Life | November 2024 - Browse Articles

15 pages, 517 KiB

Open AccessReview

Update on Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Scoping Review of a Tailored Treatment-Based Approach

by Ilaria Cuccu, Tullio Golia D’Augè, Ilaria Firulli, Emanuele De Angelis, Giovanni Buzzaccarini, Ottavia D’Oria, Aris Raad Besharat, Donatella Caserta, Giorgio Bogani, Ludovico Muzii, Violante Di Donato and Andrea Giannini

Life 2024, 14(11), 1504; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111504 (registering DOI) - 19 Nov 2024

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Abstract

This scoping review explores the therapeutic strategies available for managing genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), a condition often underdiagnosed and undertreated despite significantly affecting women’s quality of life. GSM results from decreased estrogen levels during menopause, leading to a range of symptoms including [...] Read more.

This scoping review explores the therapeutic strategies available for managing genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), a condition often underdiagnosed and undertreated despite significantly affecting women’s quality of life. GSM results from decreased estrogen levels during menopause, leading to a range of symptoms including vulvovaginal atrophy and urinary tract issues. Material and Methods: we screened the literature for original studies with “menopause”, “hormonal therapy”, “vulvovaginal atrophy”, “urinary incontinence”, “urinary infections”, “genitourinary syndrome”. Results: A total of 451 relevant articles were retrieved. After screening, 19 articles were included in this scoping review. Discussion: First-line treatments typically include lubricants and moisturizers for short-term symptom relief, while unresolved or severe cases may warrant hormonal treatment. Topical hormonal treatments often have fewer side effects than systemic alternatives. Special attention is given to selective estrogen receptor modulators like ospemifene and steroid hormones like dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which have shown beneficial effects on GSM symptoms. Moreover, innovative therapeutic approaches, such as laser treatment, are discussed in the context of their efficacy and accessibility. The safety of GSM hormonal therapy in women with a history or risk of cancer is also addressed, noting the need for more definitive research in this area. While there is a growing demand for tailored therapy, this scoping review emphasizes the importance of effective communication and counseling to allow women to make informed decisions about their treatment. Overall, this review underscores the need for increased awareness and further research into effective treatment options for GSM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Comorbidities in Gynecologic Diseases: A Holistic Approach to Women’s Health)

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19 pages, 566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Shift Work, Sociodemographic Variables and Healthy Habits with Obesity Scales

by Javier Tosoratto, Pedro Juan Tárraga López, Ángel Arturo López-González, Daniela Vallejos, Emilio Martínez-Almoyna Rifá and José Ignacio Ramirez-Manent

Life 2024, 14(11), 1503; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111503 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 279

Abstract

Background: Shift work has been associated with unhealthy lifestyle habits and a higher prevalence of obesity, which negatively impacts the health of shift workers. The objective of our study was to examine the influence of shift work on obesity, as well as on [...] Read more.

Background: Shift work has been associated with unhealthy lifestyle habits and a higher prevalence of obesity, which negatively impacts the health of shift workers. The objective of our study was to examine the influence of shift work on obesity, as well as on sociodemographic variables, anthropometric measurements, and lifestyle habits in individuals working this type of schedule. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study involving 53,053 workers from various labour sectors across several Spanish autonomous communities was conducted. It included 31,753 men (17,527 of them working shifts) and 21,300 women (11,281 of them working shifts). The relationship between shift work and obesity was examined, as well as its association with sex, age, social class, education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary behaviour, and unhealthy diet. Results: Obesity showed higher prevalence and mean values among shift workers across all four formulas used (BMI obesity, WtHR high, CUN BAE obesity, METS-VF high). All variables related to unhealthy lifestyle habits revealed a significantly greater prevalence among shift workers, with high statistical significance (p < 0.001). Age, sex, and social class affected the risk of obesity, with a greater prevalence observed in shift workers compared to non-shift workers (p < 0.001). Men had a higher risk than women, with an OR ranging from 1.17 (1.12–1.21) for BMI obesity to 7.45 (6.71–8.20) for METS-VF high. Conclusions: Shift workers exhibit a higher prevalence of obesity and unhealthy lifestyle habits, with men at greater risk. The variables that most significantly increase the risk of obesity include age, physical inactivity, low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and alcohol consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

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18 pages, 3388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Evaluation of Iraqi Kurdistan Tomato Accessions Under Drought Stress Conditions Using Polyethylene Glycol-6000

by Nawroz Abdul-razzak Tahir, Kamaran Salh Rasul, Djshwar Dhahir Lateef, Rebwar Rafat Aziz and Jalal Omer Ahmed

Life 2024, 14(11), 1502; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111502 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 414

Abstract

Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect plant growth and productivity, and plant stress responses are affected by both the intensity of stress and genotype. In Iraqi Kurdistan, tomato plants play a significant role in the country’s economy. Due to [...] Read more.

Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect plant growth and productivity, and plant stress responses are affected by both the intensity of stress and genotype. In Iraqi Kurdistan, tomato plants play a significant role in the country’s economy. Due to climate change, which causes soil moisture to diminish, the crop’s growth and yield have been dropping in recent years. Accordingly, the effects of simulated drought stress on germination parameters were assessed in 64 tomato accessions gathered from the Iraqi Kurdistan region in order to identify sensitive and tolerant accessions. In this respect, the responses associated with drought stress were observed phenotypically and biochemically. Germination percentage (GP) and morphological characteristics such as root length (RL), shoot length (SL), and shoot fresh weight (SFW) were significantly reduced in both stress treatments with polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) (7.5% PEG and 15% PEG). On the other hand, significant changes in biochemical profiles such as proline content (PC), soluble sugar content (SSC), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AC), guaiacol peroxidase (GPA), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation (LP) in tomato accessions were detected; all biochemical traits were increased in most tomato accessions under the PEG-induced treatments compared to the control treatment (0.0% PEG). Three tomato accessions (AC61 (Raza Pashayi), AC9 (Wrdi Be Tow), and AC63 (Sandra)) were found to be the most tolerant accessions under all drought conditions, whereas the performances of the other tested accessions (AC13 (Braw), AC30 (Yadgar), and AC8 (Israili)) were inferior. The OMIC analysis identified the biomarker parameters for differentiating the highly, moderately, and low tolerant groups as PC, SSC, and TPC. This study shows that early PEG-6000 screening for drought stress may help in choosing a genotype that is suitable for growth in water-stressed environments. Hence, Raza Pashayi, Wrdi Be Tow, and Sandra accessions, which had great performances under drought conditions, can be candidates for selection in a breeding program to improve the growth of plants and production in the areas that face water limits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses 2024)

