Journal Description
Journal of Composites Science
Journal of Composites Science
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of composites published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Materials Science, Composites) / CiteScore - Q1 (Engineering (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
3.0 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.3 (2023)
Latest Articles
Editorial for the Special Issue on Carbon Fiber Composites, Volume II
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080307 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2024
Abstract
Fibers with lengths much larger than their widths have been developed over centuries because of their unique properties [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, Volume II)
Open AccessArticle
Investigation of the Physico-Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Expanded Ceramsite Granules Made on the Basis of Coal Mining Waste
by
Yerkebulan Kocherov, Alexandr Kolesnikov, Gulnaz Makulbekova, Aigul Mamitova, Lazzat Ramatullaeva, Bahtiyor Medeshev and Olga Kolesnikova
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080306 - 6 Aug 2024
Abstract
In this article, one of the main scientific directions was the search for ways of recycling coal mining waste to produce expanded clay granules. There are a number of scientific studies devoted to the use of various industrial wastes in the production of
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In this article, one of the main scientific directions was the search for ways of recycling coal mining waste to produce expanded clay granules. There are a number of scientific studies devoted to the use of various industrial wastes in the production of thermal insulation and fireproof expanded clay granules. The authors consider the production of granular porous aggregates based on pulverized fractions of igneous rocks—basalt, granite, and synertite, as well as man-made materials of various origins, to be promising. According to the results of the conducted studies, it was found that the optimal interval of the amount of waste in expanded clay was 4.0–6.0%, and the optimal firing temperature was 1150 °C with the production of samples with a bulk density of 0.337–0.348 t/m3 and with a compressive strength of 1.37–1.51 MPa under these conditions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Processing and Properties of Ceramic Matrix Composites)
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Open AccessArticle
Process–Property Correlation in Sustainable Printing Extrusion of Bio-Based Filaments
by
Antonella Patti
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080305 - 5 Aug 2024
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of two critical variables for environmental process sustainability, i.e., extruder temperature and printing rate, on thermomechanical performance and accuracy in overall sample sizes, when printing bio-based materials. In this context, 3D specimens produced from basic polylactide (n-PLA) and
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This study investigated the effect of two critical variables for environmental process sustainability, i.e., extruder temperature and printing rate, on thermomechanical performance and accuracy in overall sample sizes, when printing bio-based materials. In this context, 3D specimens produced from basic polylactide (n-PLA) and wood-filled PLA polymer (f-PLA) were realized using extrusion-based additive manufacturing technology (MEX) by varying the nozzle temperatures (200 °C, 210 °C, and 220 °C) and speed (from 70 mm/s to 130 mm/s). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was carried out on the produced specimens, providing information on changes in storage modulus at testing temperature of 30 °C (E′30) and glass transition temperature (Tg) for each printing condition. Measurements of sample sizes allowed for printing precision considerations as a function of processing temperature and speed. The results revealed similar trends in E′30 changes in printed specimens at a fixed extruder temperature as a function of printing speed for n-PLA and f-PLA. Infrared spectroscopy was performed on printed samples and unextruded material to attest potential material degradation under various operating conditions. Finally, images of sample surface allowed to verify the homogeneity of the diameter of the extruded material and the layer–layer contact at the interface.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
Influence of Additives on Flame-Retardant, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of a Sulfur–Triglyceride Polymer Composite
by
Perla Y. Sauceda-Oloño, Bárbara G. S. Guinati, Ashlyn D. Smith and Rhett C. Smith
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080304 - 5 Aug 2024
Abstract
Plastics and composites for consumer goods often require flame retardants (FRs) to mitigate flammability risks. Finding FRs that are effective in new sustainable materials is important for bringing them to the market. This study evaluated various FRs in SunBG90 (a composite made
