ERA UNIVERSITY

ERA COLLEGE OF NURSING

ASSIGNMENT
ON
Writing The Reference And
Bibliography
(Subject: Nursing Research And Statistics)

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Ms. Sonia A Singh Jyoti sunar
Assistant professor MSc (N) 1st YEAR
Era College of Nursing Era College of Nursing
Lucknow Lucknow

Submitted on: / /
INTRODUCTION:

References or bibliography may be written using American Psychological Association (AlPA),

Modern Language Association (MLA), Chicago Manual of Style format, Campbell,
Vancouver and Harvard styles. However, in health sciences, Vancouver style of references is
commonly used, this chapter includes a detailed discussion on Vancouver and APA style of
referencing.

Reference management is cumbersome work; therefore, some software may be used for
electronic reference management. A free, easy-to-use software for citation/reference is Zotero
(https://www.zotero.org). The paid software is also available for the reference management
such as EndNote (endnote.com), Refwork (www.refworks.com) and Format Ease (it is
developed by APA and available in CD-ROM).

Differences Between References and Bibliography:

 Bibliography is listing of all the materials that have been consulted while writing an
article, essay, or book. References, on the other hand, are those that have been directly
referred to or referenced in your article or book.
 Items of a bibliography are not directly included in the text. References are those that are
directly cited into the actual text.
 Both bibliography and references are arranged alphabetically, but a reference list can
also be arranged in numeric or Vancouver style.

VANCOUVER STYLE OF REFERENCE WRITING:

The Vancouver Style, or Uniform Requirements Style, is based on an American National

Standards Institute (ANS) standard adapted by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) for
databases, such as Medline. It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of medical
journals, who now meet annually as the international Committee of Medical Journal Editors
(ICMJE).

Important Issues:

 Numbering: List all references in order by number, not alphabetically. Each reference is
listed once only, since the same number is used throughout the paper.
 Authors: List each author's last name and initials; full first names are not included as per
this reference style. List all authors of a given publication, but if the number exceeds six,
give the first six names followed by 'et al. For books with chapters written by different
authors, list the authors of the chapter first, then the chapter title, followed by 'In:, the
editors' names, and the book title.
 Book and chapter titles: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in the title. The rest of
the title is in lower-case, with the exception of proper names. Do not underline the title; do
not use italics.
 Journal citations: Provide the abbreviated journal title, period title, period year, semicolon,
volume, issue number in parentheses, colon, page range (elided to the minimum) and a
period. For example: Brain Res. 2002;935(1-2):40-6.
 Pages: For journals, the entire page range or an article or chapter is given page on which the
information was found. For books, no page numbers are given, with two exception: the page
number of a dictionary entry is included as well as the page range of a chapter within a
multi author title.

Format of Writing the Reference:

1. Books

Only the first letter of the first word in the title of a book or conference should be capitalized
except for proper nouns or acronyms. Capitalize the V in volume for a book title.

Standard Format: #. Author/editor AA. Title: subtitle. Edition (if not the first). Vol. (Gif a
multivolume work), Place of publication: Publisher; Year. page number(s) (if appropriate).

Example: Hoppert M. Microscopic techniques in biotechnology. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH;

2003.

OR

Lawhead JB, Baker MC. Introduction to veterinary science. Clifton Park (NY): Thomson
Delmar Learning; 2005.

2. Parts of a book:

Example: Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in human solid
tumors. In: Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, editor. The genetic of human cancer. New York:
McGraw- Hill; 2002. P. 93- 113.

3. Journal Articles:

Example: Drummond PD. Triggers of motion sickness in migraine sufferes. Headache. 2005;
45 (6); 653-6.
4. E- Book:

Example: Van Belle G, Fisher LD, Heagerty PJ, Lumley TS, Biostastistics; a methodology for
the health science [e- book], 2 nd edition. Somerest (NJ); Wiley Interscience; 2003 [cited 2005
jun 30]. Available from; Wiley Interscience electronic collection.

5. Internet Documents:

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Chronic disease and associated risk factors
[document on internet]. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/cdarf/index.cfm.

6. Writing Reference For Non- Book Formate:

 Podcasts:

Gary, S. Black hole death ray. StarStuff Ipodcast on the Internet]. Sydney: ABC New. Radio;
2007 Dec 23 [cited 20O08 Feb 4. Available from http://abc.net.au/newsradio,
podcast/STARSTUFFxml.

 Microform:

Terry KW, Hewson GS, Rowe MB. Characterisation of inhaled dusts at minesites
[microfiche]. Perth: Minerals and Energy Research Institute of Western Australia; 1998.

 Video recording:

Hillel J, writer. Out of sight out ot mind: indigenous people's health in Australia |video
recording]. Bendigo: Video Education Australasia; 2003.

 Television programme:

Cohen J, reporter. Messing with heads. Four corners [television broadcast]. Australian
Broadcasting Corporation; 2005 Mar 21.

7. Personal Communications

 Conversation:

In a conversation with a colleague from the School of Population Health (Jameson LI 2002,
oral communication, 7th August).

 Letter:

AS stated in a letter from B.J. Samuels, MD, in July 2002.