19 pages, 1485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decoding Imagined Speech from EEG Data: A Hybrid Deep Learning Approach to Capturing Spatial and Temporal Features

by Yasser F. Alharbi and Yousef A. Alotaibi

Life 2024, 14(11), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111501 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 323

Abstract

Neuroimaging is revolutionizing our ability to investigate the brain’s structural and functional properties, enabling us to visualize brain activity during diverse mental processes and actions. One of the most widely used neuroimaging techniques is electroencephalography (EEG), which records electrical activity from the brain [...] Read more.

Neuroimaging is revolutionizing our ability to investigate the brain’s structural and functional properties, enabling us to visualize brain activity during diverse mental processes and actions. One of the most widely used neuroimaging techniques is electroencephalography (EEG), which records electrical activity from the brain using electrodes positioned on the scalp. EEG signals capture both spatial (brain region) and temporal (time-based) data. While a high temporal resolution is achievable with EEG, spatial resolution is comparatively limited. Consequently, capturing both spatial and temporal information from EEG data to recognize mental activities remains challenging. In this paper, we represent spatial and temporal information obtained from EEG signals by transforming EEG data into sequential topographic brain maps. We then apply hybrid deep learning models to capture the spatiotemporal features of the EEG topographic images and classify imagined English words. The hybrid framework utilizes a sequential combination of three-dimensional convolutional neural networks (3DCNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs). The experimental results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed approach, achieving an average accuracy of 77.8% in identifying imagined English speech. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Neuroimaging and Brain Functions: 2nd Edition)

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35 pages, 735 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unlocking New Therapeutic Options for Vincristine-Induced Neuropathic Pain: The Impact of Preclinical Research

by Ciprian Pușcașu, Simona Negreș, Cristina Elena Zbârcea and Cornel Chiriță

Life 2024, 14(11), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111500 - 17 Nov 2024

Viewed by 594

Abstract

Vincristine, a vinca alkaloid, is used in chemotherapy protocols for cancers such as acute leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease, neuroblastoma, cervical carcinoma, lymphomas, breast cancer, and melanoma. Among the common adverse effects of vincristine is peripheral neuropathy, with most patients receiving a cumulative dose over [...] Read more.

Vincristine, a vinca alkaloid, is used in chemotherapy protocols for cancers such as acute leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease, neuroblastoma, cervical carcinoma, lymphomas, breast cancer, and melanoma. Among the common adverse effects of vincristine is peripheral neuropathy, with most patients receiving a cumulative dose over 4 mg/m² who develop varying degrees of sensory neuropathy. The onset of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy can greatly affect patients’ quality of life, often requiring dose adjustments or the discontinuation of treatment. Moreover, managing vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy is challenging, with few effective therapeutic strategies available. In the past decade, preclinical studies have explored diverse substances aimed at preventing or alleviating VIPN. Our review consolidates these findings, focusing on the analgesic efficacy and potential mechanisms of various agents, including pharmaceutical drugs, natural compounds, and antioxidants, that show promise in reducing neuropathic pain and protecting neural integrity in preclinical models. Key novel therapeutic options, such as metabolic agents (liraglutide), enzyme inhibitors (ulinastatin), antipsychotics (aripiprazole), interleukin-1 receptor antagonists (anakinra), hormones (oxytocin), and antioxidants (thioctic acid), are highlighted for their neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Through this synthesis, we aim to enhance the current understanding of VIPN management by identifying pharmacological strategies that target critical molecular pathways, laying the groundwork for future clinical studies. By clarifying these novel pharmacological approaches and elucidating their mechanisms of action, this review provides a foundation for developing more effective VIPN treatment strategies to ultimately improve patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Bioactives: Exploring Their Therapeutic Potential)

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15 pages, 2327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electroacupuncture Regulates Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Expression in a Mouse Fibromyalgia Model: Pharmacological and Chemogenetic Modulation

by Yu-An Yeh, Hsin-Cheng Hsu, Ming-Chia Lin, Tzu-Shan Chen, Wei-Cheng Lin, Hsiang-Ming Huang and Yi-Wen Lin

Life 2024, 14(11), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111499 - 17 Nov 2024

Viewed by 487

Abstract

Fibromyalgia is a chronic illness usually accompanied by long-lasting, general pain throughout the body, often accompanied by anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disruption. Meanwhile, doctors and scientists have not entirely discovered detailed mechanisms; patients always have an exaggerated sensation to pervasive pain without [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia is a chronic illness usually accompanied by long-lasting, general pain throughout the body, often accompanied by anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disruption. Meanwhile, doctors and scientists have not entirely discovered detailed mechanisms; patients always have an exaggerated sensation to pervasive pain without satisfied medical service. Given the lack of knowledge on its underlying mechanism, current treatments aim to provide pain and/or symptom relief. The present study aimed to clarify the role of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) signaling in a mouse fibromyalgia pain model. To develop the mouse fibromyalgia model, mice were subjected to intermittent cold stress (ICS). Our results indicated that mechanical (2.09 ± 0.09 g) and thermal hyperalgesia (4.77 ± 0.29 s), which were evaluated by von Frey and Hargraves’ tests, were induced by ICS, suggesting successful modeling. The hurting replies were then provoked by electroacupuncture (EA) but not for sham EA mice. Further, in a Western blot analysis, we found significantly decreased CB1 protein levels in the thalamus, somatosensory cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. In addition, the levels of pain-related protein kinases and transcription factor were increased. Treatment with EA reliably increased CB1 expression in various brain regions sequentially alleviated by nociceptive mediators. Furthermore, the administration of a CB1 agonist significantly attenuated fibromyalgia pain, reversed EA analgesia by the CB1 antagonist, and further reversed the chemogenetic inhibition of SSC. Our innovative findings evidence the role of CB1 signaling in the interaction of EA and fibromyalgia, suggesting its potential for clinical trials and as a treatment target. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Science)

