Simultaneous Quantification of Bisphenol-A and 4-Tert-Octylphenol in the Live Aquaculture Feed Artemia franciscana and in Its Culture Medium Using HPLC-DAD
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Animals
2.3. Preparation of Stock and Standard Solutions
2.4. Sample Preparation
2.5. Pollutant Administration
2.6. Photodegradation Assay
2.7. Chromatography
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analytes Extraction Efficiency
3.2. Method Validation
3.3. Administration of Pollutants
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound (Abbreviation, CAS#, Formula) | Structure | MW | Solubility in Water (mg L−1) | LD50 g kg−1 | TDI (Tolerable Daily Intake) ng/kg bw/day |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bisphenol-A BPA, 80-05-7 C15H16O2 | | 240.20 | 120 [66] | 3-5 (rat) [67] | 4000 (human) [68] |
4-tert-Octylphenol t-OCT, 140-66-9 C14H22O | | 206.32 | 5.1 [69] | 4.6 (rat) [69] | 0.067 (men) 33.3 (women) [70] |
4-n-Octylphenol n-OCT, 1806-26-4 C14H22O | | 206.32 | 3.1 [71] | 87.8 µg L−1 (fish) [71] | - |
Analyte Sample Std. Curve /R2 | Nominal Conc. (μg/mL) | Calculated Conc. (μg/mL) (Mean ± SD) | Relative Bias (%) | Precision | Recovery (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intra- (n = 3) | Inter- (n = 2 × 3) | (Mean ± SD) | RSD% | ||||
BPA culture medium y = 0.0027x − 0.024 0.9998 | 1 | 0.94 ± 0.002 | −5.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 94.8 ± 0.3 | 0.3 |
25 | 24.86 ± 0.1 | −0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 99.4 ± 0.4 | 0.4 | |
50 | 50.6 ± 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 101.2 ± 0.6 | 0.6 | |
75 | 74.8 ± 0.09 | −0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 99.8 ± 0.1 | 0.1 | |
100 | 100.2 ± 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 100.2 ± 0.6 | 0.6 | |
125 | 123.7 ± 1.8 | −1.1 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 98.9 ± 1.4 | 1.4 | |
BPA Artemia y = 0.045x − 0.0887 0.999 | 2.5 | 2.64 ± 0.02 | 5.9 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 105.6 ± 0.6 | 0.6 |
5 | 4.81 ± 0.05 | −3.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 96.3 ± 0.9 | 0.9 | |
7.5 | 7.61 ± 0.02 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 101.4 ± 0.3 | 0.3 | |
10 | 9.86 ± 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 98.6 ± 0.2 | 0.2 | |
12.5 | 12.45 ± 0.03 | −0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 99.6 ± 0.2 | 0.2 | |
15 | 15.11 ± 0.02 | 0.7 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 100.7 ± 0.1 | 0.1 | |
t-OCT culture medium y = 0.018x + 0.037 0.999 | 1 | 1.03 ± 0.04 | 3.1 | 0.6 | 4.3 | 103.1 ± 4.5 | 4.3 |
2.5 | 2.60 ± 0.04 | 4.1 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 104.1 ± 1.7 | 1.6 | |
5 | 5.05 ± 0.03 | 1.1 | 0.03 | 0.7 | 101.1 ± 0.7 | 0.7 | |
7.5 | 7.69 ± 0.02 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 102.5 ± 0.2 | 0.2 | |
10 | 9.87 ± 0.03 | −1.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 98.8 ± 0.3 | 0.3 | |
12.5 | 12.75 ± 0.1 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 102.0± 0.9 | 0.9 | |
t-OCT Artemia y = 0.019x + 0.012 0.9989 | 1 | 1.08 ± 0.02 | 8.7 | 0.01 | 1.9 | 108.7 ± 2.0 | 1.9 |
2.5 | 2.41 ± 0.01 | −3.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 96.6 ± 0.6 | 0.6 | |
5 | 4.85 ± 0.09 | −2.8 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 97.2 ± 1.8 | 1.8 | |
7.5 | 7.59 ± 0.03 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 101.3 ± 0.4 | 0.4 | |
10 | 9.98 ± 0.02 | −0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 99.8 ± 0.2 | 0.2 | |
12.5 | 12.49± 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 100.2 ± 1.8 | 1.8 |
Std. Curve | Retention Time (min) Mean ± SD (RSD %) | LOD (μg/mL) | LOQ (μg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|
BPA in Artemia | 15.200 ± 0.12 (0.82) | 0.21 | 0.65 |
BPA in culture medium | 15.310 ± 0.10 (0.69) | 0.63 | 1.92 |
t-OCT in Artemia | 21.876 ± 0.11 (0.49) | 0.17 | 0.52 |
t-OCT in culture medium | 21.597 ± 0.31 (1.46) | 0.41 | 1.25 |
Compound | BPA | t-OCT |
---|---|---|
Administered in 1000 mL culture (μg) | 10,000.0 | 500.0 |
Found in Artemia (μg/g wet weight) | 68.3 | 5.9 |
Found in culture medium (μg/mL) | 6.68 | 0.3 |
Total found in Artemia (μg) | 40.9 | 3.6 |
Total found in 1000 mL medium (μg) | 6680 | 319.3 |
Total found (μg) | 6720.9 | 322.9 |
Concentration reduction in cultures (%) | 32.8 | 35.4 |
Decline due to Photolysis (%) | 9.2 | 19.7 |
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Giamaki, D.; Dindini, K.; Samanidou, V.F.; Touraki, M. Simultaneous Quantification of Bisphenol-A and 4-Tert-Octylphenol in the Live Aquaculture Feed Artemia franciscana and in Its Culture Medium Using HPLC-DAD. Methods Protoc. 2022, 5, 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps5030038
Giamaki D, Dindini K, Samanidou VF, Touraki M. Simultaneous Quantification of Bisphenol-A and 4-Tert-Octylphenol in the Live Aquaculture Feed Artemia franciscana and in Its Culture Medium Using HPLC-DAD. Methods and Protocols. 2022; 5(3):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps5030038
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiamaki, Despoina, Konstantina Dindini, Victoria F. Samanidou, and Maria Touraki. 2022. "Simultaneous Quantification of Bisphenol-A and 4-Tert-Octylphenol in the Live Aquaculture Feed Artemia franciscana and in Its Culture Medium Using HPLC-DAD" Methods and Protocols 5, no. 3: 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps5030038