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Plastics and composites for consumer goods often require flame retardants (FRs) to mitigate flammability risks. Finding FRs that are effective in new sustainable materials is important for bringing them to the market. This study evaluated various FRs in SunBG90 (a composite made from triglycerides and sulfur)—a high sulfur-content material (HSM) promising for use in Li–S batteries, where flame resistance is critical. SunBG90 was blended with FRs from several classes (inorganic, phosphorus-based, brominated, and nitrogen-containing) to assess compliance with UL94 Burning Test standards. Inorganic FRs showed poor flame retardancy and lower mechanical strength, while organic additives significantly improved fire resistance. The addition of 20 wt. % tetrabromobisphenol A enabled SunBG90 to achieve the highest flame retardancy rating (94V-0), while also enhancing wear resistance (52 IW, ASTM C1353) and bonding strength (26 psi, ASTM C482). Selected organic FRs also enhance compressive strength compared to the FR-free SunBG90. This research highlights the potential of HSMs with traditional FRs to meet stringent fire safety standards while preserving or enhancing the mechanical integrity of HSM composites.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Polymer Composites, Volume III)
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Open AccessArticle
Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Behaviors of Cf/Cm-SiC-(ZrxHf1−x)C Composites with Different Carbon Matrices
by
Zaidong Liu, Yalei Wang, Xiang Xiong, Hongbo Zhang, Zhiyong Ye, Quanyuan Long, Jinming Wang, Tongqi Li and Congcong Liu
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080303 - 5 Aug 2024
Abstract
In this study, two types of porous Cf/Cm composites were obtained by introducing pyrolytic carbon (PyC) and pyrolytic carbon/furan resin carbon (PyC/FRC). Subsequently, Cf/Cm-SiC-(ZrxHf1−x)C composites with different carbon matrices were prepared by
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In this study, two types of porous Cf/Cm composites were obtained by introducing pyrolytic carbon (PyC) and pyrolytic carbon/furan resin carbon (PyC/FRC). Subsequently, Cf/Cm-SiC-(ZrxHf1−x)C composites with different carbon matrices were prepared by introducing SiC and (ZrxHf1−x)C matrices into the porous Cf/Cm composites via the reactive melt infiltration method, specifically termed as Cf/PyC-SiC-(ZrxHf1−x)C and Cf/PyC/FRC-SiC-(ZrxHf1−x)C composites. The microstructures of the porous Cf/Cm and Cf/Cm-SiC-(ZrxHf1−x)C composites with different carbon matrices were examined, and a comprehensive analysis was conducted on microstructural evolution and mechanical behaviors of the Cf/Cm-SiC-(ZrxHf1−x)C composites. The results indicate that both Cf/Cm-SiC-(ZrxHf1−x)C composites underwent similar microstructural evolution processes, differing only in terms of evolution kinetics and final microstructure. Differences in the pore structures of porous Cf/Cm composites, as well as in the reactivities of carbon matrices, were identified as primary influencing factors. Additionally, both Cf/Cm-SiC-(ZrxHf1−x)C composites exhibited “pseudo-ductile” fracture characteristics, with flexural strengths of 214.1 ± 8.8 MPa and 149.6 ± 12.2 MPa, respectively. In the Cf/PyC-SiC-(ZrxHf1−x)C composite, crack initiation during loading primarily originated from the ceramic matrix, while in the Cf/PyC/FRC-SiC-(ZrxHf1−x)C composite, failure initially arose from the residual FRC matrix. Excessive fiber corrosion and the presence of residual low-modulus FRC matrix resulted in lower mechanical performance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced in Ceramic Matrix Composites)
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Open AccessReview
Recent Progress on the Application of Chitosan, Starch and Chitosan–Starch Composites for Meat Preservation—A Mini Review
by
Daniel T. Oyekunle, Marzieh Heidari Nia and Lee D. Wilson
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080302 - 5 Aug 2024
Abstract
The preservation of meat via sustainable methods and packaging is an area of continued interest driven by the need to address food security. The use of biomaterial films and coatings has gained significant attention due to their non-toxicity and biodegradability compared with conventional
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The preservation of meat via sustainable methods and packaging is an area of continued interest driven by the need to address food security. The use of biomaterial films and coatings has gained significant attention due to their non-toxicity and biodegradability compared with conventional synthetic films. Starch and chitosan are sustainable sources for the preparation of films/coatings owing to their relatively low cost, natural abundance derived from numerous sources, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and film-forming attributes. These remarkable features have notably increased the shelf life of meat by inhibiting lipid oxidation and microbial activity in food products. Furthermore, recent studies have successfully incorporated binary biopolymer (starch and chitosan) systems to combine their beneficial properties upon composite formation. This literature review from 2020 to the present reveals that chitosan- and starch-based films and coatings have potential to contribute to enhanced food security and safety measures whilst reducing environmental issues and improving sustainability, compared with conventional synthetic materials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