  Email

Smith P. New research projects in gastroenterology [online]. E-mail to Matthew Hart

([email protected]) 2000 Feb 5 [cited 2000 Mar 17|.

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION STYLE OF REFERENCES:

I. Books

Garner, B. A. (2003). Garner's Modern American Usage. New York: Oxford UniversitY Press.

Ligon, M., Carpenter, K., Brown, W., & MilsOP, A. (1963). Computers in the world of
business communications. Hartford, CT: Capital Press.

2. Secondary Resources:

O'Connor, C. O. & DeLoatch, K. L. (2003). Whatever happened to the humanities? In L.

Rubenzahl (Ed.), Studies n Byzantine lntrigue (Pp. 235-278). Hartford, CT: Merganse
University Press.

3. Dictionary:

Shorter Oxford English dictionary (5th ed.). (2002). New York: Oxford University Press

4. Dissertation or Dissertation Abstract:

Darling, C. W. (19/6). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 44, 4465. (AAD44-8794)

5. Magazines/Periodicals:

Wheatcroft, G. (2004, June). The 'Tragedy of Tony Blair. The Atlantic, 293, 56-72. Thomas,
E. & Hosenball, M. (2004, May 31). Bush's Mr. Wrong: The Rise and Fall of Chalabi. News
week, 143, 22-32.

6. Scholarly Journal:

Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garca iarquez s Fauiknerian Chronicle of a death
Foretold. Latin American Literary Reoew, 13, 21-29.

7. Newspaper Articles, Editorials, Letters to the Editor:

New exam for doctor of future. (1989, March 15). The New York Times, p. B-10.

Silverman, P.H. (2004, June). Genetic Engineering [Letter to the editor|. The Atlantic. 293, 14.
8. Non-Print Resources:

Film:

Redford, R. (Director). (1980). Ordinary people [Film]. Hollywood: Paramount.

The source is identified in brackets after the title

Film with limited circulation:

Holdt, D. (Producer), & Ehlers, E. (Director). (2002). River at High Sunnmer: The St.
Lawrence [Film]. (Available from Merganser Films, Inc., 61 Woodland Street, Hartford, CT
06105)

Cassette:

Lake, F. L. (Author and speaker). (1989). Bias and organizational decision making (Cassette].
Gainesville: Edwards.

Television programme:

Safer, M. (Narrator). (2004). Torture at Abu Ghraib [Television broadcast]. Hartford: Ws5.

Musical recording:

Barber, S. (1995). Cello Sonata. Orn Barber [CLD]. New York: EMI Records Ltd.

9. Personal Communication:

Interview:

wiibur finds himself sometimes surprised by the claims of religiosity made by contemporaries.
(personal letter, March 28, 1977)

Phone conversation:

according to Connie May Fowler, the sources for her novel Sugar Cane were largely
autobiographical (personal phone conversation, July 2z, 2009).

10. Classroom Lecture:

Like personal interviews and phone conversations, material presented n a classroom lecture as
non-retrievable data. A lecture, therefore, should be cited within the text but not be included in
the References. the model below could also be used for more formal lecture settings.
Introduction to Literature lecture at Capital Community College on April 14, 2004, professor
Charles Darling described William Carlos Williams' poem as a barnyard snap shot {C.W.
Darling, ENG 102 lecture, April 14, 2004).

11. Government Documents:

 Report from the Government Printing Office, corporate author. Example:

National Institute of Mental Health. (1982). Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific
progress (DHHS Publication No. A 82-1195). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Office.

 Reports from a Document and Deposit Service (NTIS, ERIC) other than U.S. government.
Examples:

Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University. Center for Social Organization of Schools (ERIC
Document Reproduction Service No. ED 182 465).

12. Electronic and Online Resources:

Online article:

Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. (1993. October 2). Central vein occlusion study of
photocoagulation: Manual of operations [675 paragraphs.Online Journal of Current Clinical
Trials [On-line serial]. Available: Doc No. 92

Online abstract:

You can cite an entire Website within your text, but do not include it in your list of references.
For instance, you could say something incredibly profound you learned from this Web page,
and cite the URL at the end of the paragrapn (http://www.ccc.commnet.edu/apa/). If a line-
break is necessary when you cite a UKL, make the break immediately after a slash mark and
carefully avoid the insertion of a nyphen where none is appropriate.

Electronic database:

College and public libraries subscribe to electrornic databases, such as EBSCO, LexisNexis,
OCLC, Wilson Web, SIRS, etc. There are also online databases, Such as ERIC, PsychINFO
and Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). These databases contain full-text articles and
article abstracts.
 SUMMARY:

References or bibliography may be written using American Psychological Association (AlPA),

Modern Language Association (MLA), Chicago Manual of Style format, Campbell,
Vancouver and Harvard styles.

CONCLUSION:

Bibliography in simple words is called REFERENCES which includes all the data’s sources
that the researcher have used to complete the work or the things that have copied from
somewhere and used in the content.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 Sharma. K . Suresh, “Nursing Research and Statistics”, 3 rd edition, Elsevier publications

2017, page no. 397- 409.
 https://documents.uow.edu.au/content/groups/public/@web/@stsv/@ld/documents/doc/uow195711.pdf