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16 pages, 2254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Potential of Agaricus bisporus in Mitigating Pesticide-Induced Oxidative Stress in Honey Bees Infected with Nosema ceranae

by Stefan Jelisić, Zoran Stanimirović, Marko Ristanić, Đura Nakarada, Miloš Mojović, Dušan Bošnjaković and Uroš Glavinić

Life 2024, 14(11), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111498 - 17 Nov 2024

Viewed by 452

Abstract

Global climate change, environmental pollution, and frequent pesticide use severely reduce bee populations, greatly challenging beekeeping. Pesticides such as deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used to control mosquitoes, can kill individual bees and entire colonies, depending on the exposure. Due to mosquito resistance [...] Read more.

Global climate change, environmental pollution, and frequent pesticide use severely reduce bee populations, greatly challenging beekeeping. Pesticides such as deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used to control mosquitoes, can kill individual bees and entire colonies, depending on the exposure. Due to mosquito resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, components that enhance their effect are commonly used. This study explores the potential of Agaricus bisporus mushroom extract in mitigating oxidative stress in bees triggered by pesticides and Nosema ceranae infection. Our findings indicate that A. bisporus extract significantly reduced mortality rates of bees and spore counts of N. ceranae. Furthermore, the extract demonstrated antioxidant properties that lower enzyme activity related to oxidative stress (CAT, SOD, and GST) and MDA concentration, which is linked to lipid peroxidation. These results indicate that natural extracts like A. bisporus can aid bee health by mitigating the effects of pesticides and pathogens on honey bees, thus improving biodiversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Science)

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11 pages, 552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Imaging Complexity Biomarkers for Prediction of Symptomatic Radiation Pneumonitis in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Focusing on Underlying Lung Disease

by Jeongeun Hwang, Hakyoung Kim, Joon-Young Moon, Sun Myung Kim and Dae Sik Yang

Life 2024, 14(11), 1497; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111497 - 17 Nov 2024

Viewed by 290

Abstract

Objectives: We aimed to develop imaging biomarkers to predict radiation pneumonitis (RP) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients undergoing thoracic radiotherapy. We hypothesized that measuring morphometric complexity in the lung using simulation computed tomography may provide objective imaging biomarkers for lung parenchyma [...] Read more.

Objectives: We aimed to develop imaging biomarkers to predict radiation pneumonitis (RP) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients undergoing thoracic radiotherapy. We hypothesized that measuring morphometric complexity in the lung using simulation computed tomography may provide objective imaging biomarkers for lung parenchyma integrity, potentially forecasting the risk of RP. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was performed on medical records of 175 patients diagnosed with NSCLC who had received thoracic radiotherapy. Three indices were utilized to measure the morphometric complexity of the lung parenchyma: box-counting fractal dimension, lacunarity, and minimum spanning tree (MST) fractal dimension. Patients were dichotomized into two groups at median values. Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to estimate the hazard ratios for grade ≥ 2 or grade ≥ 3 RP. Results and Conclusions: We found significant associations between lung parenchymal morphometric complexity and RP incidence. In univariate Cox-proportional hazard analysis, patients with a lower MST fractal dimension had a significantly higher hazard ratio of 2.296 (95% CI: 1.348–3.910) for grade ≥ 2 RP. When adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, category of the underlying lung disease, category of radiotherapy technique, clinical stage, histology, and DLCO, patients with a lower MST fractal dimension showed a significantly higher hazard ratio of 3.292 (95% CI: 1.722–6.294) for grade ≥ 2 RP and 7.952 (95% CI: 1.722 36.733) for grade ≥ 3 RP than those with a higher MST fractal dimension. Patients with lower lacunarity exhibited a significantly lower hazard ratio of 0.091 (95% CI: 0.015–0.573) for grade ≥ 3 RP in the adjusted model. We speculated that the lung tissue integrity is captured by morphometric complexity measures, particularly by the MST fractal dimension. We suggest the MST fractal dimension as an imaging biomarker for predicting the occurrence of symptomatic RP after thoracic radiotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Thoracic Surgery and Medicine: Advancements and Challenges)

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11 pages, 701 KiB

Open AccessReview

Understanding the Best Nutritional Management for Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Patients: A Comparison Between East Asian and Western Experiences

by Alessia Perna, Massimo Santoro and Elisa Colaizzo

Life 2024, 14(11), 1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111496 - 17 Nov 2024