Prestressed CFRP Plates and Tendon Strengthening of Steel–Concrete Composite Beams
by
Lamies Elgholmy, Hani Salim, Alaa Elsisi, Abdallah Salama, Hesham Shaaban and Ahmed Elbelbisi
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080301 - 4 Aug 2024
Abstract
This study aims to enhance the ultimate capacity and stiffness of steel–concrete composite beams through external strengthening with prestressed carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates and post-tensioned CFRP tendons. A 3D finite element model was developed using ANSYS and validated using experiments. The impact
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This study aims to enhance the ultimate capacity and stiffness of steel–concrete composite beams through external strengthening with prestressed carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates and post-tensioned CFRP tendons. A 3D finite element model was developed using ANSYS and validated using experiments. The impact of various parameters on the capacity of the beam was investigated, including the level of post-tensioning in the CFRP tendons, tendon profile, degree of shear connection, and beam load level when adding strengthening CFRP tendons. Results indicate that reinforcing composite beams with bonded CFRP plates using post-tensioning tendons with trapezoidal and parabolic profiles can increase maximum load capacity by 37% and 60%, respectively, while maintaining high stiffness. This study also indicates that the optimal strengthening conditions for the composite beam are when the beam is loaded up to 70% of its capacity and has a composite action degree of 100%.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
Concrete Compressive Strength Prediction Using Combined Non-Destructive Methods: A Calibration Procedure Using Preexisting Conversion Models Based on Gaussian Process Regression
by
Giovanni Angiulli, Salvatore Calcagno, Fabio La Foresta and Mario Versaci
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080300 - 1 Aug 2024
Abstract
Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques are crucial in making informed decisions about reconstructing or repairing building structures. The SonReb method, a combination of the rebound hammer (RH) and the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests, is widely used for this purpose. To evaluate the compressive
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Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques are crucial in making informed decisions about reconstructing or repairing building structures. The SonReb method, a combination of the rebound hammer (RH) and the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests, is widely used for this purpose. To evaluate the compressive strength, , of the concrete under investigation, the ultrasonic pulse velocity and the rebound index R must be mapped to the compressive strength using a suitable conversion model, the identification of which requires supplementing the NDT measurements with destructive-type measurements (DT) on a relatively large number of concrete cores. An approach notably indicated in all cases where the minimization of the number of cores is essential is to employ a pre-existing conversion model, i.e., a model derived from previous studies conducted in the literature, which must be appropriately calibrated. In this paper, we investigate the performance of Gaussian process regression (GPR) in calibrating the pre-existing SonReb conversion models, exploiting their ability to handle nonlinearity and uncertainties. The numerical results obtained using experimental data collected from the literature show that GPR calibration is very effective, outperforming, in most cases, the standard multiplicative and additive techniques used to calibrate the SonReb models.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-destructive Characterization and Processing of Composite Materials, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
Compression after Impact Response of Kevlar Composites Plates
by
Dionysis E. Mouzakis, Panagiotis J. Charitidis and Stefanos P. Zaoutsos
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080299 - 1 Aug 2024
Abstract
Boeing and Airbus developed a special testing procedure to investigate the compressive response of laminates that have been impacted (following standards ASTM D 7137 and DIN 65561). This study focuses on both experimental and numerical analysis of Kevlar plates subjected to compression after
