Power

An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to supply, transfer, and
use electric power. An example of an electric power system is the grid that provides power to an
extended area. An electrical grid power system can be broadly divided into the generators that
supply the power, the transmission system that carries the power from the generating centres to the
load centres, and the distribution system that feeds the power to nearby homes and industries.
Smaller power systems are also found in industry, hospitals, commercial buildings and homes. The
majority of these systems rely upon three-phase AC power—the standard for large-scale power
transmission and distribution across the modern world. Specialised power systems that do not
always rely upon three-phase AC power are found in aircraft, electric rail systems, ocean liners and
automobiles. In 1881, two electricians built the world's first power system at Godalming in England. It
was powered by two waterwheels and produced an alternating current that in turn supplied seven
Siemens arc lamps at 250 volts and 34 incandescent lamps at 40 volts.[1] However, supply to the
lamps was intermittent and in 1882 Thomas Edison and his company, The Edison Electric Light
Company, developed the first steam-powered electric power station on Pearl Street in New York
City. The Pearl Street Station initially powered around 3,000 lamps for 59 customers.[2][3] The power
station generated direct current and operated at a single voltage. Direct current power could not be
transformed easily or efficiently to the higher voltages necessary to minimise power loss during long-
distance transmission, so the maximum economic distance between the generators and load was
limited to around half a mile (800 m).[4]
That same year in London, Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs demonstrated the "secondary
generator", namely the first transformer suitable for use in a real power system.[5] The practical value
of Gaulard and Gibbs' transformer was demonstrated in 1884 at Turin where the transformer was
used to light up forty kilometres (25 miles) of railway from a single alternating
current generator.[6] Despite the success of the system, the pair made some fundamental mistakes.
Perhaps the most serious was connecting the primaries of the transformers in series so that active
lamps would affect the brightness of other lamps further down the line.
In 1885, Ottó Titusz Bláthy (1860–1939) of Ganz & Co.(Budapest) perfected the secondary
generator of Gaulard and Gibbs, providing it with a closed iron core, and thus obtained the first true
power transformer, which he dubbed with its present name.[7] The same year, Bláthy and two other
engineers of the company set up the ZBD system (from their initials) by implementing the parallel AC
distribution proposed by British scientist R. Kennedy in 1883, in which several power transformers
have their primary windings fed in parallel from a high-voltage distribution line. The system was
presented at the 1885 National General Exhibition of Budapest.
In 1885 George Westinghouse, an American entrepreneur, obtained the patent rights to the Gaulard-
Gibbs transformer and imported a number of them along with a Siemens generator, and set his
engineers to experimenting with them in hopes of improving them for use in a commercial power
system. In 1886, one of Westinghouse's engineers, William Stanley, also recognised the problem
with connecting transformers in series as opposed to parallel and also realised that making the iron
core of a transformer a fully enclosed loop would improve the voltage regulation of the secondary
winding.[8] Using this knowledge he built the first practical transformer-based alternating-current
power system at Great Barrington, Massachusetts in 1886.[9] Westinghouse would begin installing
multi-voltage AC transformer systems in competition with the Edison company later that year. In
1888 Westinghouse also licensed Nikola Tesla's US patents for a polyphase AC induction motor and
transformer designs and hired Tesla for one year to be a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric &
Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs.[10]
By 1888, the electric power industry was flourishing, and power companies had built thousands of
power systems (both direct and alternating current) in the United States and Europe. These
networks were effectively dedicated to providing electric lighting. During this time the rivalry between
Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse's companies had grown into a propaganda campaign
over which form of transmission (direct or alternating current) was superior, a series of events known
as the "War of Currents".[11] In 1891, Westinghouse installed the first major power system that was
designed to drive a 100 horsepower (75 kW) synchronous electric motor, not just provide electric
lighting, at Telluride, Colorado.[12] On the other side of the Atlantic, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky of
AEG and Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown of Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon, built the very first long-
distance (175 km, a distance never tried before) high-voltage (15 kV, then a record) three-phase
transmission line from Lauffen am Neckar to Frankfurt am Main for the Electrical Engineering
Exhibition in Frankfurt, where power was used light lamps and move a water pump.[13][8] In the US the
AC/DC competition came to an end when Edison General Electric was taken over by their chief AC
rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, forming General Electric. In 1895, after a protracted
decision-making process, alternating current was chosen as the transmission standard with
Westinghouse building the Adams No. 1 generating station at Niagara Falls and General Electric
building the three-phase alternating current power system to supply Buffalo at 11 kV.[8]
Developments in power systems continued beyond the nineteenth century. In 1936 the first
experimental high voltage direct current (HVDC) line using mercury arc valves was built
between Schenectady and Mechanicville, New York.[14] HVDC had previously been achieved by
series-connected direct current generators and motors (the Thury system) although this suffered
from serious reliability issues.[15][14] The first solid-state metal diode suitable for general power uses
was developed by Ernst Presser at TeKaDe, Germany, in 1928. It consisted of a layer of selenium
applied on an aluminum plate. In 1957, a General Electric research group developed a solid-state p-
n-p-n switch device that was successfully marketed in early 1958, starting a revolution in power
electronics. In 1957, also Siemens demonstrated a solid-state rectifier, but it was not until the early
1970s that solid-state devices became the standard in HVDC, when GE emerged as one of the top
suppliers of thyristor-based HVDC.[16] In 1979, a European consortium including Siemens, Brown
Boveri & Cie and AEG realized the record HVDC link from Cabora Bassa (Mozambique) to
Johannesburg (South Africa), extending more than 1,420 km and rated 1.9 GW at ±533 kV, that
resorted to top performing 3.2-kV thyristors, developed by AEG under GE’s license,[14] In recent
times, many important developments have come from extending innovations in the information and
communications technology (ICT) field to the power engineering field. For example, the development
of computers meant load flow studies could be run more efficiently allowing for much better planning
of power systems. Advances in information technology and telecommunication also allowed for
remote control of a power system's switchgear and generators.

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An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to supply, transfer, and

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