This document provides a summary of a manual on total crop management for greenhouse production with an emphasis on integrated pest management and nutrient management. It was created through a joint effort between the universities of Maryland, Virginia Tech, and North Carolina State. The manual contains information on scouting, screening, disinfecting, and calibrating pesticide application equipment. It also includes chapters on managing insects, diseases, weeds, plant growth, cultural practices, greenhouse structures/environment, water, fertility, and an appendix.
This document provides a summary of a manual on total crop management for greenhouse production with an emphasis on integrated pest management and nutrient management. It was created through a joint effort between the universities of Maryland, Virginia Tech, and North Carolina State. The manual contains information on scouting, screening, disinfecting, and calibrating pesticide application equipment. It also includes chapters on managing insects, diseases, weeds, plant growth, cultural practices, greenhouse structures/environment, water, fertility, and an appendix.
This document provides a summary of a manual on total crop management for greenhouse production with an emphasis on integrated pest management and nutrient management. It was created through a joint effort between the universities of Maryland, Virginia Tech, and North Carolina State. The manual contains information on scouting, screening, disinfecting, and calibrating pesticide application equipment. It also includes chapters on managing insects, diseases, weeds, plant growth, cultural practices, greenhouse structures/environment, water, fertility, and an appendix.
This document provides a summary of a manual on total crop management for greenhouse production with an emphasis on integrated pest management and nutrient management. It was created through a joint effort between the universities of Maryland, Virginia Tech, and North Carolina State. The manual contains information on scouting, screening, disinfecting, and calibrating pesticide application equipment. It also includes chapters on managing insects, diseases, weeds, plant growth, cultural practices, greenhouse structures/environment, water, fertility, and an appendix.
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Total Crop Management
for Greenhouse Production
with an emphasis on Integrated Pest Management and Nutrient Management Bulletin 363 Revised 2011 EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension.indb 1 2/23/2011 2:08:04 PM Total Crop Management for Greenhouse Production with an emphasis on Integrated Pest Management and Nutrient Management Bulletin 363 Revised 2011 This publication is a joint effort of the University of Maryland, Virginia Tech and North Carolinia State University and their specialists in various environmental felds It is the policy of the University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, and Maryland Extension that all persons have equal opportunity and access to programs and facilities without regard to race, color, gender, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, age, marital status or parental status, or disability. Integrated Pest Management for Commercial Horticulture University of Maryland Extension www.ipmnet.umd.edu EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension.indb 1 2/23/2011 2:08:04 PM ii Gerald Brust, IPM Vegetable Specialist Central Maryland Research and Education Center 301-627-8440, jbrust@umd.edu Kate Everts, Vegetable Plant Pathologist Lower Eastern Shore Research and Education Center 410-742-8780, keverts@umd.edu Stanton A. Gill, Extension Specialist Central Maryland Research and Education Center 301-596-9413, sgill@umd.edu Karen Rane, Plant Pathologist Plant Diagnostic Lab, College Park 301-405-1611, rane@umd.edu Andrew Ristvey, Extension Specialist Wye Research and Education Center 410-827-8056, aristvey@umd.edu Co-Authors: Chuck Schuster, Extension Educator University of Maryland Extension 301-590-2807, cfs@umd.edu Debby Smith-Fiola, Consultant, Landscape IPM landscapeipm@hotmail.com Joyce Latimer, Extension Specialist Virginia Tech 540-231-7906, jlatime@vt.edu Brian Whipker, Extension Specialist North Carolina State University 919-515-5374, brian_whipker@ncsu.edu Formatting, Editing, and Image Management: Suzanne Klick, Technician, University of Maryland