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Boeing and Airbus developed a special testing procedure to investigate the compressive response of laminates that have been impacted (following standards ASTM D 7137 and DIN 65561). This study focuses on both experimental and numerical analysis of Kevlar plates subjected to compression after impact. To ensure high quality and appropriate mechanical properties, the composite plates were manufactured using autoclaving. The DIN 65561 protocol was followed for all three test systems. Initially, ultrasonic C-scanning was performed on all plates before testing to confirm they were free of any significant defects arising from the manufacturing process. Subsequently, low-energy impact testing was conducted at levels ranging from 0 to 8 Joules. Three specimens were tested at each energy level. After the impact, all specimens underwent ultrasonic C-scanning again to assess the internal delamination damage caused by the impactor. Finally, both pristine and impacted specimens were subjected to compressive testing using the special jig specified in DIN 65561. The compressive impact strength results obtained from these tests were plotted against the delamination area measured by C-scanning. These data were then compared to the results obtained from specimens with artificial damage. Semi-empirical equations were used to fit both sets of curves. The same procedure (impact testing, C-scanning, and data analysis) was repeated to investigate the relationship between impact energy and total delamination area. Lastly, finite element modeling was employed to predict the buckling stresses that develop under compression in the impacted systems studied. These modeling approaches have demonstrated good accuracy in reproducing experimental results for CAI tests.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of Composites, Volume III)
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Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Micrographite (μG) and Polypropylene (PP) Composites: Preparation and Influence of Filler Content on Property Modifications
by
Rabindra Dharai, Harekrushna Sutar, Rabiranjan Murmu and Debashis Roy
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080298 - 1 Aug 2024
Abstract
It is difficult to select low-cost filler materials. Specifically, carbon-based filling materials are a matter of concern, and developing a carbon-filled polymer composite with enhanced properties is necessary. In this study, the authors developed a polymer composite using virgin polypropylene (PP) as a
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It is difficult to select low-cost filler materials. Specifically, carbon-based filling materials are a matter of concern, and developing a carbon-filled polymer composite with enhanced properties is necessary. In this study, the authors developed a polymer composite using virgin polypropylene (PP) as a matrix and affordable micrographite (µG) as a filler. The developed composite has many potential applications in the automotive, aerospace, and electronic industries. To prepare the test specimens, the composite was prepared using a twin-screw extruder containing 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 wt.% µG powder (BET surface area ≈ 29 m2/g; particle size > 50 µm) followed by injection molding. Different mechanical properties like the tensile, flexural, and impact strengths were determined. The prepared composites were further characterized by means of XRD, TGA, DSC, FTIR, DMA, FESEM, and PLM tests. The results were analyzed and compared with those for PP. Improved tensile (up to ≈ 34 MPa) and flexural (up to ≈ 40 MPa) strength was observed with an increase in the µG content. However, the impact strength continuously decreased (maximum ≈ 32 J/m for PP) with fractures. These findings underscore that graphite plays a significant role in controlling the deformation behavior and ultimate strength of composites. An XRD analysis revealed that adding graphite restructured the crystalline arrangement of PP and altered the composite’s crystallographic properties. Nonetheless, no induction effect (β-phase formation) was observed. A moderate enhancement in the thermal stability was observed owing to a small increase in the melt (Tm), onset (Tonset), and residual (TR) temperatures. A microstructural analysis showed that the micrographite powder strongly prevented spherulite growth and modified the graphite powder’s rate of dispersion and agglomeration in a polymer matrix. The results show that graphite could be a viable low-cost alternative carbon-based filler material in polypropylene matrices.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Polymer Composites, Volume III)
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Open AccessArticle
Equivalent Morphology Concept in Composite Materials Using Machine Learning and Genetic Algorithm Coupling
by
Hamdi Beji, Tanguy Messager and Toufik Kanit
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080297 - 1 Aug 2024
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the synergistic integration of machine learning and evolutionary algorithms for the discovery of equivalent morphologies exhibiting analogous behavior within the domain of composite materials. To pursue this objective, two comprehensive databases are meticulously constructed. The
