Potassium and Silicon Synergistically Increase Cadmium and Lead Tolerance and Phytostabilization by Quinoa through Modulation of Physiological and Biochemical Attributes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Description
2.2. Plant Sampling and Growth Measurements
2.3. Determination of Metal Contents
2.4. Leaf Pigments and Stomatal Conductance
2.5. Oxidative Stress Attributes
2.6. Enzymatic Activities
2.7. Metal Accumulation and Translocation
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Plant Growth
3.2. Pigment Contents and Stomatal Conductance
3.3. Oxidative Stress Attributes
3.4. Antioxidant Enzymes
3.5. Silicon and K Concentrations
3.6. Metal Accumulation and Translocation
3.7. Multivariate Comparison of Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Shoot Length (cm) | Root Length (cm) | Shoot Dry Weight (g plant−1) | Root Dry Weight (g plant−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 20.3 ± 0.5 a | 19 ± 0.6 a | 1.8 ± 0.05 a | 0.40 ± 0.01 a |
Cd | 12.1 ± 0.2 d | 12 ± 0.2 d | 1.05 ± 0.02 d | 0.24 ± 0.007 d |
Pb | 14.2 ± 0.5 c | 13 ± 0.5 cd | 1.3 ± 0.03 c | 0.27 ± 0.013 cd |
Cd + Pb | 7.5 ± 0.2 e | 6.0 ± 0.2 f | 0.6 ± 0.04 e | 0.13 ± 0.01 f |
Cd + Pb + Si | 12.2 ± 0.2 d | 10 ± 0.5 e | 1.0 ± 0.03 d | 0.21 ± 0.008 e |
Cd + Pb + K | 15.0 ± 0.4 c | 14 ± 0.4 c | 1.25 ± 0.04 c | 0.29 ± 0.011 c |
Cd + Pb + Si + K | 17.1 ± 0.6 b | 16 ± 0.6 b | 1.5 ± 0.05 b | 0.33 ± 0.01 b |
Treatment | Chl a (µg g−1 FW) | Chl b (µg g−1 FW) | Total Chl (µg g−1 FW) | Stomatal Conductance (mmol m−2 s−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 180 ± 5 a | 250 ± 5 a | 430 ± 10 a | 480 ± 10 a |
Cd | 105 ± 4 d | 125 ± 8 d | 230 ± 12 d | 270 ± 12 d |
Pb | 130 ± 5 c | 190 ± 8 c | 320 ± 8 c | 350 ± 8 c |
Cd + Pb | 60 ± 4 e | 94 ± 8 e | 154 ± 15 e | 145 ± 15 f |
Cd + Pb + Si | 92 ± 6 de | 110 ± 6 d | 202 ± 12 de | 230 ± 12 e |
Cd + Pb + K | 120 ± 5 c | 188 ± 5 c | 305 ± 10 c | 300 ± 10 cd |
Cd + Pb + Si + K | 155 ± 4 b | 215 ± 4 b | 370 ± 12 b | 410 ± 12 b |
Treatment | Pb | Cd | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BCF | TF | BCF | TF | TI | |
Cd | - | - | 2.23 ± 0.25 b | 0.53 ± 0.05 b | 58 ± 2.1 c |
Pb | 2.70 ± 0.3 a | 0.15 ± 0.005 a | - | - | 72 ± 3.0 b |
Cd + Pb | 2.31 ± 0.2 b | 0.14 ± 0.006 b | 3.35 ± 0.2 a | 0.61 ± 0.02 a | 33 ± 2.5 d |
Cd + Pb + Si | 1.73 ± 0.1 d | 0.13 ± 0.005 b | 1.56 ± 0.2 c | 0.46 ± 0.03 d | 55 ± 1.9 c |
Cd + Pb + K | 2.02 ± 0.2 b | 0.13 ± 0.003 b | 2.14 ± 0.15 b | 0.52 ± 0.02 bc | 69 ± 2.0 b |
Cd + Pb + Si + K | 1.25 ± 0.1 e | 0.11 ± 0.003 c | 1.16 ± 0.1 d | 0.43 ± 0.01 e | 83 ± 2.1 a |
Variables | RDW | SDW | Chla | Chlb | TChl | Cond | SOD | CAT | POD | APX | H2O2 | TBARS | MSI | RCd | SCd | SK | RK | SPb | RPb | RSi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDW | 0.9925 | |||||||||||||||||||
Chla | 0.9553 | 0.9585 | ||||||||||||||||||
Chlb | 0.9873 | 0.9950 | 0.9652 | |||||||||||||||||
TChl | 0.9761 | 0.9820 | 0.9935 | 0.9887 | ||||||||||||||||
Cond | 0.9774 | 0.9904 | 0.9614 | 0.9983 | 0.9862 | |||||||||||||||