Extension Editing: Sarah Kenney, Intern, University of Maryland Extension Acknowledgements: We wish to thank Julie Iferd, Catoctin Mountain Growers, and Oliver Storm, Homestead Growers, for reviewing sections of this manual. We would also like to thank Maryland growers and Independent TPM/IPM scouts for their assistance in supplying information that helped in the development of this publication. Authors and Publication Coordinators: Will Healy, Research and Technical Services Manager Ball Horticultural Company (630) 231-3500, whealy@ballhort.com Megan McConnell, Lab Technician Plant Diagnostic Lab, College Park, MD David Ross, Professor and Extension Agricultural Engineer, Retired, University of Maryland Mark VanGessel, Extension Weed Specialist University of Delaware 302-856-7303 ext 510, mjv@udel.edu EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension.indb 2 2/23/2011 2:08:04 PM iii Disclaimer Mention of trade names and products is for information only and does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation of, or discrimination against, similar products not mentioned. Printed in 2011 by University of Maryland Extension, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland College Park. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording, manual, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of University of Maryland Extension. The phone number for University of Maryland Extension is (301) 596-9413. Although this manual contains research-based information, and the contributors and publisher have used their best efforts in preparing this manual, the publisher and contributors offer no warranties, express or implied, with respect to the use of this manual. Manual users maintain complete responsibility for the accurate use and appropriate application of the information in this manual for their intended purpose(s). In no event shall the publisher or contributors be held responsible or liable for any indirect, direct, incidental, or consequential damages or loss of profts or any other commercial damage whatsoever resulting from or related to the use or misuse of this manual. Preface This manual is designed for use by growers, greenhouse managers, and Extension educators involved with the foriculture industry. Our goal with this manual is to help greenhouse growers produce the highest-quality plants with minimal loss. This publication is based on the extensive experience of Maryland greenhouse growers, independent Total Plant Management and Integrated Pest Management (TPM/ IPM) scouts, and faculty and specialists of the University of Maryland Extension. It is our intent that this manual serve as a valuable tool for improved management of greenhouse crops. We have created charts for easy access to information and text for more in-depth information on key subjects. Electronic copies of this manual are available on-line at www.ipmnet.umd.edu/publications.htm To purchase paper copies of this manual contact 301-596-9413 EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension.indb 3 2/23/2011 2:08:04 PM iv Table of Contents Part 1: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Greenhouse Operations Chapter 1 Integrated Pest Management: Scouting Overview 3 Chapter 2 Screening Out Insect Pests 17 Chapter 3 Disinfecting a Greenhouse 21 Chapter 4 Pesticide Application Equipment: Selection and Calibration 23 Part 2: Insect and Mite Management Chapter 5 Insecticide and Miticide Classes 29 Chapter 6 Biological Control of Greenhouses Pests 33 Chapter 7 Biopesiticides and Reduced-Risk Pesticides 47 Chapter 8 Understanding Insect Growth Regulators 51 Chapter 9 Insecticides Registered for Greenhouse Ornamentals 55 Part 3: Disease, Algae, Weed and Cultural Management Chapter 10 Managing Plant Diseases 135 Chapter 11 Weed and Algae Control in Commercial Greenhouses 177 Chapter 12 Plant Growth Regulators for Floricultural Crops 183 Chapter 13 Cultural Requirements and Pests of Major Greenhouse Crops: Bedding Plants, Herbs, Cut Flowers and Vegetable Transplants 209 Chapter 14 Cultural and Pest Management for Greenhouse Vegetables and Herbs 215 Part 4: Greenhouse Structures and Environment Chapter 15 Greenhouse Selection and Placement 233 Chapter 16 Greenhouse Growing Environment: Temperature and Humidity 237 Chapter 17 Greenhouse Systems Maintenance 249 Chapter 18 Greenhouse Substrates 253 Part 5: Water and Fertility