Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction with the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Quality Assessment and Publication Bias
2.4. Data Extraction
2.5. Subgroup Analyses and Comparisons
2.6. Data Synthesis
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Properties of Studies
3.2. Global Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction
3.3. Geographic/Ethnic Differences
3.4. Global Prevalence Considering Ethnic Differences and Population Sizes
3.5. Ethnic Profiles: Omicron-Induced Hyposmia vs. UGT2A1 Risk Allele Frequency
3.6. Comparison of Survey-Type Studies and Traditional-Design Studies
4. Discussion
4.1. Global Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction Caused by Omicron Variant Infection
4.2. Why Is Omicron’s Effect on Olfaction Different than That of Previous Variants?
4.3. Ethnic Differences in UGT2A1 Risk Allele Frequency: Implications
4.4. Technical Considerations of Methodology
4.5. Limitations of our Review
4.6. Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Date First Published | Ref # | Author and First Publication Date | Cohort Country or Region | Cohort Size | Cases with OD | OD % | Quality Scores |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
27 November 2021 | 91 | Thornycroft | South Africa | 24 | 0 | 0.0% | L |
16 December 2021 | 38 | Brandal | Norway | 81 | 12 | 14.8% | M |
17 December 2021 | 39 | CDC | USA | 43 | 3 | 7% | M |
17 December 2021 | 79 | Debroy | India | 32 | 0 | 0.0% | L |
31 December 2021 | 40 | Helmsdal | Denmark | 21 | 4 | 19% | L |
14 January 2022 | 41 | UKHSA | UK | 182,133 | 23,677 | 13% | M |
17 January 2022 | 61 | Kim | Korea | 40 | 1 | 2.5% | M |
18 January 2022 | 42 | Vihta | UK | 69,372 | 9018 | 13% | M |
25 January 2022 | 96 | Hajjo | Jordan | 500 | 6 | 1.2% | M |
27 January 2022 | 43 | Soraas | Norway | 52 | 8 | 15% | M |
27 January 2022 | 62 | Young/Tham | Singapore | 87 | 3 | 3.44% | M |
January 2022 | 80 | Thirunahari | Telangana, India | 60 | 0 | 0% | H |
10 February 2022 | 63 | Lee | Korea | 123 | 1 | 0.8% | M |
12 February 2022 | 44 | Maisa | France | 468 | 23 | 4.9% | H |
18 February 2022 | 9 | Boscolo-Rizzo | Italy | 338 | 83 | 24.6% | H |
28 February 2022 | 92 | Rashid | Uganda, Africa | 14 | 1 | 7.1% | H |
2 April 2022 | 45 | Kramaric | Slovenia | 18 | 0 | 0.0% | M |
6 April 2022 | 46 | Menni | UK | 4990 | 833 | 16.7% | H |
13 April 2022 | 47 | Washington State | WA, USA | 2830 | 453 | 16% | L |
28 April 2022 | 87 | Sgorlon-Oliveira | Rondonia, Brazil | 343 | 9 | 2.6% | M |
28 April 2022 | 48 | Weil | WA, USA | 1730 | 48 | 2.8% | H |
4 May 2022 | 49 | Laracy | NY, USA | 1520 | 95 | 6.3% | M |
23 May 2022 | 88 | Marquez | CA, USA | 3032 | 160 | 5.3% | H |
23 May 2022 | 50 | Whitaker | UK | 6395 | 563 | 8.8% | H |
6 June 2022 | 81 | Malhotra | New Delhi, India | 1461 | 78 | 5.3% | H |
13 June 2022 | 51 | Laura | Bosnia | 141 | 20 | 14.2% | H |
16 June 2022 | 64 | Ren | Tianjin, China | 307 | 2 | 0.7% | L |
24 June 2022 | 89 | Cardoso | Brazil | 633 | 37 | 5.8% | H |
25 June 2022 | 52 | Ullrich | Germany | 61 | 5 | 8.2% | M |
June 2022 | 82 | Gulzar | Kashmir, India | 11,715 | 1084 | 9.3% | M |
