Gastrointestinal System Secretion and Functions of Pancreas and Gallbladder and Their Regulation

Presentation on Gastrointestinal System:
Secretion and functions of pancreas and

gallbladder and their regulation
PRESENTED BY
1. SH ANJIDA ALI RIYA ID : 1921068
2. MONIRA H AQU E AYS HA ID: 1 920655
3. NOWRIN HASAN NAMIHA ID: 192 1401
4. SH AMSO ON NAHAR SH ORNA ID: 1920002
5. ANTORA KHAN MAZLISH ID: 1921492
6. TANVIR IS LAM ID: 1910407
Introduction
 The organs that food and liquids travel through when they
are swallowed, digested, absorbed, and leave the body as
feces. The gastrointestinal tract is part of the digestive
system. Also called alimentary tract and digestive tract.
 The basic structure of the gastrointestinal tract is a
muscular tube lined by a special layer of cells, called
epithelium. Although each section of the tract has
specialized functions.
The wall is divided into four layers-
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis externa
4. Serosa
Secretion of Pancreas
 Pancreatic juice is composed of two secretory products critical
to proper digestion: digestive enzymes and bicarbonate. The
enzymes are synthesized and secreted from the exocrine
acinar cells, whereas bicarbonate is secreted from the
epithelial cells lining small pancreatic ducts.
 Digestive Enzymes: The pancreas secretes a magnificent
battery of enzymes that collectively have the capacity to
reduce virtually all digestible macromolecules into forms that
are capable of, or nearly capable of being absorbed. Three
major groups of enzymes are critical to efficient digestion:
Proteases, Pancreatic lipase & Amylase
 Bicarbonate and Water: Epithelial cells in pancreatic ducts are
the source of the bicarbonate and water secreted by the
pancreas. Bicarbonate is a base and critical to neutralizing the
acid coming into the small intestine from the stomach. The
mechanism underlying bicarbonate secretion is essentially the
same as for acid secretion by parietal cells in the stomach and
is dependent on the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. In pancreatic
duct cells, the bicarbonate is secreted into the lumen of the
duct and hence into pancreatic juice.
Functions of Pancreas
The pancreas is a gland organ. It is located in the abdomen. It is part of the digestive system and
produces insulin and other important enzymes and hormones that help break down foods. The
pancreas has an endocrine function because it releases juices directly into the bloodstream, and it has
an exocrine function because it releases juices into ducts.
The exocrine tissues secrete a clear, watery, alkaline juice that contains several enzymes. These break
down food into small molecules that can be absorbed by the intestines.
The enzymes include:

 Trypsin and chymotrypsin to digest proteins
 Amylase to break down carbohydrates
 Lipase, to break down fats into fatty acids and cholesterol
The endocrine portion, or islets of Langerhans, secrete insulin and other hormones. Pancreatic beta
cells release insulin when blood sugar levels rise.
Insulin:
 Moves glucose from the blood into muscles and other tissues, for use as energy
 Helps the liver absorb glucose, storing it as glycogen in case the body needs energy during stress or
exercise
Secretion of Gallbladder
The gallbladder is a small hallow pouch about 8cm long and 2.5cm wide tucked under the liver. It is
connected to the liver and bowel by a series of tubes known as the bile ducts. The liver makes bile which
helps to breakdown fats from food. The gallbladder stores the bile until there are fats in the bowl that
need digesting.
So, Bile is a bitter-testing, dark green to yellowish brown fluid made by liver cell , secreted into the biliary
tract and stored in the gallbladder. Bile is mainly composed of cholesterol, bile acids and bilirubin . It also
contains water, potassium and sodium salts, copper and trace metals.
Secretion of Bile:
Secretion occurs in three stages-
A. Formation & Secretion of constituents of bile by the liver:
• Bile salts are synthesized in hepatocytes and transferred into bile canaliculi.
• Bile salts along with glucose, amino acids and bile pigments are actively secreted into canaliculi.
B. Filling of gallbladder:
• Bile then passes through the biliary tree and ultimately to the hepatic duct.
• And then it reaches the gallbladder where it is concentrated and stored temporarily.
C. Discharge of bile in intestine:
• When there is chime in the intestine sphincter of Oddi and sphincter of Boyden are relaxed and bile
flows into the intestine.
Functions of Gallbladder
Storage of bile –
Bile is continuously secreted by liver is stored in the gallbladder. It is released in the duodenum
when required.
Concentration of bile –
Substances like bile pigments, cholesterol, lecithin helps to concentrate bile 5 to 10 times
Alteration of bile –
The pH of bile is decreased from 8-8.6 to 7-7.6 and it becomes less alkaline when it is stored in
gallbladder.
Secretion of mucin –
20 ml per day
Regulations of Pancreas and Gallbladder
Pancreas is a dual organ.
Gallbladder: The gallbladder is a pear shaped hollow organ. It
It has two portions: is located under the liver and on the right side of our
1. Endocrine portion and abdomen. The gallbladder is a part of the biliary tract and its
2. Exocrine portion. function is to store and concentrate the bile( a yellow- brown
digestive enzyme which is produced bye the liver ). The
Pancreatic secretions are primarily regulated by three gallbladder serves as a reservoir for bile when it is not being
factors and they act synergistically to potentiate each used for digestion. The gallbladder’s absorbent lining
other's effects. concentrates on the stored bile. When food enters the small
 Acetylcholine : They are released by vagal efferents intestine , a hormone called cholecystokinin is released which
and they primarily stimulates the synthesis of signals the gallbladder to contract and secrete the bile into the
digestive enzymes by pancreatic acinar cells. small intestine through the common bile duct.
 Cholecystokinin: Released from I Cells in the
duodenum and jejunum upon entry of food. They Conclusion
primarily stimulates synthesis of digestive enzymes Pancreas and gallbladder plays the important role in
by pancreatic acinar cells. gastrointestinal system by their secretory function.The
 Secretin: They are released from S Cells of pancreas produces enzymes to help break down proteins,
duodenum in when entry of pH stomach acid is low fats and carbohydrates. The gall bladder stores the bile that is
and they stimulate the production of aqueous produced by the liver. When needed, bile passes into the
sodium bicarbonate solution by pancreatic ductal small intestine, where it breaks down fat And helps to digest
cells. food.

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