Students’ Well-Being and Academic Engagement: A Multivariate Analysis of the Influencing Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Students’ Well-Being
2.2. The Stressors in Students’ Lives
2.3. The Professors’ Support
2.4. Social Support
2.5. The Students’ Perceived Satisfaction in Their Lives
2.6. Engaging in Activities during Their Leisure Time
2.7. Self-Exploration and Environmental Exploration Regarding Their Careers
2.8. Academic Engagement
2.9. Development of Hypotheses
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Participants
3.2. Procedures and Measures
3.3. Data Analysis
3.4. Theoretical Model
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Romania | Turkey | Slovakia | Bulgaria | All Countries | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 44.9% | 46.3% | 29% | 44.4% | 38.7% |
Female | 55.1% | 53.7% | 71% | 55.6% | 61.3% | |
Age | 18–22 years old | 46.3% | 80.6% | 62.4% | 59.3% | 60.4% |
23–27 years old | 19.6% | 10.3% | 31.1% | 11.7% | 21.4% | |
More than 27 years old | 34.1% | 9.1% | 6.5% | 29% | 18.2% | |
Level of studies | Bachelor | 79.4% | 91.4% | 67.5% | 72.2% | 75.6% |
Master | 20.3% | 7.4% | 31.8% | 24.1% | 23.3% | |
PhD | 0.3% | 1.2% | 0.7% | 3.7% | 1.1% | |
Employment status | Yes | 55.7% | 19.4% | 39% | 63% | 44.1% |
No | 44.3% | 80.6% | 61% | 37% | 55.9% |
Constructs | Items | Codes |
---|---|---|
Stressors in students’ lives (STRS)—created by authors | I feel pressured to get high grades on tests and exams. | STRS1 |
I feel pressured to engage in extracurricular activities. | STRS2 | |
I have financial difficulties. | STRS3 | |
I have family problems. | STRS4 | |
I have many commitments besides those related to the faculty. | STRS5 | |
Our professors give us too many assignments during the semester. | STRS6 | |
The study resources made available by the faculty are limited. | STRS7 | |
The quality of the educational services (courses/seminars/laboratories) is low. | STRS8 | |
The conditions provided by the university are under my expectations. | STRS9 | |
The quality of the administrative services offered by the university is low. | STRS10 | |
I feel harassed/discriminated against at the university. | STRS11 | |
Students’ well-being (WB)—created by authors by using the three-dimensional scale mentioned by Supranowicz and Paz [13] | In general, my physical health is a good one. | WB1 |
I am under treatment for a chronic condition/disease. | WB2 | |
My level of stress is high. | WB3 | |
I feel exhausted at the end of a day spent at the faculty. | WB4 | |
I have time also for activities outside the faculty. | WB5 | |
I do not have a problem focusing during courses/seminars/laboratories. | WB6 | |
I feel I can handle all the problems I encounter. | WB7 | |
I often have insomnia. | WB8 | |
I consider myself a happy person, in general. | WB9 | |
I have good relations with most of my professors. | WB10 | |
I have good relations with most of my colleagues. | WB11 | |
Professors’ support (PSPRT)—created by authors | The professors trust my abilities. | PSPRT1 |