Management Chapter 19 Water Supply, Irrigation, and Management 267 Chapter 20 Irrigation: Too Wet or Too Dry? 275 Chapter 21 Fertility Management 277 Chapter 22 Fertilizer Injection or Fertigation 291 Chapter 23 Care and Calibration of Injector Pumps 297 Part 6: Appendix Appendix A Selected Resources 303 Appendix B Conversion Factors 306 Appendix C Images of Insects, Diseases, Abiotic Problems and Weeds 308 EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension.indb 4 2/23/2011 2:08:04 PM Part 6 Appendix A Selected Resources Appendix B Conversion Factors Appendix C Images of Insects, Diseases, Weeds and Abiotic Problems Appendix EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 301 2/24/2011 2:56:46 PM EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 302 2/24/2011 2:56:46 PM 303 Resources Available for Greenhouse Production The following is a selection of resources for commercial horticulture production. Included here are books, fact sheets, magazines, and websites applicable to greenhouse production and pest management. This list is by no means complete. Extension websites for each land-grant university have publications sections with a wealth of information about commercial horticulture. Internet searches can be an effective way to fnd ad- ditional information. Greenhouse IPM Publications Herbaceous Perennials Production: A guide from propagation to marketing (NRAES-93) http://www.nraes.org/ Integrated Pest Management for Bedding Plants: A Scouting & Pest Management Guide Cornell University http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/ New England Greenhouse Floriculture Guide: A Management Guide for Insects, Diseases, Weeds, and Growth Regulators http://www.umass.edu/umext/foriculture/pest_management/ne_pest_manage_guide.html Guide to Insects and Related Pests of Floriculture Crops in New England New England Vegetable Management Guide UMass Extension Bookstore http://umassextensionbookstore.com/catalog/ Rutgers Greenhouse Cost Accounting and Software http://aesop.rutgers.edu/~farmmgmt/ghcasestudies/RMACostAcct.pdf Websites University of Maryland College of Agriculture and Natural Resources http://www.agnr.umd.edu IPMnet Commercial Horticulture, University of Maryland Extension http://www.IPMNET.umd.edu Home and Garden Information Center, University of Maryland Extension http://www.hgic.umd.edu California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Environmental Monitoring and Pest Management Appendix A Selected Resources EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 303 2/24/2011 2:56:46 PM 304 Suppliers of Benefcial Organisms in North America: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pestmgt/ipminov/bensuppl.htm Crop Data Management Systems (CDMS) - Pesticide labels online http://www.cdms.net (labels are listed under the services link) Biological ControlA Guide to Natural Enemies in North America (Cornell University) http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ Maryland Greenhouse Growers Association www.mdgga.org Maryland Department of Agriculture Plant Industries and Pest Management Links to pesticide regulation, plant protection, and weed control http://www.mda.state.md.us/plants-pests/ Disease Test Kits Test kits for Pythium, Rhizoctonia and Phytophthora Neogen Corporation 620 Lesher Place, Lansing, MI 48912 800-234-5333, neogen-info@neogen.com Website: http://www.neogen.com INSV Test Kits Agdia, Inc. 30380 County Road 6, Elkhart, Indiana, 46514 800-622-4342, webmaster@agdia.com http://www.agdia.com. Hydros, Inc. Envrionmental Diagostics - Disease test kits: http://www.hydros.cc/ Substrate Testing Laboratories University of Delaware Soil Testing Program, 302-831-1392, 152 Townsend Hall, 531 S. College Avenue, Newark, DE, 19717-1303, http://ag.udel.edu/other_websites/DSTP/ Virginia Tech Soil Testing Laboratory, 540-231-6893, 145 Smyth Hall (0465), Blacksburg, VA 24061, http://www.soiltest.vt.edu/ A&L Eastern Agricultural Laboratories, Inc., 804-743-9401, 7621 Whitepine Road, Richmond, VA 23237, http://www.al-labls-eastern.com