Viewed by 300

Abstract

(1) Background: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by the accumulation of an altered prion protein, which usually leads to death within one year after clinical onset. CJD patients usually present with rapid cognitive impairment associated with declines [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by the accumulation of an altered prion protein, which usually leads to death within one year after clinical onset. CJD patients usually present with rapid cognitive impairment associated with declines in cerebellar, motor, visual, behavioral, and swallowing functions. Moreover, CJD patients lose their ability to eat and take medications orally very early on in treatment; nevertheless, there are no specific nutritional guidelines for this disease shared worldwide. (2) Methods: This review aims to describe the nutritional outcomes of CJD patients in Western countries to compare them with those described in East Asian countries and then aims to explore the most recent trends in the nutritional management of CJD patients, including some dietary compounds that present neuroprotective effects. (3) Results: In Japan’s, Taiwan’s, and China’s healthcare systems, CJD patients receive intensive life-sustaining treatment that prolongs their survival (i.e., artificial feeding); conversely, in Western countries, intensive life-sustaining treatments like tube feeding are not commonly provided to CJD patients. (4) Conclusions: It is difficult to pinpoint the reasons for these discrepancies around CJD palliative care supply, but it is clear that specific nutritional guidelines may directly improve the nutritional management of CJD patients and thus allow their families and caregivers to ensure the best end-of-life care for these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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27 pages, 27996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microfacies Characteristics of Late Pennsylvanian Cyclothems on the Carbonate Platform Margin in Guizhou, South China

by Junjie Wang, Enpu Gong, Yongli Zhang, Xiao Li, Lifu Wang, Guanming Lai and Depeng Li

Life 2024, 14(11), 1495; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111495 - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 536

Abstract

Late Pennsylvanian cyclothems are documented from the carbonate platform margin in Guizhou, South China, providing a unique opportunity to study glacio-eustatic fluctuations and their impact on reef development. This paper focuses on a shallow-water, reef-bearing succession and a deep-water succession in the Houchang [...] Read more.

Late Pennsylvanian cyclothems are documented from the carbonate platform margin in Guizhou, South China, providing a unique opportunity to study glacio-eustatic fluctuations and their impact on reef development. This paper focuses on a shallow-water, reef-bearing succession and a deep-water succession in the Houchang area of Guizhou. Fourteen microfacies, grouped into seven associations, represent distinct depositional environments. These microfacies associations exhibit vertical cyclicity, interpreted as cyclothems, similar to those observed globally, which are attributed to the waxing and waning of the Gondwana ice sheet. The cyclothems are primarily composed of sediments below the wave base within a shallow-water platform margin and deep-water settings. Those cyclothems show strong correlations with those observed in South China, Ukraine, and the North American Midcontinent, suggesting a potential connection to global glacio-eustatic processes. A brief and rapid sea-level rise during the late Kasimovian may correspond to a recently recognized global warming event. A microfacies analysis indicates that these cyclothems reflect glacial-type sea-level fluctuations ranging from 15 to 35 m. Notably, the reef-bearing cyclothems correspond to intermediate, major cyclothems identified in South China and the Midcontinent from the late Moscovian to early Kasimovian stages. The global cyclothem correlations and reef development patterns in South China suggest that intermediate, major cycles were the primary controls on reef growth and demise, while minor cycles influenced biostromes and community succession within the reefs. These findings underscore the pivotal role of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA) in shaping reef development in far-field regions during the Late Pennsylvanian. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Paleobiology)

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7 pages, 5859 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report About a Patient with Cytology Negative for Malignancy

by Didem Ün, Johannes Rohrbeck, Mathias Drach, Robert Ullrich, Philipp B. Staber, Thomas H. Helbich, Christian Freystätter, Maryana Teufelsbauer and Christine Radtke

Life 2024, 14(11), 1494; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111494 - 16 Nov 2024

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Abstract

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare lymphoma primarily linked to textured breast implants. Symptoms are often non-specific (e.g., breast swelling, pain, or fluid collection). When imaging detects fluid around the implant, cytological examination is the first diagnostic approach. However, [...] Read more.

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare lymphoma primarily linked to textured breast implants. Symptoms are often non-specific (e.g., breast swelling, pain, or fluid collection). When imaging detects fluid around the implant, cytological examination is the first diagnostic approach. However, this method has limited sensitivity and may yield false-negative results. In this case, a 41-year-old woman presented with swelling, pain, and itching in her left breast six years after bilateral textured breast implant placement. Ultrasonography (US) revealed peri-implant fluid collection around the left implant. A following magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan ruled out an implant rupture. Due to persistent pain and the peri-implant effusion on the left side, open surgery was performed. During implant removal, the seroma was drained, and multiple suspicious masses were found on the left side. The cytology of the seroma fluid was negative and intraoperative frozen sections of the excised masses were inconclusive. A complete capsulectomy was conducted due to the suspicion of malignancy. Histological examination ultimately confirmed the diagnosis of BIA-ALCL. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges associated with this rare condition. Therefore, BIA-ALCL should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of breast implant-associated seroma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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15 pages, 902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Child Fever, Acute Respiratory Infection, and Diarrhea and Their Risk Factors in Sierra Leone

by Hana Kim and Yan Jin

Life 2024, 14(11), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111493 - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 448

Abstract

Sierra Leone has the fourth-highest child mortality rate in Sub-Saharan Africa. This retrospective study aimed to estimate the nationwide prevalence of fever, acute respiratory infection (ARI), and diarrhea in children under 5 years in Sierra Leone, and to identify the risk factors associated [...] Read more.

Sierra Leone has the fourth-highest child mortality rate in Sub-Saharan Africa. This retrospective study aimed to estimate the nationwide prevalence of fever, acute respiratory infection (ARI), and diarrhea in children under 5 years in Sierra Leone, and to identify the risk factors associated with these diseases. We extracted patient information from the 2019 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey data. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. In total, 8659, 8652, and 8650 children were included in the analyses of fever, ARI, and diarrhea, respectively. The analysis revealed that the nationwide prevalence rates of fever, ARI, and diarrhea were 16.8%, 14.2%, and 7.2%, respectively. Children aged 12–23 months were found to be the most susceptible. Compared to children consuming unimproved water, the highest prevalence rates of fever, ARI, and diarrhea were observed among children residing in households with tube wells or boreholes. The adjusted odds ratio for diarrhea prevalence among children drinking water from household tube wells or boreholes was 1.47 (95% confidence interval: 1.17–1.84, p < 0.001). This study has several limitations, including recall bias due to parental reporting. We suspect that the diseases may be associated with potential water contamination in tube wells or boreholes. We recommend national-level periodic inspections of water quality and community-level education on water supply management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