My professors encourage me to express my opinions and engage in various activities. | PSPRT2 | |
My professors offer me constructive feedback when I make mistakes. | PSPRT3 | |
My professors are willing to help me if I ask for their help. | PSPRT4 | |
My professors express their appreciation towards me when I have great results. | PSPRT5 | |
Social support from family, friends, and colleagues (SSPRT)—created by authors | I can count on my family’s support when I need it. | SSPRT1 |
My family always encourages me to develop personally and professionally. | SSPRT2 | |
My family is interested in my student activity. | SSPRT3 | |
I can count on my colleagues. | SSPRT4 | |
I have friends I can count on when I need them. | SSPRT5 | |
The students’ perceived satisfaction (STSF)—created by authors | In general, I am satisfied with my activity at the faculty. | STSF1 |
I am satisfied with the relationship I have with my colleagues. | STSF2 | |
I am satisfied with the way my professors teach. | STSF3 | |
I am satisfied with the way my professors evaluate my activity. | STSF4 | |
I am satisfied with the relationship I have with the administrative office. | STSF5 | |
I am satisfied with the conditions at the university. | STSF6 | |
I am satisfied with the way my university ensures conditions for people with disabilities. | STSF7 | |
I feel proud to study at this faculty/university. | STSF8 | |
I like to spend time in the faculty/university even when I have a break between classes. | STSF9 | |
Engaging in activities during their leisure time (LTA)—created by authors | Outside of faculty, I also engage in volunteering activities. | LTA1 |
In my free time, I regularly practice sports. | LTA2 | |
In my free time, I take part in many relaxation activities. | LTA3 | |
In my free time, I like to spend time in nature. | LTA4 | |
In my free time, I like to hang out with friends. | LTA5 | |
In my free time, I like to socialize in a virtual environment. | LTA6 | |
In my free time, I like to spend time with my family. | LTA7 | |
In my free time, I dedicate myself to a hobby. | LTA8 | |
Self-exploration regarding their careers (CSE) [37] | I reflected on how my past integrates with my future career. | CSE1 |
I focused my thoughts on me as a person. | CSE2 | |
I contemplated my past. | CSE3 | |
I have been retrospective in thinking about my career. | CSE4 | |
I understood the new relevance of past behavior for my future career. | CSE5 | |
Environmental exploration regarding their careers (CEE) [37] | I investigated career possibilities. | CEE1 |
I went to various career orientation programs. | CEE2 | |
I obtained information on specific jobs or companies. | CEE3 | |
I initiated conversations with knowledgeable individuals in my career area. | CEE4 | |
I obtained information on the labor market and general job opportunities in my career area. | CEE5 | |
I sought information on specific areas of career interest. | CEE6 | |
Academic engagement of students (AENG)—created by authors | I like to work more in a team than individually for the projects at the faculty. | AENG1 |
