Localization of a BLE Device Based on Single-Device RSSI and DOA Measurements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Contributions of This Research
- Provide a solution for estimating the DoA of a BLE device using a single and easily available measuring device such as a smartphone;
- Provide an algorithm to determine the DoA of a BLE device using RSS from the advertisement packet without channel ID information;
- Provide an alternative to the conventional way of asset tracking and item finding by locating BLE devices without the need for onboard beepers;
- Provide a new way of measurement using a single measuring device that gradually guides the user closer to the beacon.
2. Related Works
3. Problem Definition
4. Bluetooth Low Energy
5. Single Scanner-Based DoA Estimation
5.1. RSS Measurements on Advertising Channels
5.2. Heading Measurements Using Magnetometer
5.3. Measurement of RSS Profile over Heading Direction
5.4. Space–Time Data Processing and Fusion Method
5.5. Navigation towards the Target BLE Beacon
6. System Design and Implementation
6.1. Design and Implementation of BLE Beacon Device
6.2. Design and Implementation of iOS Scanner Application
6.3. Calibration of Scanner Device
Algorithm 1: Calibration procedure |
Open application; Start calibration; Stand 1 m away from the BLE beacon; Point the scanner device at the beacon; Hold scanner device steady and rotate d 360°; Stop calibration. |
6.4. Measurement Procedure
Algorithm 2: Measurement procedure |
7. Experimental Results
7.1. DOA Estimation
7.2. DOA Estimation and Navigating to the BLE Beacon
7.2.1. Experimental Setup 1
7.2.2. Experimental Setup 2
7.3. Accuracy Assessment of the Denoising Algorithm and Measurement Method
8. Conclusions and Further Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measurement Location | Estimated DOA |
---|---|
Location 1 | 194.325° |
Location 2 | 175.069° |
Location 3 | 255.276° |
Location 4 | 215.026° |
Location 5 | 14.96° |
Measurement Location | Estimated DOA |
---|---|
Location 1 | 264.713° |
Location 2 | 315.645° |
Location 3 | 324.4° |
Location 4 | 264.653° |
Location 5 | 275.044° |
Measurement Location | Actual Heading , | Average Heading | Estimated DOA | Error |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 230° | 227.5° | 207.16° | 20.34° |
225° | ||||
2 | 325° | 327.5° | 301.76° | 25.74° |
330° | ||||
3 | 248° | 246° | 222.43° | 23.57° |
244° | ||||
4 | 247° | 248.5° | 241.83° | 6.67° |
250° | ||||
5 | 113° | 111.5° | 98.27° | 13.23° |
110° | ||||
6 | 70° | 65° | 166.53° | 101.53° |
60° | ||||
7 | 177° | 179.5° | 166.56° | 12.94° |
182° | ||||
8 | 208° | 209° | 182.84° | 26.16° |
210° | ||||
9 | 40° | 36° | 27.92° | 8.08° |
32° | ||||
10 | 250° | 247.5° | 252.35° | 4.85° |
245° | ||||
11 | 245° | 247.5° | 251.94° | 4.44° |
250° | ||||
12 | 250° | 252.5° | 292.56° | 40.06° |
255° | ||||
13 | 325° | 327.5° | 292.73° | 34.77° |
330° |
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Share and Cite
Kandula, H.; Chidurala, V.; Cao, Y.; Li, X. Localization of a BLE Device Based on Single-Device RSSI and DOA Measurements. Network 2024, 4, 196-216. https://doi.org/10.3390/network4020010
Kandula H, Chidurala V, Cao Y, Li X. Localization of a BLE Device Based on Single-Device RSSI and DOA Measurements. Network. 2024; 4(2):196-216. https://doi.org/10.3390/network4020010
Chicago/Turabian StyleKandula, Harsha, Veena Chidurala, Yuan Cao, and Xinrong Li. 2024. "Localization of a BLE Device Based on Single-Device RSSI and DOA Measurements" Network 4, no. 2: 196-216. https://doi.org/10.3390/network4020010