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Keywords = straw mulch thickness

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19 pages, 6746 KiB  
Article
Responses of Soil Water, Temperature, and Yield of Apple Orchard to Straw Mulching and Supplemental Irrigation on China’s Loess Plateau
by Yuxin Yang, Mengqi Yin and Hongjie Guan
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1531; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071531 - 15 Jul 2024
Viewed by 731
Abstract
The combination effect of straw mulching and supplemental irrigation on the soil water and heat, and the growth and productivity of mature apple trees on the Loess Plateau of China remains unclear. Field experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 to evaluate the [...] Read more.
The combination effect of straw mulching and supplemental irrigation on the soil water and heat, and the growth and productivity of mature apple trees on the Loess Plateau of China remains unclear. Field experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 to evaluate the combined effect of straw mulching and supplemental irrigation (two irrigation types, ring and double-row drip irrigation, and three irrigation levels: high, medium, and low irrigation level) on the soil water and temperature, growth, yield, and water productivity (WP) of a mature apple orchard. Local rainfed cultivation was used as the control (CK). The results showed that straw mulching increased soil moisture by 2.4–6.5% compared to the CK treatment. Supplemental irrigation significantly increased soil moisture in the 0–60 cm layer by 3.0–8.1%, and its effect increased with an increasing irrigation level. Straw mulching significantly reduced soil temperature by 7.8% compared to the CK treatment. Supplemental irrigation significantly increased the new shoot length and stem thickness of apple trees. Under straw mulching, a medium supplemental irrigation level significantly increased both apple yield and WP compared to the CK treatment. In this study area, it is recommended to choose a combination of straw mulching and a medium supplemental irrigation level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influence of Irrigation and Water Use on Agronomic Traits of Crop)
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12 pages, 1709 KiB  
Article
Buried Straw Layer Coupling Film Mulching Regulates Soil Salinity of Coastal Tidal Soil and Improves Maize (Zea mays L.) Growth
by Juan Wang, Anquan Chen, Yan Li, Danyi Shi, Zhaoyi Zhong and Chuncheng Liu
Water 2022, 14(24), 4119; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14244119 - 16 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1939
Abstract
[Aims] The saline soil in continuous silting tidal areas will become a crucial reserved land resource in China. A prominent problem is controlling soil salinization for improving agricultural water and land resources’ productivity in coastal areas. [Methods] An experiment was conducted to study [...] Read more.
[Aims] The saline soil in continuous silting tidal areas will become a crucial reserved land resource in China. A prominent problem is controlling soil salinization for improving agricultural water and land resources’ productivity in coastal areas. [Methods] An experiment was conducted to study the effects of different mulching and tillage measures on soil salt-water status and maize growth. There were four treatments: (1) film mulching (FM), by only setting a transparent plastic film (with a thickness of 6 μm) on the surface soil; (2) straw deep-burying (SDB), in which only straw was buried as a layer at a soil depth of 30 cm; (3) combining film mulch with deep-buried straw (F+S), in which a straw layer was buried at a soil depth of 30 cm with plastic film mulching on the soil surface; and (4) control (CK), by simulating standard local practice. [Results] The results showed that the soil water storage (SWS) under FM and F+S was significantly higher than others, and F+S showed the best role in soil water conservation. The film mulching had a reasonable effect on soil salinity regulation during the whole maize growth stage; the soil salt content at 0–30 cm was decreased by 1 g/kg and 0.74 g/kg under F+S and FM, respectively. Compared to CK, the plant height, LAI, SPAD value, and yield were all improved under mulching and tillage. The growth process of maize and water-use efficiency (WUE) under F+S was more significantly improved than those under other treatments. [Conclusions] Overall, the F+S can be recommended as a suitable strategy for regulating soil salt and moisture, and thus improving crop productivity in coastal tidal areas. Full article
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14 pages, 2025 KiB  
Article
Effects of Straw Mulching Thickness on the Soil Health in a Temperate Organic Vineyard
by Tianyu Qin, Lan Wang, Jianshe Zhao, Gaifang Zhou, Caihong Li, Liyue Guo and Gaoming Jiang
Agriculture 2022, 12(11), 1751; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111751 - 23 Oct 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2500
Abstract
Soil mulching is one of the common measures applied in organic agricultural production which could replace plastic films and protect the environment. In order to fully evaluate the effects of different straw mulching thicknesses on soil health, maize straw was mulched with the [...] Read more.