Pennsylvania Agricultural Analytic Services State University Laboratory University Park, PA 16802 http://www.aasl.psu.edu/ JRPeters Laboratory EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 304 2/24/2011 2:56:46 PM 305 6656 Grant Way, Allentown, PA 18106 866-522-5752, http://www.jrpeterslab.com/ North Carolina State University Horticultural Substrates Laboratory 152 Kilgore Hall, Box 7609, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609 919-515-5368, http://www.ncsu.edu/project/hortsublab/ Disease Testing Laboratories: A sample of any plant suspected to be infected with disease can be sent to a commercial laboratory. Viruses can be detected via laboratory assays, such as Tomato spotted wilt virus and Impatiens necrotic spot virus, both transmitted by thrips. These two viruses can cause disease in many plants, with symptoms that can be mistaken for nutritional disorders, fungal diseases, or other problems. Other viruses that most often occur in ornamentals are cucumber mosaic virus (transmitted by aphids), and tobacco and tomato ringspot viruses ( transmitted by nematodes), seeds or by propagating infected plants. Agdia Testing Services: ELISA and PCR disease testing 30380 County Road 6 Elkhart, Indiana 46514 800-622-4342, testing@agdia.com, www.agdia.com Penn State Plant Disease Clinic Sara May, Coordinator, and John Peplinski, Diagnostician 220 Buckout Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802 814-865-2204, srm183@psu.edu, http://www.ppath.cas.psu.edu/Plant_Disease_Clinic.htm University of Delaware Plant Diagnostic Clinic Nancy Gregory, Diagnostician, and Robert Mulrooney, Plant Pathologist 151 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19716 302-831-1390, http://ag.udel.edu/extension/pdc/index.htm University of Maryland Plant Diagnostic Lab Karen Rane, Director 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 21742 301-405-1611, www.plantclinic.umd.edu VPI Plant Disease Clinic Mary Ann Hanson and Elizabeth Bush, Co-Directors Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science 106 Price Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0331 540-231-6758, clinic@vt.edu, http://www.ppws.vt.edu/~clinic Sources for Pesticide Information, Biologicals Chemical & Pharmaceutical Press, Inc.s Greenbook Pesticide labels (www.greenbook.net) Crop Data Management Systems, Inc. Pesticide labels (www.cdms.net) EXTOXNET The EXtension TOXicology NETwork Pesticides: Toxicology, Technical Information from UC Davis, Oregon State Univ., Michigan State, Cornell Univ., Univ. of Idaho Environmental Protection Agencys Offce of Pesticide Programs Benefcial Insects: http://www.library.illinois.edu/envi/benefcialinsects.html http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 305 2/24/2011 2:56:46 PM 306 Multiply By To Obtain Multiply By To Obtain Acres 0.4047 Hectares Kilograms 1,000 Grams Acres 43,560 Square feet Kilograms 2.2046 Pounds Acres 4,840 Square yards Kilograms per meter 2 .2048 Pounds per foot 2
Acres 0.001562 Square miles Kilograms per meter 2 .001422 Pounds per inches 2
Acres 4,047 Square meters Kilograms per meter 3 .001 Grams per centimeter3 Acres 0.4047 Hectares Kilograms per meter 3 .06243 Pounds per foot 3
Atmospheres 14.7 Pounds per inch2 Kilograms per meter 3 .0003613 Pounds per inches 3
Atmospheres 10,333 Kilograms per meter2 Kiloliters 1,000 Liters Centimeters .03281 Feet Kilometers 100,000 Centimeters Centimeters .3937 Inches Kilometers 3,281 Feet Centimeters .01 Meters Kilometers 1,000 Meters Centimeters 10 Millimeters Kilometers .6214 Miles Centimeters 393.7 Mils Kilometers 1,093.6 Yards Cubic centimeters .0000353 Cubic feet Kilowatt hours 3,415 BTUs Cubic centimeters .016102 Cubic inches Kilowatt hours 1.341 Horsepower hours Cubic centimeters .0001 Cubic meters Kilowatts 56.92 BTUs per minute Cubic centimeters .000001308 Cubic yards Kilowatts 1.341 Horsepower Cubic feet 28,316.84 Cubic centimeters Kilowatts 1,000 Watts Cubic feet 1,728 Cubic inches Liters 1,000 Cubic centimeters Cubic feet .02832 Cubic yards Liters .03531 Cubic feet Cubic inches 16.387 Cubic centimeters Liters 62.02 Cubic inches Cubic inches .00001639 Cubic meters Liters .001 Cubic meters Cubic inches .00002143 Cubic yards Liters .001308 Cubic yards Cubic yards 764,600 Cubic centimeters Liters .2642 Gallons Cubic yards 27 Cubic feet Liters 1.057 Quarts (fuid) Cubic yards .7646 Cubic meters Lux .0929 Foot-candles Feet 30.48 Centimeters Meters 100 Centimeters Feet 12 Inches Meters 3.2808 Feet Feet .3048 Meters Meters 39.37 Inches Feet .333 Yards Meters .001 Kilometers Foot-candles 10.76 Lux Meters 1,000 Millimeters Gallons 3.785 Liters Meters 1.0936 Yards Gallons 128 Ounces (fuid) Milligrams .001 Grams Gallons 8 Pints (fuid) Milligrams .000001 Kilograms