Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Potential Treatments for COVID-19-Induced Anosmia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. COVID-19-Induced Anosmia
2.1. The Physiology of Olfaction and the Etiology of Anosmia
2.2. How Does COVID-19 Cause Anosmia?
2.3. Current Treatments of COVID-19-Induced Anosmia
3. Biomolecular Mechanisms of PUFAs
3.1. The Structure and Characteristics of PUFAs
3.2. The Biosynthetic Pathways of PUFAs
3.3. The Role of PUFAs in Inflammation
4. The Role of Endogenous and Dietary PUFAs
4.1. The Role of Endogenous PUFAs in Olfactory Function and Related Behaviors
4.2. Dietary Intake of PUFAs and Their Potential Benefits for Olfactory Function
5. PUFAs as Treatments for COVID-19-Induced Anosmia
5.1. The Therapeutic Mechanisms of PUFAs for COVID-Induced Anosmia
5.2. The Potential Therapeutic Role of Omega-3 PUFAs in Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Dysfunction
5.3. Potential Reasons for the Lack of Efficacy of PUFAs in Improving Olfactory Function
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of PUFA | Chemical Name | Major Sources | Major Functions |
---|---|---|---|
Omega-3 | α-Linolenic acid (ALA) | Flaxseed, soybean oils | Anti-inflammatory [138,139] |
Omega-3 | Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) | Deep-sea fish, algae | Anti-inflammatory [140] |
Omega-3 | Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | Deep-sea fish, algae | Neuroprotection [140] |
Omega-6 | Linoleic acid (LA) | Sunflower oils, nuts | Precursor of AA [141] |
Omega-6 | Arachidonic acid (AA) | Meat, eggs | Precursor of inflammatory mediators [142] |
Study | Sample Size | Type of PUFAs | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Khoury et al., 2021 [177] | 23 patients | Omega-6 | High level of nasal arachidonic acid might be associated with hyposmia [177] |
Gopinath et al., 2015 [179] | 1331 elderly individuals | Omega-3 and omega-6 | Higher omega-6 PUFA intake is associated with lower incidence of olfactory dysfunction [179] |
Yan et al., 2020 [180] | 110 patients with sellar or parasellar tumors undergoing endoscopic resection | 2000-mg omega-3 supplementation daily | Omega-3 supplementation appears to be protective for the olfactory system during the healing period [180] |
Hernandez et al., 2022 [35] | 58 patients | 2000-mg omega-3 supplementation daily | Omega-3 supplementation may be a useful adjunct therapy for post-viral olfactory dysfunction [35] |
Eldsouky et al., 2023 [34] | 226 patients, with 113 individuals in each group (control and treatment) | 1.2 g/day omega-3 PUFAs | Omega-3 PUFAs reduce inflammatory markers and improve anosmia from coronavirus disease 2019 [34] |
Lerner et al., 2023 [41] | 117 patients, with 57 patients in the treatment group and 60 in the placebo group. | 2 g/day omega-3 PUFAs | Omega-3 supplementation did not show a statistically significant improvement in patients with COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction [41] |
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Wang, Y.-H.; Lin, C.-W.; Huang, C.-W. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Potential Treatments for COVID-19-Induced Anosmia. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12092085
Wang Y-H, Lin C-W, Huang C-W. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Potential Treatments for COVID-19-Induced Anosmia. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(9):2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12092085
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yu-Han, Chung-Wei Lin, and Chiung-Wei Huang. 2024. "Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Potential Treatments for COVID-19-Induced Anosmia" Biomedicines 12, no. 9: 2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12092085