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The objective of this study is to investigate the synergistic integration of machine learning and evolutionary algorithms for the discovery of equivalent morphologies exhibiting analogous behavior within the domain of composite materials. To pursue this objective, two comprehensive databases are meticulously constructed. The first database encompasses randomly positioned inclusions characterized by varying volume fractions and contrast levels. Conversely, the second database comprises microstructures of diverse shapes, such as elliptical, square, and triangular, while maintaining consistent volume fraction and contrast values across samples. Label assignment for both databases is conducted using a finite-element-method-based computational tool, ensuring a standardized approach. Machine learning techniques are then applied, employing distinct methodologies tailored to the complexity of each database. Specifically, an artificial neural network ANN model is deployed for the first database due to its intricate parameter configurations, while an eXtreme Gradient Boosting XGBoost model is employed for the second database. Subsequently, these developed models are seamlessly integrated with a genetic algorithm, which operates to identify equivalent morphologies with nuanced variations in geometry, volume fraction, and contrast. In summation, the findings of this investigation exhibit notable levels of adaptation within the discovered equivalent morphologies, underscoring the efficacy of the integrated machine learning and evolutionary algorithm framework in facilitating the optimization of composite material design for desired behavioral outcomes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)
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Open AccessArticle
Investigation on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Jute/Carbon Fiber Hybrid Composites with the Inclusion of Crab Shell Powder
by
Ravi Prakash Babu Kocharla, Raghu Kumar Bandlamudi, Abdul Ahad Mirza, Murahari Kolli, Ragavanantham Shanmugam and Muralimohan Cheepu
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080296 - 1 Aug 2024
Abstract
In recent years, natural fiber-reinforced hybrid composites have been utilized in many applications because of their lower cost, biodegradability, and low density. The aim of this research is to convert crab shell waste into an effective reinforcement in jute/carbon fiber hybrid composites. Various
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In recent years, natural fiber-reinforced hybrid composites have been utilized in many applications because of their lower cost, biodegradability, and low density. The aim of this research is to convert crab shell waste into an effective reinforcement in jute/carbon fiber hybrid composites. Various weight percentages of crab shell powder (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) were used to prepare crab shell powder hybrid composites. The performance of the crab shell powder hybrid composites was evaluated by preparing the specimens to conduct tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness tests as per ASTM standards. The results show that the inclusion of 5% crab shell powder displayed a better enhancement in the properties of the hybrid composite compared to other weight percentages. The tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of the 5% crab shell powder hybrid composite increased by 21%, 52%, and 50%, respectively. Also, the hardness of the hybrid composite was enhanced by 33%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were conducted on the tensile-fractured specimen surfaces, and their morphology and structure confirmed the presence of a well-bonded interface between the fiber and matrix. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetry (TG) analysis have shown that the crystallization behavior and thermal stability of the composite were enhanced with the inclusion of crab shell powder. The presence of crab shell powder in the hybrid composite was identified using SEM with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, Volume III)
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of Photo-Crosslinking Conditions on Thermal Conductivity of Photo-Curable Ladder-like Polysilsesquioxane–Al2O3 Nanocomposites
by
Chiara Romeo, Giulia Fredi, Emanuela Callone, Francesco Parrino and Sandra Dirè
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080295 - 1 Aug 2024
Abstract
The miniaturization and high-power density of modern electronic devices pose significant thermal management issues, particularly affecting their performance and lifetime. Ladder-like polysilsesquioxanes (LPSQs) offer a promising solution due to their remarkable thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties. By incorporating thermally conductive fillers, LPSQ composites
