Fungal Enzymes Involved in Plastics Biodegradation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Plastic Pollution
1.2. Plastic Biodegradation
2. Fungal Enzymes Involved in Plastic Biodegradation
2.1. Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2)
2.2. Peroxidases (EC 1.11.1)
2.3. Cutinases (E.C. 3.1.1.74)
2.4. Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3)
3. Types of Plastics and Their Biodegradation by Fungi
3.1. Polyethylene (PE)
3.2. Fungal Enzymes Involved in PE Biodegradation
3.3. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
3.4. Fungal Enzymes Involved in PET Biodegradation
3.4.1. Cutinases Involved in PET Biodegradation
3.4.2. Lipases Involved in PET Biodegradation
3.4.3. Polyesterases Involved in PET Biodegradation
3.4.4. Synergic Action of Cutinase HiC and Lipase CALB
3.4.5. PET Hydrophobicity Modification after Fungal Enzymes Action
3.5. Polyurethane (PUR)
3.6. Fungal Enzymes Involved in PUR Biodegradation
3.6.1. Esterases Involved in Polyester-PUR Biodegradation
3.6.2. Lipases Involved in Polyester-PUR Biodegradation
3.6.3. Cutinase Involved in Polyester-PUR Biodegradation
3.6.4. Fungal Hydrolyses Involved in Polyether-PUR Biodegradation
3.7. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
3.8. Fungal Enzymes Involved in PVC Biodegradation
3.9. Polypropylene (PP)
3.10. Fungal Enzymes Involved in PP Biodegradation
3.11. Polystyrene (PS)
3.12. Fungal Enzymes Involved in PS Biodegradation
4. Conclusions and Perspectives for Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Enzyme | Enzyme Commission (EC) Number | Activity | Reaction Scheme |
---|---|---|---|
Laccases | 1.10.3.2 | Oxidoreductases | 4 benzenediol + O2 = 4 benzosemiquinone + 2 water |
Manganese peroxidases | 1.11.1.13 | Oxidoreductases | |
Lignin peroxidases | 1.11.1.14 | Oxidoreductases | 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane-1,3-diol + hydrogen peroxide = 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde + 2-methoxyphenol + glycolaldehyde + water |
2 (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanol + hydrogen peroxide = 2 (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanol radical + 2 water | |||
Versatile peroxidase | 1.11.1.16 | Oxidoreductases | 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane-1,3-diol + hydrogen peroxide = 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde + 2-methoxyphenol + glycolaldehyde + water |
Versatile peroxidase | 1.11.1.16 | Oxidoreductases | |
Lipases | 3.1.1.3 | Hydrolases | Triacylglycerol + water = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate |
Cutinases | 3.1.1.74 | Hydrolases | Cutin + water = 2 cutin monomers |
Name | Plastic Demand in Europe | Molecular Weight (Daltons) | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) | 12.9% | 100,000–250,000 | |
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) | 17.4% | 40,000 | |
Name | Plastics Demand in Europe | Molecular Weight (Daltons) | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) | 8.4% | 20,000–50,000 | |
Name | Structure |
---|---|
Polyurethane (PU) | |
Ether-PU | |
Ester-PU | |
Name | Plastics Demand in Europe | Structure |
---|---|---|
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) | 9.6% | |
Name | Plastics demand in Europe | Molecular Weight (Daltons) | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
Polypropylene (PP) | 19.7% | 10,000–40,000 | |
Name | Plastics Demand in Europe | Molecular Weight (Daltons) | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
Polystyrene (PS) | 6.1% | 150,000–400,000 | |
Enzymes | Fungal Species | Plastic Polymers | References |
---|---|---|---|
Cutinase HiC | Humicola insolens | PET | [148,152,157] |
Cutinase FoCut5a | Fusarium oxysporum | PET | [94,144] |
Cutinase FsC | Fusarium solani pisi | PET | [43,148,151,152,153,154,155,159,160] |
Cutinase TtcutA | Thielavia terrestris CAU709 | PUR | [193] |
Esterases | Aspergillus fumigatus S45 | PUR | [189] |
Aspergillus terreus | PUR | [186] | |
Aspergillus tubingenesis | PUR | [192] | |
Chaetomium globosum | PUR | [186] | |
Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides T1.PL.1 | PUR | [47] | |
Curvularia senegalensis | PUR | [185] | |
Laccases | Aspergillus flavus PEDX3 | PE | [38] |
Pleurotus ostreatus | PE | [48] | |
Trichoderma harzianum | PE | [120] | |
Laccase-like multicopper oxidases (LMCOs) | Aspergillus flavus PEDX3 | PE | [38] |
Laccase-mediator system (LMS) | Trametes versicolor IFO 6482 | PE | [128] |
Lipases | Aspergillus oryzae CCUG 33812 | PET | [143] |
Aspergillus tubingenesis | PUR | [192] | |
Candida antarctica (CALB) | PET | [140,162] | |
Candida antarctica | PUR | [104] | |
Candida rugosa | PUR | [191] | |
Pichia pastoris | PET | [163] | |
Peroxidases | Trichoderma harzianum | PE | [120] |
Lignin peroxidases | Pleurotus ostreatus | PE | [48] |
Manganese peroxidases | Phanerochaete chrysosporium ME-446 | PE | [115] |
Pleurotus ostreatus | PE | [48] | |
Polyesterases | Beauveria brongniartii | PET | [164] |
Penicillium citrinum | PET | [165] | |
Serine hydrolase-like enzyme | Pestalotiopsis microspora E2712A | PUR | [190] |
Urethane hydrolases | Aspergillus terreus | PUR | [186] |
Chaetomium globosum | PUR | [186] |
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Temporiti, M.E.E.; Nicola, L.; Nielsen, E.; Tosi, S. Fungal Enzymes Involved in Plastics Biodegradation. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 1180. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061180
Temporiti MEE, Nicola L, Nielsen E, Tosi S. Fungal Enzymes Involved in Plastics Biodegradation. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(6):1180. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061180
Chicago/Turabian StyleTemporiti, Marta Elisabetta Eleonora, Lidia Nicola, Erik Nielsen, and Solveig Tosi. 2022. "Fungal Enzymes Involved in Plastics Biodegradation" Microorganisms 10, no. 6: 1180. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061180