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10 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Under Combined Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia in the First Trimester of Pregnancy—Case Report and Literature Review

by Gabriel-Petre Gorecki, Andrei Bodor, Zoltan-Janos Kövér, Maria-Mihaela Comănici, Romina-Marina Sima, Anca-Maria Panaitescu, Adrian-Vasile Comănici, Emilia Furdu-Lungut, Ancuta-Alina Constantin, Liana Pleș, Andrei Sebastian Diaconescu and Vasile Lungu

Life 2024, 14(11), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111492 - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 298

Abstract

Can combined spinal and epidural anesthesia be the gold standard for laparoscopic surgery for pregnant patients? This case report presents a first trimester pregnant patient who was admitted for obstructive jaundice syndrome (pain in the right hypochondrium, nausea, and vomiting). Initially, because of [...] Read more.

Can combined spinal and epidural anesthesia be the gold standard for laparoscopic surgery for pregnant patients? This case report presents a first trimester pregnant patient who was admitted for obstructive jaundice syndrome (pain in the right hypochondrium, nausea, and vomiting). Initially, because of the risk/benefit ratio of pregnancy, the treatment was medical and the patient was immediately discharged because her clinical condition improved, but she was rapidly readmitted to the surgery department because of worsening symptoms. Emergency surgical intervention (laparoscopic cholecystectomy) under combined spinal and epidural anesthesia (CSEA) was performed to reduce the patient’s risks. Since most analgesics are insufficiently studied in pregnancy, analgesia with ropivacaine 0.2% was used on the epidural catheter. No pathological changes were identified in the fetal Doppler ultrasound preoperatively and postoperatively. Similarly to other studies, our case highlights the necessity for cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis even if the patient is in the first trimester of pregnancy. If the decision is delayed, the morbidity and mortality for mother and fetus become unjustified. The peculiarity of the present report is the type of anesthesia chosen. We consider that combined spinal and epidural anesthesia may become a possible gold standard suitable for laparoscopy in the first trimester of pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management and Prevention of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes)

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12 pages, 746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Early Monitoring of Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA in Kidney Allograft Recipients Followed-Up for Two Years: Experience of One Center

by Carmen Botella, José Antonio Galián, Víctor Jiménez-Coll, Marina Fernández-González, Francisco Morales, Gloria Martínez-Gómez, Rosana González-López, María José Alegría, María Rosa Moya, Helios Martinez-Banaclocha, Alfredo Minguela, Isabel Legaz, Santiago Llorente and Manuel Muro

Life 2024, 14(11), 1491; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111491 - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 408

Abstract

(1) Background: donor-derived circulating free DNA (dd-cfDNA), an innovative biomarker with great potential for the early identification and prevention of graft damage. (2) Methods: Samples were collected prospectively and the study was performed retrospectively to analyze dd-cfDNA plasma levels in 30 kidney transplant [...] Read more.

(1) Background: donor-derived circulating free DNA (dd-cfDNA), an innovative biomarker with great potential for the early identification and prevention of graft damage. (2) Methods: Samples were collected prospectively and the study was performed retrospectively to analyze dd-cfDNA plasma levels in 30 kidney transplant patients during their post-transplant follow-up (15 days, 3, 6, and 9 months), to determine if the result could be of interest in the identification of possible adverse events, especially rejection. The aim was to verify whether the data on sensitivity, specificity, NPV, and PPV compare with reference values and creatinine values. (3) Results: We observed levels of dd cfDNA > 1% in six of nine patients with active rejection (ABMR or TCMR) and elevated values (>0.5%) in two other patients in this rejection group. Our results show low values of sensitivity = 50%, specificity = 61.11%, rejection NPV = 64.71%, and rejection PPV = 46.13% of the technique compared to reference values previously published. With respect to creatinine, only for TCRM, we observed better results for dd-cfDNA in these parameters than in creatinine. Also, our data suggest that dd-cfDNA could help to differentiate those patients with dnDSAs that are going to through rejection better than creatinine, specially at 15 d post transplant. In this study, this appears to have no positive predictive value for borderline rejection (BR) or TCMR IA. (4) Conclusions: plasma levels of dd-cfDNA could be considered an additional or alternative biomarker for graft rejection monitoring in early post-kidney transplant up to several months before its clinical presentation, especially for patients with suspected TCMR or ABMR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Kidney Transplantation: What’s Hot and What’s New)

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13 pages, 3882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning-Based Software for Predicting Pseudomonas spp. Growth Dynamics in Culture Media

by Fatih Tarlak

Life 2024, 14(11), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111490 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 340

Abstract

In predictive microbiology, both primary and secondary models are widely used to estimate microbial growth, often applied through two-step or one-step modelling approaches. This study focused on developing a tool to predict the growth of Pseudomonas spp., a prominent bacterial genus in food [...] Read more.