Soil mulching is one of the common measures applied in organic agricultural production which could replace plastic films and protect the environment. In order to fully evaluate the effects of different straw mulching thicknesses on soil health, maize straw was mulched with the thicknesses of 0 cm (CK), 2 cm, 4 cm and 6 cm on soil surface to assess the effects on soil temperature (ST) and moisture (SM), soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N, soil aggregates and soil bulk density (SBD) in a temperate organic vineyard. We found that straw mulching had a significant regulating effect, with soil moisture being elevated with increasing mulching thickness by 5.8%, 9.0% and 11.1% compared with CK. The soil SOC content increased by 3.0%, 2.4% and 2.3%. Although soil pH and C/N significantly (p < 0.05) increased, they fluctuated with increasing mulch thickness. Straw mulching also increased the content of >2 mm soil particle size and elevated the mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD). The increasing mulching thickness prolonged the effect on the stability of soil aggregates. The 4 cm maize straw mulching thickness has the best effect for ecologically and environmentally managing warm-temperate organic vineyards so it may have a great application prospect on a global scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)
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15 pages, 835 KiB  
Article
Effects of Different Irrigation and Drainage Modes on Lodging Resistance of Super Rice Japonica 9108
by Shurong Hao, Ting Ding, Xuan Wang, Xia Liu and Yugeng Guo
Agronomy 2022, 12(10), 2407; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102407 - 5 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1628
Abstract
In order to determine the optimal irrigation and drainage mode for the anti-lodging cultivation of Super Rice Japonica 9108, barrel loading tests of different irrigation and drainage modes were carried out in the Water-Saving Park of Hohai University in Nanjing from June to [...] Read more.
In order to determine the optimal irrigation and drainage mode for the anti-lodging cultivation of Super Rice Japonica 9108, barrel loading tests of different irrigation and drainage modes were carried out in the Water-Saving Park of Hohai University in Nanjing from June to October in 2019 and 2020. Three treatments were set up: Frequent and Shallow Irrigation (FSI), Rain-catching and Controlled Irrigation (RC-CI) and Drought Planting with Straw mulching (DPS). In each mode, the growth index, stem morphology index, material production index and stem mechanical index of rice at yellow maturity period were measured, and their relationship with the lodging index was analyzed. The results showed that compared with FSI, the lodging index of RC-CI was reduced by an average of 24.0%. RC-CI can promote the lateral development of the base internodes, increase the accumulation of stem sheath dry matter and the internode fullness and enhance mechanical strength and anti-lodging ability of the stem. Meanwhile, RC-CI can appropriately reduce the plant height, so as to reduce the bending moment of the base internodes. As a consequence, the lodging risk was effectively reduced. The lodging index of DPS was reduced by an average of 16.0% compared with FSI. Because DPS was subject to severe water deficit, its internodes thickness and stem wall thickness were inferior to that of FSI, leading to the weakening of the mechanical strength of stem, and the morphological characteristics and mechanical characteristics of the stem were not improved. Despite this, DPS still had a strong resistance to lodging. The output rate and conversion rate of the stem sheath were reduced, and while the plant height and center of gravity height were significantly reduced, the bending moment remained low. Thus, DPS can still reduce the lodging risk of rice. Compared with FSI, the average yield of RC-CI increased by 5.8% in two years, and the average yield of DPS was reduced by 4.4% in two years. DPS under severe water deficit reduced the accumulation of dry matter in the panicle and the yield index of rice, which was not conducive to a high yield. Considering the yield and lodging resistance of the super rice “Japonica 9108”, RC-CI is the best irrigation and drainage mode, followed by DPS. This study can provide data support and theoretical support for regulating the lodging resistance of super rice through irrigation measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Saving in Irrigated Agriculture)
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13 pages, 1657 KiB  
Article
Organic Amendment and Mulching Enhanced the Growth and Fruit Quality of Squash Plants (Cucurbita pepo L.) Grown on Silty Loam Soils
by Mohamed Ahmed Youssef, Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail, Esmat F. Ali and Ali Majrashi
Horticulturae 2021, 7(9), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7090269 - 28 Aug 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4760
Abstract
Adoption of suitable organic fertilizers and soil mulching are useful tools to enhance soil quality, which will inevitably lead to improved growth and yield of crops. Little is known about the soil organic amendments and Azolla (Azolla pinnata) under soil organic [...] Read more.