Gallons 4 Quarts (fuid) Milligrams per liter 1 Parts per million Gallons per minute .134 Cubic feet per minute Milliliters 1 Cubic centimeters Gallons per minute .002228 Cubic feet per second Milliliters .001 Liters Gallons per minute .06308 Liters per second Millimeters .1 Centimeters Grams .001 Kilograms Millimeters .03937 Inches Grams 1,000 Milligrams Millimeters .001 Meters Grams .002205 Pounds Ounces (fuid) 1.805 Cubic inches Grams per liter .1336 Ounces per gallon Ounces (fuid) .0078125 Gallons Grams per liter .0334 Ounces per quart Ounces (fuid) .02957 Liters Appendix B Conversion Factors EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 306 2/24/2011 2:56:46 PM 307 Multiply By To Obtain Multiply By To Obtain Grams per liter 1,000 Parts per million Ounces (fuid) 29.57 Milliliters Hectares 2.471 Acres Ounces (fuid) 2 Tablespoons (fuid) Hectares 107,000 Square feet Ounces (fuid) 6 Teaspoons (fuid) Inches 2.540 Centimeters Parts per million .001 Grams per liter Inches .08333 Feet Parts per million 1 Milligrams per kilogram Inches .0254 Meters Parts per million 1 Milligrams per liter Inches .02778 Yards Parts per million .013 Ounces per 100 gallons Parts per million .0083 Pounds per 1,000 gallons Quarts (fuid) .9463 Liters Pints (fuid) 473.167 Cubic centimeters Quarts (fuid) 946.3 Milliliters Pints (fuid) .0167 Cubic feet Quarts (fuid) 32 Ounces (fuid) Pints (fuid) 28.875 Cubic inches Quarts (fuid) 2 Pints (fuid) Pints (fuid) .125 Gallons Square centimeters .00107 Square feet Pints (fuid) .4732 Liters Square centimeters .1550 Square inches Pints (fuid) 16 Ounces (fuid) Square centimeters .0001 Square meters Pints (fuid) .5 Quarts (fuid) Square centimeters 100 Square millimeters Pounds 453.594 Grams Square feet .00002296 Acres Pounds .453594 Kilograms Square feet 929 Square centimeters Pounds 16 Ounces Square feet 144 Square inches Pounds per cubic foot .01602 Grams per centimeter 3 Square feet .0929 Square meters Pounds per cubic foot 16.02 Kilograms per meter 3 Square feet .111 Square yards Pounds per cubic foot .0005787 Pounds per inch 3 Square inches 6.452 Square centimeters Pounds per cubic inch 27,680 Kilograms per meter 3 Square inches .006944 Square feet Pounds per cubic inch 27.68 Pounds per centimeter 3 Square inches 645.163 Square millimeters Pounds per cubic inch 1,728 Pounds per foot 3 Square meters .000247 Acres Pounds per foot 1.488 Kilograms per meter Square meters 10.764 Square feet Pounds per inch 178.6 Grams per centimeter Square meters 1.196 Square yards Pounds per square foot 4.882 Kilograms per meter 2 Square millimeters .01 Square centimeters Pounds per square foot .006994 Pounds per inch 2 Square millimeters .00155 Square inches Pounds per square inch .070307 Kilograms per centimeter 2 Square millimeters .000001 Square meters Pounds per square inch 703.1 Kilograms per meter 2 Square yards .0002066 Acres Pounds per square inch 144 Pounds per foot 2 Square yards 9 Square feet Quarts (fuid) .0334 Cubic feet Square yards 1,296 Square inches Quarts (fuid) 57.75 Cubic inches Square yards .8361 Square meters Quarts (fuid) .25 Gallons EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 307 2/24/2011 2:56:47 PM 308 Appendix C Images of Insects, Diseases, Abiotic Problems and Weeds Insects: Benefcial Insects and Organisms Aphids Caterpillars Fungus Gnats Shorefies Leafminers Mites Mealybug Scale Thrips Whitefy Diseases:
Foliar Diseases Root Rots Weeds: Abiotic Problems: EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 308 2/24/2011 2:56:47 PM 309 Aphidius wasp with cabbage aphids Photo: Suzanne Klick Aphidius wasp mummies (parasitized aphids) Photo: Suzanne Klick Lady bird beetle larva on cabbage Photo: Suzanne Klick Adult lady bird beetle, Hippodamia convergens Photo: Suzanne Klick Lacewing, Chrysoperla sp., larva Photo: Suzanne Klick Lacewing, Chrysoperla sp., adult Photo: Suzanne Klick EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 309 2/24/2011 2:56:47 PM 310 Syrphid fy larva Photo: Suzanne Klick Sryphid fy adult Photo: Suzanne Klick Aphidoletes (fy midges) feeding on aphids Photo: Suzanne Klick Minute pirate bug nymph Photo: Stanton Gill Sachet containing predators of thrips Photo: Suzanne Klick Whitefy infected with Beauveria bassiana Photo: Stanton Gill EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 310 2/24/2011 2:56:47 PM 311 Distorted foliage from aphid feeding on zinnia Photo: Suzanne