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The miniaturization and high-power density of modern electronic devices pose significant thermal management issues, particularly affecting their performance and lifetime. Ladder-like polysilsesquioxanes (LPSQs) offer a promising solution due to their remarkable thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties. By incorporating thermally conductive fillers, LPSQ composites can achieve high thermal conductivity (TC), making them ideal for thermal management in advanced electronic applications. In this study, LPSQ-based nanocomposites containing functionalized alumina nanoparticles were prepared by solution casting and UV curing, and the effects of varying amounts of Irgacure-184 photoinitiator on their structural and thermal properties were investigated. Three sets of samples were prepared with a fixed amount of LPSQs, 80 wt.% of nanoparticles, and 1, 5, or 10 wt.% of photoinitiator with respect to the matrix. TC was evaluated from the measured values of heat capacity, density, and thermal diffusivity. TC values increased by 60%, 71.2%, and 93.1% for the three samples, respectively, compared to the neat matrix. Results indicate that an intermediate amount of photoinitiator (5%) preserved LPSQs’ structural integrity, namely the presence of long linear silsesquioxane chains, and provided good filler dispersion and distribution, high polymerization degree, thermal stability, and high TC.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites)
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Open AccessArticle
Comparative Evaluation of Marginal Adaptation and Dimensional Stability of Three Bioceramic Root Repair Materials: A VP-SEM Analysis
by
Orlando Donfrancesco, Alessio Zanza, Rodolfo Reda, Luca Testarelli, Michela Relucenti and Marco Seracchiani
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080294 - 1 Aug 2024
Abstract
This study investigated the marginal adaptation of three recently introduced bioceramic root repair materials, EdgeBioCeramic RetroFill, Endocem MTA, and One-Fil PT, using VP-SEM analysis. Extracted single-rooted lower incisors were used to simulate retrograde fillings. The results showed no statistically significant differences in the
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This study investigated the marginal adaptation of three recently introduced bioceramic root repair materials, EdgeBioCeramic RetroFill, Endocem MTA, and One-Fil PT, using VP-SEM analysis. Extracted single-rooted lower incisors were used to simulate retrograde fillings. The results showed no statistically significant differences in the marginal gap between the materials and the dentin walls. All three materials exhibited good dimensional stability, with gap sizes comparable to previously published research on similar materials. The mean GAP was 3.91 ± 2.56 for EdgeBioCeramic RetroFill, 4.32 ± 2.69 for Endocem MTA, and 4.50 ± 2.54 for One-Fil PT. This study employed VP-SEM, a valuable tool for analyzing bioceramic materials without altering their properties. The findings suggest the possibility of daily clinical use of these bioceramics by endodontists and general practitioners that could find applications in retrograde fillings and perforation repairs. However, further in vivo studies are needed to confirm long-term stability and assess the influence of sample preparation methods.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Processing and Properties of Ceramic Matrix Composites)
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Open AccessArticle
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Effects of Geometric Parameters and Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
by
Lida Najmi and Zhong Hu
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080293 - 30 Jul 2024
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered an advanced form of carbon. They have superior characteristics in terms of mechanical and thermal properties compared to other available fibers and can be used in various applications, such as supercapacitors, sensors, and artificial muscles. The properties of
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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered an advanced form of carbon. They have superior characteristics in terms of mechanical and thermal properties compared to other available fibers and can be used in various applications, such as supercapacitors, sensors, and artificial muscles. The properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are significantly affected by geometric parameters such as chirality and aspect ratio, and testing conditions such as temperature and strain rate. In this study, the effects of geometric parameters and temperature on the mechanical properties of SWNTs were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the Large-scaled Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS). Based on the second-generation reactive empirical bond order (REBO) potential, SWNTs of different diameters were tested in tension and compression under different strain rates and temperatures to understand their effects on the mechanical behavior of SWNTs. It was observed that the Young’s modulus and the tensile strength decreases with increasing SWNT tube