1 July 2022 | 30 | Schulze | Germany | 428 | 103 | 24.1% | M |
10 July 2022 | 53 | Townsley | London, UK | 240 | 23 | 9.6% | M |
12 July 2022 | 54 | Pacchiarini | Wales, UK | 1000 | 89 | 8.9% | H |
17 July 2022 | 93 | Chibwana | Malawi, Africa | 328 | 9 | 2.7% | H |
19 July 2022 | 65 | Sohn | Korea | 181 | 3 | 1.7% | H |
2 August 2022 | 66 | Liang | Tianjin, China | 148 | 12 | 8.1% | M |
8 August 2022 | 67 | Ao | Shanghai, China | 465 | 15 | 3.2% | M |
11 August 2022 | 68 | Yang | Tianjin, China | 310 | 5 | 1.6% | H |
15 August 2022 | 69 | Zee | Hong Kong, China | 454 | 2 | 0.4% | M |
17 August 2022 | 55 | Ekroth | UK | 309,912 | 28,569 | 13.4% | H |
17 August 2022 | 70 | Huang | Taiwan, China | 224 | 0 | 0.0% | M |
19 August 2022 | 56 | Westerhof | Netherlands | 65 | 11 | 16.9% | M |
03 September 2022 | 97 | Akavian | Israel | 199 | 15 | 9.1% | M |
9 September 2022 | 57 | Goller | Germany | 405 | 30 | 7.4% | M |
11 September 2022 | 71 | Shoji | Japan | 199 | 2 | 1.0% | H |
14 September 2022 | 58 | Deghani-Mobaraki | Italy | 205 | 64 | 31.2% | M |
22 September 2022 | 94 | Mndala | Malawi, Africa | 57 | 5 | 8.8% | M |
11 October 2022 | 72 | Li | Jilin, China | 180 | 10 | 5.6% | H |
12 October 2022 | 73 | Li | Henan, China | 384 | 4 | 1.0% | M |
21 October 2022 | 90 | Mella-Torres | Chile | 534 | 30 | 5.6% | M |
31 October 2022 | 83 | Takke | Mumbai, India | 46 | 2 | 4.3% | M |
7 November 2022 | 74 | Shen | Shanghai, China | 349 | 22 | 6.3% | H |
16 November 2022 | 59 | Gomez | Australia | 452 | 13 | 3.2% | M |
18 November 2022 | 84 | Ghosh | Bangladesh | 90 | 0 | 0.0% | M |
24 November 2022 | 98 | Kirca | Turkey | 411 | 4 | 1.0% | M |
24 November 2022 | 95 | Moolla | South Africa | 121 | 4 | 3.0% | M |
2 December 2022 | 76 | Haruta | Japan | 53 | 3 | 5.7% | M |
9 December 2022 | 85 | Mohanty | Odisha, India | 267 | 0 | 0.0% | H |
9 December 2022 | 77 | Zhang | Fujian, China | 20 | 0 | 0.0% | M |
15 December 2022 | 60 | deWitt | NC, USA | 19,189 | 3262 | 17% | M |
16 December 2022 | 78 | Sheng | Taiwan, China | 61 | 4 | 6.6% | M |
6 January 2023 | 86 | Karyakarte | Pune, India | 494 | 3 | 0.7% | H |
Total: 625,945 | Total: 68,545 |
Region | Ref # | Author | Country or Region | Cohort Size | Percentage of Hyposmia | Cohort Size | Percentage of Hyposmia | Reduction Om./Prev | Variant Name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Omicron | Previous Variants | ||||||||
Middle East | 97 | Akavian | Israel | 199 | 9.1% | 119 | 51.3% | 17.5% | G614 |
Middle East | 98 | Kirca | Turkey | 411 | 1% | 960 | 5.8% | 17.2% | wt |
Africa | 95 | Moolla | South Africa | 121 | 3.3% | 116 | 9.5% | 34.7% | G614 |
Africa | 93 | Chibwana | Malawi | 328 | 2.7% | 154 | 5.8% | 46.6% | δ? |
Africa | 94 | Mndala | Malawi | 57 | 8.8% | 128 | 10.2% | 86.3% | δ |
East Asia | 62 | Young/ Tham | Singapore | 87 | 3.44% | 87 | 2.3% | 149.6% | δ |
East Asia | 68 | Yang | Tianjin, China | 310 | 1.6% | 422 | 6.9% | 23.2% | β, δ |
East Asia | 73 | Li | Jilin, China | 384 | 1% | 103 | 2% | 50.0% | δ |
East Asia | 71 | Shoji | Japan | 199 | 1.0% | 111 | 19% | 5.3% | δ |
East Asia | 70 | Huang | Taiwan, China | 224 | 0.0% | 141 | 4.3% | 0.0% | α |