In predictive microbiology, both primary and secondary models are widely used to estimate microbial growth, often applied through two-step or one-step modelling approaches. This study focused on developing a tool to predict the growth of Pseudomonas spp., a prominent bacterial genus in food spoilage, by applying machine learning regression models, including Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest Regression (RFR) and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR). The key environmental factors—temperature, water activity, and pH—served as predictor variables to model the growth of Pseudomonas spp. in culture media. To assess model performance, these machine learning approaches were compared with traditional models, namely the Gompertz, Logistic, Baranyi, and Huang models, using statistical indicators such as the adjusted coefficient of determination (R²_adj) and root mean square error (RMSE). Machine learning models provided superior accuracy over traditional approaches, with R²_adj values from 0.834 to 0.959 and RMSE values between 0.005 and 0.010, showcasing their ability to handle complex growth patterns more effectively. GPR emerged as the most accurate model for both training and testing datasets. In external validation, additional statistical indices (bias factor, B_f: 0.998 to 1.047; accuracy factor, A_f: 1.100 to 1.167) further supported GPR as a reliable alternative for microbial growth prediction. This machine learning-driven approach bypasses the need for the secondary modelling step required in traditional methods, highlighting its potential as a robust tool in predictive microbiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Microbiology)

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14 pages, 229 KiB

Open AccessReview

Disease-Specific Risk Models for Predicting Dementia: An Umbrella Review

by Eugene Yee Hing Tang, Jacob Brain, Serena Sabatini, Eduwin Pakpahan, Louise Robinson, Maha Alshahrani, Aliya Naheed, Mario Siervo and Blossom Christa Maree Stephan

Life 2024, 14(11), 1489; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111489 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 304

Abstract

Dementia is a leading cause of disability and death globally. Individuals with diseases such as cardiovascular, cardiometabolic and cerebrovascular disease are often at increased dementia risk. However, while numerous models have been developed to predict dementia, they are often not tailored to disease-specific [...] Read more.

Dementia is a leading cause of disability and death globally. Individuals with diseases such as cardiovascular, cardiometabolic and cerebrovascular disease are often at increased dementia risk. However, while numerous models have been developed to predict dementia, they are often not tailored to disease-specific groups. Yet, different disease groups may have unique risk factor profiles and tailored models that account for these differences may have enhanced predictive accuracy. In this review, we synthesise findings from three previous systematic reviews on dementia risk model development and testing to present an overview of the literature on dementia risk prediction modelling in people with a history of disease. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Currently, disease-specific models have only been developed in people with a history of diabetes where demographic, disease-specific and comorbidity data were used. Some existing risk models, including CHA₂DS₂-VASc and CHADS₂, have been externally validated for dementia outcomes in those with atrial fibrillation and heart failure. One study developed a dementia risk model for their whole population, which had similar predictive accuracy when applied in a sub-sample with stroke. This emphasises the importance of considering disease status in identifying key predictors for dementia and generating accurate prediction models for dementia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alzheimer’s Disease: Recent Developments in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy)

32 pages, 11565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Segmentation of Gastrointestinal (GI) Cancer Disease Using a Novel U-MaskNet Model

by Aditya Pal, Hari Mohan Rai, Mohamed Ben Haj Frej and Abdul Razaque

Life 2024, 14(11), 1488; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111488 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 378

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to contribute to the development of approaches for the classification and segmentation of various gastrointestinal (GI) cancer diseases, such as dyed lifted polyps, dyed resection margins, esophagitis, normal cecum, normal pylorus, normal Z line, polyps, and ulcerative [...] Read more.

The purpose of this research is to contribute to the development of approaches for the classification and segmentation of various gastrointestinal (GI) cancer diseases, such as dyed lifted polyps, dyed resection margins, esophagitis, normal cecum, normal pylorus, normal Z line, polyps, and ulcerative colitis. This research is relevant and essential because of the current challenges related to the absence of efficient diagnostic tools for early diagnostics of GI cancers, which are fundamental for improving the diagnosis of these common diseases. To address the above challenges, we propose a new hybrid segmentation model, U-MaskNet, which is a combination of U-Net and Mask R-CNN models. Here, U-Net is utilized for pixel-wise classification and Mask R-CNN for instance segmentation, together forming a solution for classifying and segmenting GI cancer. The Kvasir dataset, which includes 8000 endoscopic images of various GI cancers, is utilized to validate the proposed methodology. The experimental results clearly demonstrated that the novel proposed model provided superior segmentation compared to other well-known models, such as DeepLabv3+, FCN, and DeepMask, as well as improved classification performance compared to state-of-the-art (SOTA) models, including LeNet-5, AlexNet, VGG-16, ResNet-50, and the Inception Network. The quantitative analysis revealed that our proposed model outperformed the other models, achieving a precision of 98.85%, recall of 98.49%, and F1 score of 98.68%. Additionally, the novel model achieved a Dice coefficient of 94.35% and IoU of 89.31%. Consequently, the developed model increased the accuracy and reliability in detecting and segmenting GI cancer, and it was proven that the proposed model can potentially be used for improving the diagnostic process and, consequently, patient care in the clinical environment. This work highlights the benefits of integrating the U-Net and Mask R-CNN models, opening the way for further research in medical image segmentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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24 pages, 2319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Performance of Ionic and Agro-Physiological Traits for Detecting Salt Tolerance in Wheat Genotypes Grown in Real Field Conditions

by Muhammad Usman Tahir, Salah El-Hendawy and Nasser Al-Suhaibani

Life 2024, 14(11), 1487; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111487 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 316

Abstract

Studying the physiological mechanisms underlying the traits associated with salt tolerance in genotypes could lead to the discovery of new genetic resources for salt tolerance. In this study, the mechanisms of salt tolerance were evaluated, based on ionic, physiological, and agronomic traits in [...] Read more.

