Central-Station Electric Lighting: With Notes on the Methods Used for the Distribution of Electricity

Killingworth Hedges

Central-Station Electric Lighting

With Notes on the Methods Used for the Distribution of Electricity

Published by Good Press, 2022

[email protected]

EAN 4066338071767

Table of Contents

PREFACE.

INDEX OF TERMS.

AN ELECTRICAL CENTRAL-STATION.

Central-Station Construction.

Charges for Electricity.

The Position of Central-Station Lighting.

CLASS I. Supply by Secondary Generators or Transformers.

Application of Transformers.

The Westinghouse System.

Electric Motors.

CLASS II. The Edison Parallel System, with Continuous Current.

The Three-Wire System.

The Edison System at Milan.

Discovery of Faults.

The Electric Lighting of Berlin.

CLASS III. The Series System of Distribution.

CLASS IV. The Multiple Series System.

CLASS V. The Distribution with Secondary Batteries, or the Battery Transformer System.

System of Distribution.

Table I.

Table II.

The Vienna Central-station.

Direct-Current Transformers or Dynamotors.

Installation and Working Cost of Central-Stations.

Table III.

Table IV.

Table V.

Underground or Overhead Wires.

The Interests of Gas Companies as to Electric Lighting.

The Lucigen Light.

Electrical Measurements.

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

Appendix I.—Principal Electric Lighting Stations in Great Britain.

Appendix II.—Principal Electric Lighting Stations on the Continent.

INDEX.

PREFACE.

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The art of lighting by Electricity practically dates from ten years ago, and it has during that period received the constant attention of both Electrical Engineers and others, who have applied the greatest scientific knowledge. The result of all this energy appears to be discouraging. Five hundred thousand pounds have been subscribed to carry on the business, and it is doubtful whether the companies which survive have a market value of one-tenth of that sum. The experience may have been bought too dearly, but the era of Central-Station Electric Lighting, which has now commenced, ought to re-establish the position of Electricity in financial circles, and afford a safe and profitable outlet for the surplus capital of the investor who buys gas and water shares to pay four per cent.

The distribution of electricity from a central-station, which was the subject of Sir William Siemen’s Presidential Address at the Society of Arts in 1882, is not only accomplished from the scientific point of view, but is also a commercial success: the power of flowing water, or the potential energy stored up in coal, wood, or other fuel, can be utilised for lighting our streets and houses at night, and during the day may be transmitted by means of electricity in the easiest possible way, and supplant the gas-engine for driving small machinery.

A paper entitled Central-Station Electric Lighting was contributed by the Author to the Institution of Civil Engineers, and was published in Part II. of the Minutes, 1886-87; the subject-matter has been extended and brought up to date, with the object of giving a description of the systems which are practically employed in Central-Station Lighting at home and on the Continent. Details respecting the generating plant at these stations are omitted on purpose; technical terms would also be avoided if possible; failing this, it is hoped that the accompanying Glossary will explain what is unfamiliar.

The amendment of the Electric Lighting Act of 1882 has given a fresh stimulus to the industry, and many new enterprises for distributing electricity from Central-Stations are being prepared, and it is to be hoped that the public will profit by former experience, and will discriminate between the good and the bad schemes which will be offered to them.

The organizing facilities possessed by Gas Companies make it desirable that they should follow the example of the American Companies, and take up the business of supplying electricity. The existing powers of private companies might have to be altered, but those municipal authorities who own the gasworks could certainly distribute electricity from a central-station, which might be installed at the present works. Local authorities have certain advantages over private companies owing to the purchasing clause of the Electric Lighting Act, also the power to borrow money under this and the Local Loans Act of 1875; should there be no department to carry out the business of supplying electricity, the generating plant could be maintained and worked by a contractor for a fixed annual sum.

The remarks of Lord Herschell that the electric light is more used in the South Sea Islands than in this country ought to be taken as not so much referring to want of enterprise on the part of capitalists and engineers, but to the Electrical Facilities Act of 1882, which has been appropriately termed a very boa-constrictor.

KILLINGWORTH HEDGES.

25,Queen Anne’s Gate,

Westminster, S.W.

September, 1888.

INDEX OF TERMS.

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Ampère-hour.—A current of one ampère strength for one hour.

Current, Continuous.—The flow of electricity in one direction.

Current, Alternating.—The intermittent flow in two directions.

Conductor.—The wire through which the current passes.

Circuit, Primary.—With transformers, the conductor or leads attached to the dynamo.

Circuit, Secondary.—With transformers, the conductor from the transformer to the lamps.

C. P.—Abbreviation of Candle-power.

E. M. F.—Abbreviation of Electro-motive force.

Life of Incandescent Lamps.—The duration of the filament which produces the light.

Potential.—Difference of E. M. F., or High and Low-Tension.

See also Glossary, or Explanation of Terms, page 107.

AN ELECTRICAL CENTRAL-STATION.

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AS the term central-station associates itself with some pretentious building, such as a railway terminus, it may be advisable to remark that the similarity is only in the words, and that central-station is an abbreviation of central generating station, or building designed to contain the plant for the public supply of electricity. In the early days of electric lighting the transmission of electricity to a distance was considered an impossibility; we find the late Sir William Siemens, in his Presidential Address at the Society of Arts on the occasion of the opening of the session in 1882, stating that a quarter of a mile in every direction from the lighting station was the area which would be as much as could be economically worked; and, in order to tap the most paying district, it was proposed to establish a station in the most central spot. Sir William Siemens suggested the utilisation of the public squares, which could be excavated to a depth of twenty-five feet, and then arched over to the existing ground level, and in this covered space the engines, boilers, and dynamos were to be fixed; the only erection above the surface was the chimney, which was to be of ornamental design and combined with the ventilating arrangements of the subterranean chamber. The great inventor, who so ably filled the presidential chair at the meeting where these words were spoken, would be astonished to find that in London one electric lighting company has already erected seventy miles of overhead wire, and that customers are supplied miles away from the so-called central-station. The changed position of electricity is due to the introduction of the transformer by Goulard, who showed, at the Turin Exhibition of 1884, that a high-tension current could be transformed into a low-tension working current of safe potential, fifty miles away from the generator, in a successful and economical manner, and that the generating station might, therefore, be located outside the area to be lighted. In large cities this is a great advantage, the value of land often precluding the erection of a big station in the working area; for this reason small stations are often arranged in basements, under a large building, which are, as a rule, specially designed. This plan is somewhat similar to that adopted in the United States, where it is not unusual to find a successful installation in a basement and sub-basement, the general arrangement being of similar character to the engine-room of a steamship.

A station is being erected in Philadelphia on a ground space of 72 feet × 100 feet, which is to supply 60,000 lights; the building is six-storied, the dynamos are on the first floor, the boilers on third, the coal stores on fourth, and the offices on the fifth.

The term block station is also used in the United States and in Germany, and is applied to an installation which lights a group of buildings or block without crossing any streets, and consequently without having any wayleave or permission from local authorities.

Central-Station Construction.

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An American electrical engineer graphically sums up this question in the following manner:—There are two ways of starting a central-station for electric lighting—the investment or the speculative plan, or the fair means or the foul. The first has its legitimate end, but the latter is the border ruffian or money-or-your-life policy, which enters a territory already sufficiently covered, not for fair competition, but to make money by being bought out. Happily, here, we have at present only to deal with the first plan, and the question naturally arises, Is electric lighting a paying investment? It certainly will not be if the object