SOD | 0.0670 | 0.0421 | 0.1005 | 0.0547 | 0.0786 | 0.0270 | ||||||||||||||
CAT | −0.0963 | −0.1134 | −0.0495 | −0.1002 | −0.0741 | −0.1250 | 0.9824 | |||||||||||||
POD | −0.1478 | −0.1791 | −0.1025 | −0.1655 | −0.1338 | −0.1930 | 0.9730 | 0.9841 | ||||||||||||
APX | −0.2400 | −0.2675 | −0.2084 | −0.2582 | −0.2348 | −0.2851 | 0.9501 | 0.9793 | 0.9923 | |||||||||||
H2O2 | −0.9019 | −0.9244 | −0.8888 | −0.9322 | −0.9168 | −0.9451 | 0.2903 | 0.4321 | 0.4873 | 0.5716 | ||||||||||
TBARS | −0.9260 | −0.9490 | −0.8821 | −0.9476 | −0.9191 | −0.9565 | 0.2495 | 0.3926 | 0.4578 | 0.5345 | 0.9900 | |||||||||
MSI | 0.9471 | 0.9644 | 0.9205 | 0.9808 | 0.9555 | 0.9875 | 0.0282 | −0.1242 | −0.1874 | −0.2768 | −0.9402 | −0.9490 | ||||||||
RCd | −0.7228 | −0.7926 | −0.7572 | −0.7854 | −0.7790 | −0.8099 | 0.3429 | 0.4350 | 0.5242 | 0.5800 | 0.8926 | 0.8899 | −0.8010 | |||||||
SCd | −0.7673 | −0.8348 | −0.7714 | −0.8224 | −0.8023 | −0.8422 | 0.2256 | 0.3295 | 0.4203 | 0.4744 | 0.8843 | 0.9006 | −0.8409 | 0.9839 | ||||||
SK | 0.9768 | 0.9820 | 0.9831 | 0.9925 | 0.9957 | 0.9919 | 0.0683 | −0.0899 | −0.1429 | −0.2444 | −0.9296 | −0.9302 | 0.9746 | −0.7770 | −0.8051 | |||||
RK | 0.9704 | 0.9779 | 0.9640 | 0.9932 | 0.9858 | 0.9950 | 0.0326 | −0.1176 | −0.1835 | −0.2797 | −0.9385 | −0.9419 | 0.9820 | −0.7758 | −0.7991 | 0.9912 | ||||
SPb | −0.5084 | −0.4574 | −0.2852 | −0.4647 | −0.3642 | −0.4540 | 0.2144 | 0.3111 | 0.3177 | 0.3377 | 0.4667 | 0.5092 | −0.4830 | 0.1254 | 0.1637 | −0.4038 | −0.4751 | |||
RPb | −0.4906 | −0.4420 | −0.2677 | −0.4465 | −0.3463 | −0.4382 | 0.3096 | 0.4045 | 0.4063 | 0.4239 | 0.4832 | 0.5209 | −0.4664 | 0.1543 | 0.1815 | −0.3867 | −0.4568 | 0.9947 | ||
RSi | 0.5461 | 0.5556 | 0.4590 | 0.5339 | 0.4928 | 0.5101 | 0.7044 | 0.6313 | 0.5450 | 0.5230 | −0.2378 | −0.3385 | 0.5010 | −0.2257 | −0.3733 | 0.4831 | 0.4759 | −0.1747 | −0.0983 | |
SSi | 0.5085 | 0.5206 | 0.4278 | 0.5038 | 0.4622 | 0.4819 | 0.7301 | 0.6647 | 0.5760 | 0.5564 | −0.2044 | −0.3030 | 0.4789 | −0.1985 | −0.3460 | 0.4539 | 0.4504 | −0.1543 | −0.0748 | 0.9975 |
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Alharby, H.F.; Al-Zahrani, H.S.; Abbas, G. Potassium and Silicon Synergistically Increase Cadmium and Lead Tolerance and Phytostabilization by Quinoa through Modulation of Physiological and Biochemical Attributes. Toxics 2022, 10, 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040169
Alharby HF, Al-Zahrani HS, Abbas G. Potassium and Silicon Synergistically Increase Cadmium and Lead Tolerance and Phytostabilization by Quinoa through Modulation of Physiological and Biochemical Attributes. Toxics. 2022; 10(4):169. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040169
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlharby, Hesham F., Hassan S. Al-Zahrani, and Ghulam Abbas. 2022. "Potassium and Silicon Synergistically Increase Cadmium and Lead Tolerance and Phytostabilization by Quinoa through Modulation of Physiological and Biochemical Attributes" Toxics 10, no. 4: 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040169