02 μF

1 1
f OH    497Hz
2 R1C1 2 (16  10 )(0.02  10 6 )
3

25/30

PASSIVE 1st ORDER HPF

vc (t )  vout (t )  vin (t )
vout (t ) 1
 vout (t )  vin (t )
R jwC
Laplace Transform

 1 
  1  Vout ( s )  Vin ( s )
 sRC 

Vout ( s ) 1 1
H (s)   H R ( s) 
Vin ( s ) 1  1 1 2
1 ( )
sRC sRC
1 1 1 1
 s  fc  26/30
2 1  (1/ sRC ) 2 RC 2 RC

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ACTIVE 1st ORDER HPF

RF
ACL  1 
RG

27/30

ACTIVE BANDPASS FILTER

Low-Pass Filtering Stage

High-Pass Filtering Stage

Frequency response of a 1st order active bandpass filter 28/30

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EXAMPLE
Calculate the cutoff
frequencies of the
bandpass filter seen if
R1 = R2 = 10 kΩ
C1 = 0.1 μF
C2 = 0.002 μF

29/30

EXAMPLE
Design the filtering stage of a surface EMG device that
passes signals with frequencies between 20 Hz and 500
Hz and has a total gain of 25.
x5
x5

20 Hz 500 Hz 500 Hz
20 Hz
1
f OL  20Hz 
2 R1C1
Rf
1 G1  G2  5  1 
f OH  500Hz  R 30/30
2 R2 C 2

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EXAMPLE
If the feedback resistors are 40 kΩ and the capacitors
are 0.02uF at all in the circuit then calculate the values
of the remaining resistors in the circuit.
x5
x5

40kΩ
5  1
R
 R  10kΩ
500 Hz
20 Hz
1
f OL  20Hz   R1  397.8k
2 R1 (0.02  10 6 )

1
f OH  500Hz   R2  15.92k 31/30
2 R2 (0.02  10 6 )

FURTHER READING

Passive filters
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_2.html

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