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Chapter 2 - Op-Amp

Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are amplifier integrated circuits that are used to build amplifiers, filters, and other analog circuits. Op-amps have very high gain, very high input impedance, and very low output impedance. Common op-amp circuits include the inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, summing amplifier, comparator, and active filters. Active filters use op-amps along with passive components like resistors and capacitors to create filters with different frequency responses, such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters.

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88 views20 pages

Chapter 2 - Op-Amp

Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are amplifier integrated circuits that are used to build amplifiers, filters, and other analog circuits. Op-amps have very high gain, very high input impedance, and very low output impedance. Common op-amp circuits include the inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, summing amplifier, comparator, and active filters. Active filters use op-amps along with passive components like resistors and capacitors to create filters with different frequency responses, such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters.

Uploaded by

Hafsa Alhaddabi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Operational Amplifiers

(Op-Amps)

To understand the op-amp characteristics and parameters.

Familiarize various op-amp circuits and understand their working.

Applications of op-amp such as filters.


OP-Amp is an amplifier IC
What are these pins?
Pin 1 and Pin 5 : Offset null input, are used to remove the Offset voltage.
Pin 2: Inverting input (-VIN), signals at this pin will be inverted at output Pin 6.
Pin 3: Non-inverting input (+ VIN), signals at pin 3 will be processed without
inversion.
Pin 4: Negative supply terminal (-VEE).
Pin 6: Output (VOUT) of the Op-Amp
Pin 7: Positive supply terminal (+VCC)
Pin 8: No connection (N\C)

Symbol of Op-Amp

Inverting
Terminal

Non Inverting
Terminal
http://www.quia.com/pp/200743.html
Characteristics of an ideal op-amp

Infinite voltage gain


Infinite input impedance
Infinite bandwidth
Zero output impedance
Perfect balance between the inputs (Vout =0, when
Vin1 = Vin2)
Characteristics do not drift with temperature
Op-amp Parameters
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR): It is the measure of amplifiers ability to

reject common mode signal. It is the ratio of differential mode gain to common mode

gain. CMRR = Ad/Ac

Input bias current: It is the average of the currents that flow into the inverting and

non inverting terminals of the op- amp. The smaller the input bias current the better will

be the performance of the amplifier.

Input offset voltage: It is the input voltage required between the two input terminals
for getting zero output voltage.

Input offset current: It is the difference between the currents through the two input
terminals

Slew rate: It is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage per unit
time and is expressed as volts per microseconds, that is slew rate = dVo/dt
volts/microseconds.
OP-AMPS WITH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Negative feedback is used to limit the gain


Operational amplifier circuits
Non inverting Amplifier Inverting Amplifier

The input signal is applied directly to the The input is applied to the inverting terminal

non-inverting terminal and a feedback through resistor R1 and feed back is given from

network consisting of two resistors R1 output to inverting input through resistor Rf.

and Rf is connected between output and Voltage gain of this amplifier is

inverting terminal.
Av = -Rf / R1
Voltage gain of this amplifier is

AV = Vo/Vin

AV = 1+Rf/R1
Summing amplifier

Two voltages V1 and V2 are applied to the input


and produces current I1 and I2.

Output Voltage of this amplifier is


Comparator

A comparator is a circuit that compares two input


voltages and produces an output in either of two
states indicating the greater than or less than
relationship of the inputs.
Active Filters
What is a filter?

It is sometimes desirable to have circuits capable of


selectively filtering one frequency or range of frequencies
out of a mix of different frequencies in a circuit.

A filter is a circuit that allows signals having certain frequency


range to pass through it while attenuating all other signals.

Filter circuits are generally classified as Active filters and


Passive filters depending on the type of elements used in their
construction.
Passive filter
It uses only passive components like resistors, capacitors, and
inductors.

Active filter
It uses active components like transistors and operational
amplifiers along with passive components.

Depending on the frequency response, the filters are classified as :

low-pass filter
high-pass filter
band-pass filter
band-stop (band-reject) filter
Low Pass Filter (LPF) HIGH PASS FILTER (HPF)

Passes all signals with frequency less than Passes all signals with frequency above
critical frequency (fC) critical frequency (fC)
block signals having frequency greater than fC. block signals having frequency less than fC.
Band stop filter
BAND PASS FILTER (BPF)
(band rejection filter)
A band pass filter passes all signals A band stop filter response can be
lying between two frequencies fc1 treated as the sum of a low pass filter
and fc2 response curve with critical frequency
rejects all other frequencies below fc1 of f2 and a high pass filter frequency
and above fc2. . response with a critical frequency of f1
The band width of BPF is fc2 – fc1. Here f2 < f1.
Filter response characteristics

Most commonly used practical filter characteristics are


(a) Butterworth response (LPF)
(b) Chebyshev response(LPF)

Butter worth Response


The gain in pass band is constant and a roll off rate is 20dB/decade in the stop
band.
Chebyshev Response
There is ripples in pass band and a roll off rate is faster than 20dB/decade.
First order Active Low Pass Filter

Frequency response
1
Circuit diagram fC =
2πRC
Gain in the pass band AV = 1+ Rf/R1.
Order 1

The order of filter is determined by the RC combination.


Number of poles(order) in the filter circuit is one,
so the roll off rate in the stop band is -20dB/decade.
The critical frequency is determined by the values of R and C
Sallen key 2nd Order Low Pass Filter

For a Butterworth response, R2 / R1 = 0.586

Number of poles in the filter circuit is two, so the roll off rate in the stop
band is -40dB/decade.
The critical frequency is determined by the values of R and C
First order Active High Pass Filter

Circuit diagram Frequency response


Gain in the pass band AV = 1+ Rf/R1. 1
fC =
2πRC
Number of poles in the filter circuit is one, so the roll off rate in the stop
band is -20dB/decade.
The critical frequency is determined by the values of R and C
Sallen key 2nd Order High Pass Filter

For a Butterworth response, Rf / R1 = 0.586

Number of poles in the filter circuit is two, so the roll off rate in the stop
band is -40dB/decade.
The critical frequency is determined by the values of R and C
First Stage Active Band Pass Filter

Active Band pass filter is a series combination of low pass filter and high
pass filter.
The minimum order of band pass filter is 2.
Frequency response of band-pass filter

Low pass filter have upper cut-off frequency and High pass filter have lower
cut-off frequency.
Bandwidth= fc2-fc1

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