Most of my grades are good/very good. | AENG2 | |
I engage in many extracurricular activities organized by my faculty/university. | AENG3 | |
I am actively involved in the student association of my faculty. | AENG4 | |
Besides the mandatory study materials, I also read additional ones. | AENG5 | |
I am present at most of my courses/seminars/laboratories. | AENG6 | |
I am very active during courses/seminars/laboratories. | AENG7 | |
I put passion and effort into the projects I have to do during the semester. | AENG8 |
Items | Outer Loadings | VIF |
---|---|---|
AENG1 | 0.381 | 1.080 |
AENG2 | 0.663 | 1.328 |
AENG3 | 0.624 | 2.162 |
AENG4 | 0.566 | 2.103 |
AENG5 | 0.629 | 1.386 |
AENG6 | 0.526 | 1.496 |
AENG7 | 0.743 | 1.906 |
AENG8 | 0.741 | 1.638 |
CEE1 | 0.672 | 1.554 |
CEE2 | 0.665 | 1.474 |
CEE3 | 0.832 | 2.255 |
CEE4 | 0.837 | 2.296 |
CEE5 | 0.850 | 2.655 |
CEE6 | 0.813 | 2.307 |
CSE1 | 0.825 | 1.885 |
CSE2 | 0.840 | 1.799 |
CSE3 | 0.560 | 1.675 |
CSE4 | 0.776 | 2.286 |
CSE5 | 0.830 | 1.911 |
LTA1 | 0.447 | 1.168 |
LTA2 | 0.635 | 1.377 |
LTA3 | 0.679 | 1.443 |
LTA4 | 0.706 | 1.483 |
LTA5 | 0.666 | 1.371 |
LTA6 | 0.167 | 1.067 |
LTA7 | 0.588 | 1.264 |
LTA8 | 0.578 | 1.281 |
PSPRT1 | 0.774 | 1.715 |
PSPRT2 | 0.838 | 2.202 |
PSPRT3 | 0.836 | 2.316 |
PSPRT4 | 0.817 | 2.066 |
PSPRT5 | 0.813 | 1.982 |
SSPRT1 | 0.824 | 3.456 |
SSPRT2 | 0.829 | 3.948 |
SSPRT3 | 0.757 | 2.128 |
SSPRT4 | 0.649 | 1.514 |
SSPRT5 | 0.694 | 1.574 |
STRS1 | 0.609 | 1.462 |
STRS10 | 0.667 | 1.589 |
STRS11 | 0.569 | 1.290 |
STRS2 | 0.509 | 1.384 |
STRS3 | 0.663 | 1.585 |
STRS4 | 0.585 | 1.424 |
STRS5 | 0.341 | 1.198 |
STRS6 | 0.622 | 1.459 |
STRS7 | 0.693 | 1.758 |
STRS8 | 0.705 | 2.020 |
STRS9 | 0.657 | 1.788 |
STSF1 | 0.696 | 1.590 |
STSF2 | 0.571 | 1.314 |
STSF3 | 0.757 | 2.273 |
STSF4 | 0.767 | 2.297 |
STSF5 | 0.604 | 1.511 |
STSF6 | 0.773 | 2.235 |
STSF7 | 0.635 | 1.498 |
STSF8 | 0.794 | 2.329 |
STSF9 | 0.714 | 1.820 |
WB1 | 0.657 | 1.602 |
WB10 | 0.695 | 1.830 |
WB11 | 0.614 | 1.611 |
WB2 | −0.226 | 1.179 |
WB3 | −0.523 | 1.878 |
WB4 | −0.507 | 1.814 |
WB5 | 0.597 | 1.382 |
WB6 | 0.638 | 1.427 |
WB7 | 0.728 | 1.716 |
WB8 | −0.407 | 1.299 |
WB9 | 0.742 | 1.767 |
Items | Mean | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|
AENG2 | 3.562 | 1.051 |
AENG5 | 3.135 | 1.253 |
AENG7 | 3.310 | 1.134 |
AENG8 | 3.578 | 1.148 |
CEE1 | 3.924 | 1.103 |
CEE2 | 2.545 | 1.234 |
CEE3 | 3.078 | 1.325 |
CEE4 | 2.964 | 1.374 |
CEE5 | 3.193 | 1.322 |
CEE6 | 3.495 | 1.228 |
CSE1 | 3.641 | 1.165 |
CSE2 | 3.935 | 1.007 |
CSE4 | 3.668 | 1.144 |
CSE5 | 3.721 | 1.120 |
LTA2 | 2.973 | 1.347 |
LTA3 | 2.900 | 1.278 |
LTA4 | 3.641 | 1.213 |
LTA5 | 3.946 | 1.066 |
PSPRT1 | 3.530 | 1.008 |
PSPRT2 | 3.647 | 1.121 |
PSPRT3 | 3.713 | 1.075 |
PSPRT4 | 4.064 | 0.944 |
PSPRT5 | 3.710 | 1.089 |
SSPRT1 | 4.184 | 1.091 |
SSPRT2 | 4.185 | 1.091 |
SSPRT3 | 4.042 | 1.124 |
SSPRT4 | 3.473 | 1.215 |
SSPRT5 | 3.965 | 1.148 |
STRS10 | 2.684 | 1.299 |
STRS3 | 2.113 | 1.088 |
STRS6 | 3.489 | 1.313 |
STRS7 | 2.830 | 1.205 |
STRS8 | 2.789 | 1.268 |
STRS9 | 2.490 | 1.220 |
STSF1 | 3.487 | 1.046 |
