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    Digestion

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    The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its main structures and functions. It describes the process of digestion, which begins in the mouth and involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Key structures that aid digestion include the teeth, salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver, and small and large intestines. Digestive enzymes and acids in these structures break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and other components of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used for energy, growth, and other bodily processes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Digestion

    Uploaded by

    api-200177496
    147 views22 pages
    The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its main structures and functions. It describes the process of digestion, which begins in the mouth and involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Key structures that aid digestion include the teeth, salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver, and small and large intestines. Digestive enzymes and acids in these structures break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and other components of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used for energy, growth, and other bodily processes.

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    The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its main structures and functions. It describes the process of digestion, which begins in the mouth and involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Key structures that aid digestion include the teeth, salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver, and small and large intestines. Digestive enzymes and acids in these structures break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and other components of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used for energy, growth, and other bodily processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    147 views22 pages

    Digestion

    Uploaded by

    api-200177496
    The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its main structures and functions. It describes the process of digestion, which begins in the mouth and involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Key structures that aid digestion include the teeth, salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver, and small and large intestines. Digestive enzymes and acids in these structures break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and other components of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used for energy, growth, and other bodily processes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 22

    The Digestive System:

    An Introduction
    2010 2011
    Unit 5
    How do I work and what with?

    Learning Outcomes
    Recognise the main structures within
    the digestive system
    Describe the main structures within
    the digestive system
    Describe how the main structures
    achieve their functions.

    What is digestion?

    Digestion is the process by which food and


    drink are broken down into their smallest
    parts so that the body can use them to build
    and nourish cells and to provide energy.

    Diagram of the digestive


    system

    Types of Digestion
    Mechanical digestion involves food
    being ground up, for example by the
    teeth and by the churning movements
    of the alimentary canal.
    Chemical digestion involves large
    molecules being broken down into
    small ones, by enzymes.

    Start of digestion
    Digestion begins in the mouth. Food
    is chewed which breaks it into smaller
    chunks (with a larger surface area),
    and is mixed with saliva.
    The saliva contains an enzyme called
    amylase which begins digestion of
    carbohydrate (starch) to sugar.

    Salivary glands

    Upper GI Tract
    The food is then swallowed and
    pushed down the oesophagus to the
    stomach by waves of peristalsis.
    Peristalsis is the contraction and
    relaxation of circular muscles in the
    wall of the gut.

    The stomach

    In the stomach the food is churned back


    and forth by waves of peristalsis to break
    the chunks of food up into a mush (large
    surface area), and mix it with the gastric
    juice.
    Gastric juice contains an enzyme called
    protease which begins the digestion of
    protein to amino acids.
    It also contains hydrochloric acid which kills
    bacteria and provides the optimum pH for
    this enzyme.

    The Stomach

    Duodenum

    The food is released a little at a time into


    the duodenum, which is the first part of the
    small intestine.
    The duodenum does not make a digestive
    juice but has two juices poured into it.
    One is from the pancreas. This pancreatic
    juice contains carbohydrase, protease and
    lipase. Lipase is another enzyme which
    begins the breakdown of lipids (fats and
    oils).

    Bile

    The other juice is called bile. Bile is made


    by the liver and is stored in a bag called the
    gall bladder.
    This is not an enzyme but neutralises the
    acid that was added to food in the stomach,
    making alkaline conditions of pH which
    allow the enzymes in the small intestine to
    work more effectively.
    Bile also emulsifies fats.

    The pancreas and liver

    The pancreas and liver

    The liver is located across our entire


    abdomen and detoxifies material and
    neutralizes stomach acid.
    It also prepares nutrients for absorption
    and produces bile that aids in breaking
    down fat when released into the small
    intestine from the common bile duct.
    The pancreas produces digestive
    enzymes that are secreted into the
    duodenum and insulin which regulates
    glucose levels. It is found underneath the
    stomach

    Small intestine

    The food is now a semi liquid, and it passes


    into the second part of the small intestine
    called the ileum.
    The walls of the ileum make a juice which
    contains carbohydrase, protease and
    lipase.
    These enzymes complete the digestion of
    fats to fatty acids and glycerol, carbohydrate
    to simple sugars and protein to amino acids.

    Small intestine

    Microscopic view of villi

    Large Intestine

    All of the food which cannot be digested


    passes into the large intestine.
    The first part of the large intestine is the
    colon and here water is reabsorbed into the
    blood.
    The indigestible remains form the semi solid
    faeces which is stored in the rectum until
    being passed out of the body through the
    anus.

    Large intestine

    Role of energy in digestion


    Carbohydrates are the human bodys
    key source of energy
    Providing 4 calories of energy per gram
    When carbohydrates are broken down
    by the body, the sugar glucose is
    produced
    Glucose is critical to help maintain
    tissue protein, metabolize fat, and fuel
    the central nervous system.

    Further reading

    If you want to learn more about


    homeostasis visit
    http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize
    /biology/humansasorganisms/6homeostasisre
    v1.shtml
    If you want to learn about diseases of the
    digestive system visit
    http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/az.asp
    If you want to learn more about diabetes
    visit
    http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditions/diab
    etes/

    References
    http://www.easttroy.k12.wi.us/hs/dept/sci
    ence/bottum/Adv
    %20Biology/digestive/danatomy/dahome
    .htm
    http://www.refluxadvice.co.uk/upper_gast
    ro_intestinal_system/fig_production_of_g
    astric_juice.php
    http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_76
    1556865_2/Human_Nutrition.html

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