Studying the physiological mechanisms underlying the traits associated with salt tolerance in genotypes could lead to the discovery of new genetic resources for salt tolerance. In this study, the mechanisms of salt tolerance were evaluated, based on ionic, physiological, and agronomic traits in four varieties that differ in their salt tolerance and in 18 F₈ recombinant inbred lines (RILs) grown in real field conditions. The salt tolerance of plant materials was assessed under both normal (3.5 mM NaCl) and high salinity stress (150 mM NaCl) conditions for two consecutive years. Different growth and physiological traits were assessed 75 days after sowing, while ion contents in the shoots, grain yield, and its components were determined at the maturity stage. Multivariate analysis was used to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance across various genotypes and traits. The ANOVA results showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05 and 0.001) among salinity, genotypes, and their interactions for all ionic and agro-physiological traits, with a few exceptions. Salinity stress resulted in a considerable increase in Na⁺ content and canopy temperature (CT), with a simultaneous decrease of 11.3% to 94.5% in other ionic and agro-physiological traits compared to the control treatment. However, the salt-tolerant genotypes showed minimal increases in Na⁺ content and CT, as well as decreases in other ionic and agro-physiological traits when compared to salt-sensitive genotypes under salinity stress. All ionic and agro-physiological traits exhibited strong correlations with each other under salinity stress, but these correlations were weak or insignificant under control conditions. The principal component analysis identified Na⁺ and CT as negative indicators and other ionic and agro-physiological traits as positive indicators for salt tolerance under salinity stress. The negative indicators were strongly linked to salt-sensitive genotypes, while the positive indicators were closely associated with salt-tolerant genotypes. Heatmap clustering, using multiple traits, successfully differentiated the salt-tolerant genotypes from the salt-sensitive ones. The salt-tolerant group showed a significant reduction in Na⁺ content by 36.9%, in CT by 10.0%, and in HI by 16.7%, along with an increase of 6.3–51.4% in other ionic and agro-physiological traits compared to the salt-sensitive group. In conclusion, the mechanisms associated with Na⁺ exclusion and high K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios, as well as chlorophyll and relative water content, along with low CT, resulted in significant improvements in growth and yield under salinity stress conditions. Given that the effectiveness of various ionic and agro-physiological traits in evaluating salt tolerance in wheat has been proven in real field conditions, these traits will play a key role in the development of salt-tolerant wheat genotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Environmental Factors on Challenges of Plant Breeding)

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14 pages, 3306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz Exhibits Antihypertensive Effects by Inhibiting the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme/Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Pathway in Human Endothelial Cells

by Nur Syakirah Othman, Nur Syahidah Nor Hisam, Amanina Athirah Mad Azli, Nur Izzati Mansor, Adila A. Hamid, Amilia Aminuddin, Nur Najmi Mohamad Anuar, Mohd Faizal Ahmad and Azizah Ugusman

Life 2024, 14(11), 1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111486 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 471

Abstract

Overactivation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) pathway leads to vasoconstriction and elevated blood pressure. Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz is an herbal plant known for its antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-atherosclerotic properties, with bioactive compounds that exhibit antihypertensive effects. Therefore, [...] Read more.

Overactivation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) pathway leads to vasoconstriction and elevated blood pressure. Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz is an herbal plant known for its antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-atherosclerotic properties, with bioactive compounds that exhibit antihypertensive effects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antihypertensive effects of the standardized aqueous extract of P. minor leaf (AEPM) through the ACE/AT1R pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). HUVECs were stimulated with PMA to induce ACE, with or without AEPM or captopril treatment, for 24 h. Subsequently, ACE mRNA expression, ACE protein levels, ACE activity, angiotensin II levels, and AT1R expression were measured. The results demonstrated that AEPM treatment significantly reduced ACE mRNA expression, ACE protein levels, ACE activity, angiotensin II levels, and AT1R expression in PMA-induced HUVECs. The modulatory effects of AEPM on the ACE/AT1R pathway were comparable to those of captopril. Ex vivo experiments further confirmed that AEPM reduced the contraction responses of rat aortic rings to PMA. In conclusion, P. minor effectively inhibits the ACE/AT1R pathway in PMA-induced HUVECs, suggesting its potential as a natural antihypertensive agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implications of Bioactive Compounds in Lifelong Disorders)

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18 pages, 1259 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Impact of Gut Microbiome Interventions on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Metabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Alexandra Laura Mederle, Mirabela Dima, Emil Robert Stoicescu, Bogdan Florin Căpăstraru, Codrina Mihaela Levai, Ovidiu Alin Hațegan and Anca Laura Maghiari

Life 2024, 14(11), 1485; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111485 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 391

Abstract

Background: The gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as a key player in metabolic health, influencing glucose and lipid metabolism through various mechanisms. However, the efficacy of gut microbiota-targeted interventions, such as probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and diet-based treatments, remains unclear for [...] Read more.

Background: The gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as a key player in metabolic health, influencing glucose and lipid metabolism through various mechanisms. However, the efficacy of gut microbiota-targeted interventions, such as probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and diet-based treatments, remains unclear for specific metabolic outcomes. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the impact of these interventions on the glucose and lipid parameters in individuals with metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis included 41 randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of gut microbiota-targeted treatments on metabolic parameters such as fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides. A comprehensive search was conducted using databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, focusing on interventions targeting the gut microbiota. A meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models, with effect sizes calculated for each outcome. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Results: Gut microbiota-targeted interventions significantly reduced fasting glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides, with moderate heterogeneity observed across studies. The interventions also led to modest increases in HDL-C levels. Probiotic and synbiotic interventions showed the most consistent benefits in improving both glucose and lipid profiles, while FMT yielded mixed results. Short-term interventions showed rapid microbial shifts but less pronounced metabolic improvements, whereas longer-term interventions had more substantial metabolic benefits. Conclusions: In this study, it is demonstrated that gut microbiota-targeted interventions can improve key metabolic outcomes, offering a potential therapeutic strategy for managing metabolic diseases. However, the effectiveness of these interventions varies depending on the type, duration, and population characteristics, highlighting the need for further long-term studies to assess the sustained effects of microbiota modulation on metabolic health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Prevention and Treatment in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases)

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10 pages, 1462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Multistrain Probiotic Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—Randomized Controlled Trial

by Venkata Chaithanya, Janardanan Kumar, Kakithakara Vajravelu Leela, Mohan Ram and Jayaprakash Thulukanam

Life 2024, 14(11), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111484 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 369

Abstract

Hyperglycemia, a key characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), highlights the need for effective management strategies. This study aims to analyze the impact of multistrain probiotic supplementation on glycemic control in T2DM patients. During a 24-week randomized controlled trial involving 130 participants, [...] Read more.