Adoption of suitable organic fertilizers and soil mulching are useful tools to enhance soil quality, which will inevitably lead to improved growth and yield of crops. Little is known about the soil organic amendments and Azolla (Azolla pinnata) under soil organic mulching on the growth and yield of squash plant (Cucurbita pepo L.). A comparative study mainly focused on the impacts of organic fertilizer treatments on soil fertility and squash growth under wheat straw mulch was conducted on wooden boxes filled with silty loam soil. Wheat straw, as an organic mulch, and five organic-fertilization treatments were added to the soil. Wheat straw with a size of <2 cm was added to the soil surface with a 2 cm thickness. The fertilization treatments were: control (CO), chemical fertilizer (CF), compost (CT), vermicompost (VC), and dry Azolla (DA). Wheat straw mulch had positive effects on the soil properties, growth, and yield. The maximum fruit yield was obtained from the soil fertilized with DA under wheat straw mulch, while the lowest one was found in the control without mulching. Azolla and organic fertilizers showed a remarkable superiority over the mineral fertilization in increasing the soil fertility as well as the growth and quality of squash fruits; this superiority increased under the wheat straw mulching system. The application of recommended mineral fertilization (CF), compost (CT), vermicompost (VC), and dry Azolla (DA) under wheat straw mulch increased the soil available-N by 2, 20, 12, and 29%, respectively, above the control (CO), while these organic fertilizers without mulching increased the soil available-N by 11, 32, 26, and 48%, respectively. The production of vegetable crops such as squash plants requires the addition of organic fertilizers and mulching to increase yield and quality of fruits. Full article
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15 pages, 8687 KiB  
Article
Simulation of Soil Water Evaporation during Freeze–Thaw Periods under Different Straw Mulch Thickness Conditions
by Junfeng Chen, Yizhao Wei, Xiping Zhao, Jing Xue, Shuyuan Xu and Qi Du
Water 2020, 12(7), 2003; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12072003 - 15 Jul 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2217
Abstract
Straw mulching is an effective agricultural technology to reduce soil water loss in arid and semi-arid areas. Herein, the soil temperature and soil water content of bare land (LD) and 5 cm (JG5), 10 cm (JG10), 15 cm (JG15), 20 cm (JG20) and [...] Read more.
Straw mulching is an effective agricultural technology to reduce soil water loss in arid and semi-arid areas. Herein, the soil temperature and soil water content of bare land (LD) and 5 cm (JG5), 10 cm (JG10), 15 cm (JG15), 20 cm (JG20) and 30 cm (JG30) straw mulch thicknesses were measured through field experiments performed to assess the soil water evaporation using the simultaneous heat and water model during a freeze–thaw period. The results showed that the inhibiting effect of straw mulching on soil water evaporation during the freeze-thaw period reached 24–56.7%, and straw mulch reduced the range of daily soil water evaporation by 2.02–2.48 mm, the effects of random factors on the daily soil water evaporation were significantly decreased. The highest soil water evaporation rate occurs during the unstable freezing stage, and the lowest occurs during the stable freezing stage. When the straw mulch thickness exceeded 10 cm, the effect of increasing straw mulch thickness on daily soil water evaporation was reduced. The straw mulch layer could not completely inhibit the effect of the external environment on soil water evaporation even when the straw mulch thickness was increased to 30 cm. This research results can provide a basis for the scientific evaluation and prevention of soil water evaporation in arid and semi-arid areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance)
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1 pages, 145 KiB  
Abstract
Utilization of Forgoing Coastal Rice Fallow Lands of Bangladesh with Zero Tillage Potato Cultivation using Different Rates of Residues
by Mustafa Kamal Shahadat, Mohammad Harunor Rashid, Mohammad Akkas Ali and Mohammed Mainuddin
Viewed by 1015
Abstract
An experiment was conducted in south-western coastal saline area of Khulna district of
Bangladesh (22°35′53.463″ N latitude and 89°27′42.617″ E longitude) during the period from
December 2018 to March 2019. The experiment was laid out in two factor Randomized Complete
Block (RCB) design [...] Read more.