South Asia | 84 | Ghosh | Bangladesh | 90 | 0.0% | 40 | 10.0% | 0.0% | δ |
South Asia | 85 | Mohanty | Odisha, India | 267 | 0.0% | 461 | 3.2% | 0.0% | δ ? |
South Asia | 83 | Takke | Mumbai, India | 46 | 0.43% | 55 | 10.9% | 39.4% | δ |
South Asia | 81 | Malhotra | New Delhi, India | 1461 | 5.3% | 1907 | 51.6% | 10.3% | δ |
Hispanic | 88 | Marquez | CA, USA | 3032 | 5.3% | 1533 | 18.2% | 29.1% | δ, prev. |
Latino | 89 | Cardoso | Brazil | 633 | 5.8% | 5420 | 48.2% | 12.0% | wt, γ, δ |
Latino | 90 | Mella-Torres | Chile | 534 | 5.6% | 54 | 13% | 43.1% | δ |
Western | 41 | UKHSA | UK | 182,133 | 13% | 87,920 | 34% | 38.2% | δ |
Western | 42 | Vihta | UK | 69,372 | 13% | 14,318 | 40% | 32.5% | δ |
Western | 43 | Soraas | Norway | 52 | 15% | 18 | 72.2% | 20.8% | δ |
Western | 9 | Boscolo-Rizzo | Italy | 338 | 24.6% | 441 | 62.6% | 39.3% | G614 |
Western | 46 | Menni | UK | 4990 | 16.7% | 4990 | 52.7% | 31.7% | δ |
Western | 48 | Weil | WA, USA | 1730 | 2.8% | 209 | 11.1% | 25.2% | δ |
Western | 49 | Laracy | NY, USA | 1520 | 6.3% | 361 | 29% | 21.7% | α, δ |
Western | 50 | Whitaker | UK | 6395 | 8.8% | 6739 | 16.2% | 54.3% | wt, α, δ |
Western | 30 | Schulze | Germany | 428 | 24.1% | 1497 | 66.7% | 36.1% | G614, α, δ |
Western | 54 | Pacciarini | Wales, UK | 1000 | 8.9% | 8,168 | 25.8% | 34.5% | δ |
Western | 55 | Ekroth | UK | 309,912 | 13.4% | 123,529 | 33.7% | 39.8% | δ |
Western | 56 | Westerhof | Netherlands | 65 | 16.9% | 216 | 46.7% | 36.2% | G614, α |
Western | 59 | Gomez | Australia | 452 | 3.2% | 425 | 36.9% | 8.7% | δ |
Western | 53 | Townsley | London, UK | 240 | 9.6% | 67 | 37.3% | 25.7% | δ |
Western | 60 | deWitt | NC, USA | 19,189 | 17% | 37,711 | 55% | 30.9% | pre δ |
Population | Adults Only | COVID-19 -Infected Adults * | OD Pre-Valence | Adults with OD | Weight | Prevalence × Weight | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Billion | Billion | Billion | % | Million | |||
Western | 0.9 | 0.675 | 0.6075 | 11.7 | 71.1 | 0.11 | 1.32 |
Latino/Hispanic | 0.7 | 0.525 | 0.4725 | 4.9 | 23.2 | 0.09 | 0.43 |
Africa | 1.4 | 1.050 | 0.9450 | 3.1 | 29.3 | 0.18 | 0.54 |
East Asia | 2.5 | 1.875 | 1.6875 | 1.9 | 32.1 | 0.31 | 0.59 |
South Asia | 2.0 | 1.500 | 1.3500 | 2.8 | 37.8 | 0.25 | 0.70 |
Middle East | 0.5 | 0.375 | 0.3375 | 2.2 | 7.4 | 0.06 | 0.14 |
Total | 8.0 | 6.00 | 5.40 | 200.9 | 1.00 | 3.72 |
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von Bartheld, C.S.; Wang, L. Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction with the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cells 2023, 12, 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12030430
von Bartheld CS, Wang L. Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction with the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cells. 2023; 12(3):430. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12030430
Chicago/Turabian Stylevon Bartheld, Christopher S., and Lingchen Wang. 2023. "Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction with the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Cells 12, no. 3: 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12030430