Influence of CO2 and Dust on the Survival of Non-Resistant and Multi-Resistant Airborne E. coli Strains
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Effect of CO2 on the Survival Rate
2.2. Effect of Dust on the Survival Rate
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Preparation of Bacterial Strains
3.2. Preparation of Bacterial Suspension
3.3. Chamber Operations
3.4. Determination of Survival Rates
- (1)
- Measurement of OD600nm of the suspended cells in 0.9% NaCl solution to assess the total bacterial concentration injected into the chamber. OD600nm is proportional to the bacteria concentration, thus the equation below was employed to determine the total bacterial concentration:
- (2)
- Preparation of appropriate serial dilutions of the bacterial suspension in 0.9% NaCl, followed by plating on LB culture medium-filled petri dishes (LB media plates for JM109 and LB media plates spiked with ampicillin for JM109-pEC958). After overnight incubation at 37 °C, CFUs were counted the next morning to estimate the viable fraction of the bacterial suspension in terms of CFU mL−1.
- (3)
- Calculation of the dead bacteria concentration by subtracting the viable bacterial concentration from step 2 from the total bacterial concentration obtained in step 1.
- (4)
- Determination of a correlation factor, Cf, using the following equation:
- (5)
- Determination of the total airborne bacteria concentration inside the ChAMBRe by the WIBS data analysis as # cm−3, considering data at 3 min after the injection’s conclusion to ensure proper mixing within the chamber volume.
- (6)
- Calculation of the airborne viable bacteria concentration (# cm−3) inside the chamber using the measured airborne bacterial concentrations from step 5 and the correlation factor from step 4:
- (1)
- Using the bacteria culturable fraction collected on the four petri dishes inside the chamber (see Section 3.3), determined by CFU visual counting and inserted into the following equation to determine the ratio of the fraction of surviving bacteria:
- (2)
- Calculation of the survival rate (%) of the bacterial cells under specific environmental conditions by comparing the ratios during those experiments to the ratios obtained during baseline experiments:
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Agarwal, V.; Abd El, E.; Danelli, S.G.; Gatta, E.; Massabò, D.; Mazzei, F.; Meier, B.; Prati, P.; Vernocchi, V.; Wang, J. Influence of CO2 and Dust on the Survival of Non-Resistant and Multi-Resistant Airborne E. coli Strains. Antibiotics 2024, 13, 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13060558
Agarwal V, Abd El E, Danelli SG, Gatta E, Massabò D, Mazzei F, Meier B, Prati P, Vernocchi V, Wang J. Influence of CO2 and Dust on the Survival of Non-Resistant and Multi-Resistant Airborne E. coli Strains. Antibiotics. 2024; 13(6):558. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13060558
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgarwal, Viktoria, Elena Abd El, Silvia Giulia Danelli, Elena Gatta, Dario Massabò, Federico Mazzei, Benedikt Meier, Paolo Prati, Virginia Vernocchi, and Jing Wang. 2024. "Influence of CO2 and Dust on the Survival of Non-Resistant and Multi-Resistant Airborne E. coli Strains" Antibiotics 13, no. 6: 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13060558