STSF3 | 3.488 | 1.121 |
STSF4 | 3.529 | 1.079 |
STSF5 | 3.593 | 1.253 |
STSF6 | 3.330 | 1.205 |
STSF7 | 3.424 | 1.043 |
STSF8 | 3.507 | 1.166 |
STSF9 | 3.030 | 1.319 |
WB1 | 3.878 | 1.060 |
WB10 | 3.980 | 0.961 |
WB11 | 3.934 | 1.036 |
WB6 | 3.232 | 1.248 |
WB7 | 3.405 | 1.220 |
WB9 | 3.630 | 1.193 |
Constructs | Cronbach’s Alpha | Composite Reliability (rho_a) | Composite Reliability (rho_c) | Average Variance Extracted (AVE) |
---|---|---|---|---|
AENG | 0.732 | 0.744 | 0.832 | 0.553 |
CEE | 0.870 | 0.878 | 0.903 | 0.611 |
CSE | 0.842 | 0.862 | 0.892 | 0.674 |
LTA | 0.676 | 0.677 | 0.804 | 0.506 |
PSPRT | 0.874 | 0.875 | 0.909 | 0.666 |
SSPRT | 0.807 | 0.809 | 0.868 | 0.570 |
STRS | 0.804 | 0.803 | 0.859 | 0.505 |
STSF | 0.873 | 0.879 | 0.900 | 0.531 |
WB | 0.803 | 0.812 | 0.859 | 0.506 |
AENG | CEE | CSE | LTA | PSPRT | SSPRT | STRS | STSF | WB | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AENG | 0.744 | ||||||||
CEE | 0.385 | 0.782 | |||||||
CSE | 0.291 | 0.556 | 0.821 | ||||||
LTA | 0.327 | 0.317 | 0.266 | 0.712 | |||||
PSPRT | 0.441 | 0.282 | 0.261 | 0.273 | 0.816 | ||||
SSPRT | 0.345 | 0.174 | 0.139 | 0.395 | 0.463 | 0.755 | |||
STRS | −0.195 | −0.077 | 0.019 | −0.139 | −0.397 | −0.219 | 0.710 | ||
STSF | 0.480 | 0.281 | 0.213 | 0.322 | 0.638 | 0.410 | −0.579 | 0.729 | |
WB | 0.561 | 0.306 | 0.286 | 0.481 | 0.555 | 0.518 | −0.365 | 0.629 | 0.711 |
T Statistics | p Value | Bias-Corrected Confidence Intervals | Hypotheses Validation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
STRS → WB | 1.299 | 0.194 | (−0.088, 0.020) | H1 is not supported |
PSPRT → WB | 4.180 | 0.000 | (0.077, 0.213) | H2 is supported |
SSPRT → WB | 6.925 | 0.000 | (0.142, 0.256) | H3 is supported |
STSF → WB | 8.680 | 0.000 | (0.265, 0419) | H4 is supported |
LTA → WB | 7.879 | 0.000 | (0.166, 0.276) | H5 is supported |
CSE → WB | 2.872 | 0.004 | (0.025, 0.135) | H6 is supported |
CEE → WB | 0.568 | 0.570 | (−0.040, 0.071) | H7 is not supported |
WB → AENG | 23.472 | 0.000 | (0.507, 0.603) | H8 is supported |
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Puiu, S.; Udriștioiu, M.T.; Petrișor, I.; Yılmaz, S.E.; Pfefferová, M.S.; Raykova, Z.; Yildizhan, H.; Marekova, E. Students’ Well-Being and Academic Engagement: A Multivariate Analysis of the Influencing Factors. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1492. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12151492
Puiu S, Udriștioiu MT, Petrișor I, Yılmaz SE, Pfefferová MS, Raykova Z, Yildizhan H, Marekova E. Students’ Well-Being and Academic Engagement: A Multivariate Analysis of the Influencing Factors. Healthcare. 2024; 12(15):1492. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12151492
Chicago/Turabian StylePuiu, Silvia, Mihaela Tinca Udriștioiu, Iulian Petrișor, Sıdıka Ece Yılmaz, Miriam Spodniaková Pfefferová, Zhelyazka Raykova, Hasan Yildizhan, and Elisaveta Marekova. 2024. "Students’ Well-Being and Academic Engagement: A Multivariate Analysis of the Influencing Factors" Healthcare 12, no. 15: 1492. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12151492