diameter. As the chiral angle increases, the tensile strength increases, while the Young’s modulus decreases. The simulations were repeated at different temperatures of 300 K, 900 K, 1500 K, 2100 K and different strain rates of 1 × 10−3/ps, 0.75 × 10−3/ps, 0.5 × 10−3/ps, and 0.25 × 10−3/ps to investigate the effects of temperature and strain rate, respectively. The results show that the ultimate tensile strength of SWNTs increases with increasing strain rate. It is also seen that when SWNTs were stretched at higher temperatures, they failed at lower stresses and strains. The compressive behavior results indicate that SWNTs tend to buckle under lower stresses and strains than those under tensile stress. The simulation results were validated by and consistent with previous studies. The presented approach can be applied to investigate the properties of other advanced materials.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical and Computational Investigation on Composite Materials)
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Open AccessArticle
False Boss Connection for Precision Machining of Composites with Soft and Brittle Characteristics
by
Xinman Yuan, Bo Li, Feng Feng, Jie Xu, Ge Song, Yiying Liang, Yuan Ma, Chao Xu, Fuji Wang and Pingfa Feng
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080292 - 29 Jul 2024
Abstract
Composite materials are widely used in the new generation of aviation equipment due to their comprehensive performance. However, the part fixture is usually difficult during the machining of composites with soft and brittle characteristics, such as the Nomex honeycomb. Therefore, the holding method
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Composite materials are widely used in the new generation of aviation equipment due to their comprehensive performance. However, the part fixture is usually difficult during the machining of composites with soft and brittle characteristics, such as the Nomex honeycomb. Therefore, the holding method based on the false boss connection can be utilized due to its advantages of low cost, less pollution, and a short preparation period. In this study, the method to determine and optimize the critical parameters of the false boss design is proposed to address the issue that they previously relied heavily on the experience of engineers, which often results in much waste of materials. To determine the critical parameters, a simulation model is constructed for Nomex honeycomb core parts machining with a false boss holding. Based on the simulation model, the stability of the machining process is analyzed, and the weak link of the false boss between different milling areas is studied. Furthermore, the difference in the shape of different parts is considered, and the reasonable critical parameters of the false boss are obtained through analysis.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composite Materials from Natural and Synthetic Sources: Fabrication, Characterization and Practical Application, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
Tension–Compression Fatigue of a Hybrid Polymer-Matrix/Ceramic-Matrix Composite at Elevated Temperature
by
Marina Ruggles-Wrenn and Joshua Schmidt
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080291 - 29 Jul 2024
Abstract
Fully reversed tension–compression fatigue of a hybrid material comprising polymer matrix composite (PMC) co-cured with a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) was investigated. The PMC portion had a polyimide matrix reinforced with 15 plies of carbon fibers woven in an eight-harness satin weave (8HSW).
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Fully reversed tension–compression fatigue of a hybrid material comprising polymer matrix composite (PMC) co-cured with a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) was investigated. The PMC portion had a polyimide matrix reinforced with 15 plies of carbon fibers woven in an eight-harness satin weave (8HSW). The CMC portion had three plies of a quartz-fiber 8HSW fabric in a zirconia-based ceramic matrix. The hybrid PMC/CMC was developed for use in aerospace thermal protection systems (TPS). Hence, the experimental setup aimed to simulate the TPS service environment—the CMC side was kept at 329 °C, whereas the PMC side was open to laboratory air. Compression stress–strain response was studied, and compressive properties were measured at room and elevated temperature. Tension–compression fatigue tests were conducted at elevated temperature at 1.0 Hz. The evolution of tensile and compressive strains with fatigue cycles, as well as changes in the stress–strain hysteresis behavior and stiffness were examined. The tension–compression fatigue of a PMC with the same constituents and fiber architecture as the PMC portion of the PMC/CMC was studied for comparison. Tension–compression fatigue was found to be more damaging than tension–tension fatigue for both materials. The PMC outperformed the PMC/CMC in tension–compression fatigue. Post-test examination showed widespread delamination and striking non-uniform deformation modes of the PMC/CMC.