Klick Honeydew and aphid cast skins on snapdragon Photo: Suzanne Klick Sooty mold from aphids on celosia Photo: Suzanne Klick Cabbage aphid with characteristic waxy coating Photo: Suzanne Klick Close-up of green peach aphid Photo: Suzanne Klick Root aphids on aster roots Photo: Shannon Wadkins EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 311 2/24/2011 2:56:47 PM 312 Imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae, larvae Photo: Suzanne Klick Imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae, adult Photo: Suzanne Klick Variegated fritillary, Euptoieta claudia, larva Photo: Suzanne Klick Variegated fritillary, Euptoieta claudia, butterfy Photo: Suzanne Klick Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, larva Photo: Suzanne Klick Cross-striped cabbageworm, Evergestis rimosalis Photo: Suzanne Klick EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 312 2/24/2011 2:56:47 PM 313 Heavy infestation of fungus gnats on yellow cards Photo: Stanton Gill Fungus gnat larva feeding on pansy at base of stem Photo: Suzanne Klick Fungus gnat damage on poinsettia cutting Photo: Suzanne Klick Shorefy adult Photo: Suzanne Klick Leafminer damage on gerbera Photo: Suzanne Klick Leafminer damage on cabbage Photo: Shannon Wadkins EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 313 2/24/2011 2:56:47 PM 314 Heavy webbing on mum from spider mites Photo: Shannon Wadkins Stippling damage on calla lily from spider mites Photo: Suzanne Klick Broad mite damage on sweet potato vine Photo: Suzanne Klick Twospotted spider mites and eggs Photo: Shannon Wadkins Mealybug on heliconia Photo: Suzanne Klick Longtailed mealybug on palm Photo: Suzanne Klick EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 314 2/24/2011 2:56:48 PM 315 Mealybugs in cryptic areas of New Guinea impatiens Photo: Suzanne Klick Hemispherical scale on palm Photo: Suzanne Klick Brown soft scale Photo: Suzanne Klick Fern scale on staghorn fern Photo: Suzanne Klick Slug damage on dahlia Photo: Suzanne Klick Slug on bottom of pot Photo: Suzanne Klick EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 315 2/24/2011 2:56:48 PM 316 Streaking from thrips feeding on gerbera daisy Photo: Shannon Wadkins Western fower thrips in gloxinia fower Photo: Suzanne Klick Female western fower thrips Photo: Stanton Gill Echinothrips damage on New Guinea impatiens Photo: Suzanne Klick Echinothrips Photo: Suzanne Klick Cuban laurel thrips Photo: Shannon Wadkins EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 316 2/24/2011 2:56:48 PM 317 Whitefy infestation on sunfower Photo: Suzanne Klick Greenhouse whitefy, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Photo: Shannon Wadkins Greenhouse whitefy, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Photo: Suzanne Klick Greenhouse whitefy, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Photo: Suzanne Klick Pupal stage of Bemesia tabaci whitefy Photo: Suzanne Klick Bemesia tabaci whitefy on poinsettia leaf Photo: Suzanne Klick EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 317 2/24/2011 2:56:48 PM 318 Botrytis on geranium fower Photo: Suzanne Klick Botrytis on geranium foliage Photo: Suzanne Klick Botrytis elliptica leaf spot on lily Photo: Suzanne Klick Bacterial leaf spot on zinnia Photo: Suzanne Klick Black root rot, Thielaviopsis sp., on petunia Photo: Stanton Gill Host Virus X on hosta Photo: Suzanne Klick EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 318 2/24/2011 2:56:48 PM 319 Downy mildew on upperside of coleus foliage Photo: Suzanne Klick Downy mildew on underside of coleus foliage Photo: Suzanne Klick Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) on orchid Photo: Suzanne Klick INSV on New Guinea impatiens Photo: Karen Rane Powdery mildew on zinnia foliage Photo: Suzanne Klick Pythium root rot on salvia plugs Photo: Suzanne Klick EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 319 2/24/2011 2:56:48 PM 320 Oedema on primrose foliage Photo: Suzanne Klick Oedema on kalanchoe foliage Photo: Suzanne Klick Iron chlorosis on pansy Photo: Suzanne Klick Spray damage on poinsettia foliage Photo: Suzanne Klick Groundsel along edge of greenhouse Photo: Suzanne Klick Weeds, with insect damage, under bench Photo: Suzanne Klick EB 363 Greenhouse Bulletin-University of Maryland Extension-Part 3 Appendix.indd 320 2/24/2011 2:56:49 PM
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