An experiment was conducted in south-western coastal saline area of Khulna district of
Bangladesh (22°35′53.463″ N latitude and 89°27′42.617″ E longitude) during the period from
December 2018 to March 2019. The experiment was laid out in two factor Randomized Complete
Block (RCB) design with three replications. Factor A included two potato varieties (V1= BARI Alu-
72 and V2= BARI Alu-73) and factor B consisted with three rates of rice straw mulch viz. M1= 4 ton
ha−1, M2= 7 ton ha−1 and M3= 10 ton ha−1. Average thickness of mulch treatments were 11 cm, 13 cm
and 15 cm, respectively. Mulch rate had significant effect on different soil and crop parameters,
however there was no significant effect observed in variety and variety vs mulch rate. At harvest,
highest plant height (50.7 cm), stem dry weight (1.33 g plant-1) and leaf dry weight (7.29 g plant−1)
were recorded from M3 treatment. In case of yield components and yield, M3 treatment gave
highest value for number of tuber per plant (7.11), individual tuber weight (59.38 g), tuber yield
(15.62 t ha−1), haulm yield (2.26 t ha−1). Significantly highest moisture was conserved by M3 treatment
(27.13%) at harvest as well effectively controlled salinity (ECe) increase (only 1.25% increase than
initial). So, it is observed that rice straw @ 10 t ha-1 is most suitable for zero tillage potato cultivation
in the coastal area of Bangladesh. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Third International Tropical Agriculture Conference (TROPAG 2019))
15 pages, 2257 KiB  
Article
Effect of Straw Mulch on Soil Evaporation during Freeze–Thaw Periods
by Junfeng Chen, Xue Xie, Xiuqing Zheng, Jing Xue, Chunyan Miao, Qi Du and Yongxin Xu
Water 2019, 11(8), 1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081689 - 15 Aug 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3104
Abstract
Reducing soil evaporation is important to alleviate water shortages in arid and semi-arid regions. The objective of this work was to reveal the effect of straw mulch on soil evaporation based on field experiments during a freeze–thaw period in Northern China. Four soil [...] Read more.
Reducing soil evaporation is important to alleviate water shortages in arid and semi-arid regions. The objective of this work was to reveal the effect of straw mulch on soil evaporation based on field experiments during a freeze–thaw period in Northern China. Four soil surface mulch treatment modes were investigated: Bare soil (BS), 1 cm thick straw mulch with 100% coverage rate (J1), 2 cm thick straw mulch with 100% coverage rate (J2), and 2 cm thick straw mulch with 50% coverage rate (J3). Principal component analysis was used to analyze the major factors influencing soil evaporation in three freeze–thaw stages. The results show that cumulative soil evaporation decreased with increased straw mulch thickness and coverage rate. The effect of straw mulching on soil evaporation was obvious during the stable freezing period, and soil evaporation with straw mulch treatments was reduced by 49.0% to 58.8% compared to BS treatment, while there was little difference for straw mulch treatments in the thawing stage. The relationship between cumulative soil evaporation under different straw mulch modes and time was well fitted by the power function. In the unstable freezing stage, the major factors for all treatments influencing soil evaporation were surface soil temperature and water surface evaporation; in the stable stage, they were solar radiation and relative humidity, and in the thawing stage, they were solar radiation and air temperature. The research results can provide a basis for addressing soil water storage and moisture conservation and restraining ineffective soil evaporation in arid and semi-arid areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance)
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