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(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites)
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Open AccessArticle
Enhanced Fire Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy and Epoxy-Based Fiber-Reinforced Composites with Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene Modification
by
Tatjana Glaskova-Kuzmina, Sergejs Vidinejevs, Olegs Volodins, Jevgenijs Sevcenko, Andrey Aniskevich, Vladimir Špaček, Dalius Raškinis and Gediminas Vogonis
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080290 - 29 Jul 2024
Abstract
This research aims to develop fiber-reinforced composites (FRC) with enhanced fire resistance, which can be particularly useful for the transport industry (e.g., aviation, automotive, and train production). The fire retardation was achieved through epoxy matrix modification with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCTP). First, the fire-resistant and
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This research aims to develop fiber-reinforced composites (FRC) with enhanced fire resistance, which can be particularly useful for the transport industry (e.g., aviation, automotive, and train production). The fire retardation was achieved through epoxy matrix modification with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCTP). First, the fire-resistant and mechanical properties of the epoxy matrix filled with different HCTP contents (4.8, 7.2, and 9.5 wt.%) were studied to select the most effective HCTP content for the impregnation of FRC. Then, glass, basalt, and carbon fiber fabrics were impregnated with epoxy filled with 7.2 wt.% of HCTP, and the fire resistance, flexural, and interlaminar fracture properties were studied to select the most effective HCTP-modified type of fiber reinforcement based on the test results. It was concluded that basalt fiber impregnated with epoxy filled with HCTP could be selected as the most effective reinforcement type, allowing excellent mechanical and flame-retardant properties.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Discontinuous Fiber Composites, Volume III)
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Open AccessArticle
Strain-Energy-Density Guided Design of Functionally Graded Beams
by
Yunhua Luo
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080289 - 28 Jul 2024
Abstract
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are revolutionizing various industries with their customizable properties, a key advantage over traditional composites. The rise of voxel-based 3D printing has furthered the development of FGMs with complex microstructures. Despite these advances, current design methods for FGMs often use
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Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are revolutionizing various industries with their customizable properties, a key advantage over traditional composites. The rise of voxel-based 3D printing has furthered the development of FGMs with complex microstructures. Despite these advances, current design methods for FGMs often use abstract mathematical functions with limited relevance to actual performance. Furthermore, conventional micromechanics models for the analysis of FGMs tend to oversimplify, leading to inaccuracies in effective property predictions. To address these fundamental deficiencies, this paper introduces new gradation functions for functionally graded beams (FGBs) based on bending strain energy density, coupled with a voxel-based design and analysis approach. For the first time, these new gradation functions directly relate to structural performance and have proven to be more effective than conventional ones in improving beam performance, particularly under complex bending moments influenced by various loading and boundary conditions. This study reveals the significant role of primary and secondary gradation indices in material composition and distribution, both along the beam axis and across sections. It identifies optimal combinations of these indices for enhanced FGB performance. This research not only fills gaps in FGB design and analysis but also opens possibilities for applying these concepts to other strain energy density types, like shearing and torsion, and to different structural components such as plates and shells.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites, Volume III)
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Open AccessArticle
Assessment of Long-Term Water Absorption on Thermal, Morphological, and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene-Based Composites with Agro-Waste Fillers
by
Tatiana Zhiltsova, Andreia Costa and Mónica S. A. Oliveira
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080288 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Agro-waste fibres for polymer composite reinforcement have gained increased interest in industry and academia as a more sustainable alternative to synthetic fibres. However, natural fibre composite (NFC) hygroscopicity is still an issue that needs to be solved. This work investigates how prolonged exposure
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Agro-waste fibres for polymer composite reinforcement have gained increased interest in industry and academia as a more sustainable alternative to synthetic fibres. However, natural fibre composite (NFC) hygroscopicity is still an issue that needs to be solved. This work investigates how prolonged exposure to water affects the properties of the polypropylene (PP)-based injection-moulded composites reinforced with different contents of rice husk (rh) and olive pit (op) fibres. Both rh and op composites became more hydrophilic with increased fibre charge due to the affinity of cellulose and hemicellulose OH groups. Meanwhile, lignin contributes to the protection of the composites from thermo-oxidative degradation caused by water immersion. The PPrh composites had a higher saturation water content of 1.47% (20 wt.% rh) and 2.38% (30 wt.% rh) in comparison to PPop composites with an absorption of 1.13% (20 wt.% op) and 1.59% (30 wt.% op). The tensile elastic modulus has slightly increased, at the cost of the increased saturated composites’ rigidity, in composites with 30% rh and op fibre content (up to 13%) while marginally decreasing (down to 8%) in PP30%op compared to unsaturated counterparts. A similar trend was observed for the flexural modulus, enhanced up to 18%. However, rh and op composites with 30% fibre content ruptured in bending, highlighting their fragility after hydrolytic ageing.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Polymer Composites, Volume III)
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