Hyperglycemia, a key characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), highlights the need for effective management strategies. This study aims to analyze the impact of multistrain probiotic supplementation on glycemic control in T2DM patients. During a 24-week randomized controlled trial involving 130 participants, subjects were assigned to either a probiotic group or a placebo group. The key outcomes included fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PPBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, and lipid profiles, assessed at baseline and post-intervention. The results indicated a significant reduction in HbA1c (p = 0.004) and increased HDL-c (p = 0.023) and improvements in lipid profiles in the probiotic group, alongside a trend toward decreased FBG and PPBG. No serious adverse effects were reported, indicating good tolerance of probiotics. These findings suggest that probiotics may positively influence metabolic parameters in T2DM patients, supporting their potential as a complementary dietary intervention. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and enhance probiotic formulations for diabetic control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Prevention and Treatment in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases)

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10 pages, 1586 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Stability and Reliability of Repeated Plasma Pregnenolone Levels After Oral Pregnenolone Dosing in Individuals with Cocaine Use Disorder: Pilot Findings

by Huaze Gao, Zachary Magin, Nia Fogelman, Rajita Sinha, Gustavo A. Angarita and Verica Milivojevic

Life 2024, 14(11), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111483 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 269

Abstract

Substance use disorders (SUDs), including cocaine use disorder (CUD), have significant negative health risks and impose a substantial social burden, yet effective treatments are limited. Pregnenolone, a neuroactive steroid precursor, has been shown to reduce alcohol craving and normalize stress biology in individuals [...] Read more.

Substance use disorders (SUDs), including cocaine use disorder (CUD), have significant negative health risks and impose a substantial social burden, yet effective treatments are limited. Pregnenolone, a neuroactive steroid precursor, has been shown to reduce alcohol craving and normalize stress biology in individuals with CUD, but its clinical utility has been questioned due to limited data on bioavailability and the stability of blood levels in humans. Thus, this pilot study aimed to determine whether twice-daily oral pregnenolone (PREG) at 300 mg/day and 500 mg/day versus placebo in week two of PREG administration led to stable increased plasma pregnenolone levels in individuals with CUD. Seven treatment-seeking individuals with CUD, enrolled in an eight-week double-blind clinical trial, were randomized to receive placebo (n = 2) or pregnenolone at 300 mg/day (n = 3) or 500 mg/day (n = 2). For the first two weeks of the eight-week trial, participants were admitted to an inpatient Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit for repeated serial sampling of plasma pregnenolone concentrations over a 32.5 h period in week two of their inpatient stay while taking their assigned study drug under observation. Pregnenolone levels showed a significant main effect of the medication group (p = 0.039), with sustained higher levels in the 300 mg (p = 0.018) and 500 mg (p = 0.035) groups compared to placebo, and no significant difference between the two pregnenolone dosing groups. Moreover, correlation analyses showed that after observed study medication dosing on repeated sampling day 1, levels of pregnenolone were highly associated across time, with strong, positive correlations between time of dosing and 2 h (r = 0.80, p = 0.031), 4 h (r = 0.80, p = 0.031), 6 h (r = 0.86, p = 0.013), and 8 h post-dosing (r = 0.97, p < 0.001). These findings from this pilot study suggest that chronic twice-daily/“bis in die” (b.i.d.) oral administration of pregnenolone at both 300 mg/day and 500 mg/day achieved stable and reliable elevated plasma pregnenolone levels over 32.5 h in individuals with CUD, thereby supporting the good bioavailability of pregnenolone in these samples. These data indicate that twice-daily chronic dosing may overcome any potential concerns of poor bioavailability and rapid metabolism of pregnenolone in humans, and support further clinical investigations into pregnenolone’s role in the treatment of cocaine use disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Neurosteroids on Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders)

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14 pages, 2398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Ameliorates Olanzapine-Induced Hypolocomotion in a Rat Model

by Ahmad Altarifi, Linah Arab, Rasha Al-Azaizeh, Batool Khataybeh, Muath Q. Al-Ghadi and Mohammad Khalifeh

Life 2024, 14(11), 1482; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111482 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 311

Abstract

Olanzapine (OLZ) is a commonly prescribed drug for the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders. However, OLZ use is associated with several adverse effects, including decreased locomotor activity and increased body weight. While the majority of studies have directed their focus towards managing [...] Read more.

Olanzapine (OLZ) is a commonly prescribed drug for the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders. However, OLZ use is associated with several adverse effects, including decreased locomotor activity and increased body weight. While the majority of studies have directed their focus towards managing the metabolic side effects of OLZ, there has been limited attention given to the effects on locomotor activity. This study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in alleviating OLZ-induced locomotor impairment in female Sprague Dawley rats. Subjects were divided into four groups: control rats (CR), HBOT, OLZ, and HBOT + OLZ. In addition to behavioral effects, we also evaluated the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of rats’ brain tissue to demonstrate the maintenance of OLZ effectiveness in improving antioxidant status during the intervention using a rotarod device to measure locomotor activity and coordination. Results showed that HBOT effectively counteracted the hypolocomotion produced after OLZ administration. Moreover, HBOT did not result in a decrease in TAC in brain tissue, which is linked to OLZ treatment effectiveness. Therefore, our results suggest that HBOT may represent a promising non-pharmacological approach to improving locomotor and motor coordination impairments associated with OLZ treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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14 pages, 1714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Initial Evaluation of Safety and Immunomodulatory Potential of Dietary Supplementation with Mangosteen Pericarp Extract for Sustainable Meat Production in Native Crossbred Chickens

by Phruedrada Kaewtui, Chompunut Lumsangkul, Apinya Satsook, Korawan Sringarm, Chaiwat Arjin, Wanaporn Tapingkae, Pimporn Khamtavee, Orranee Srinual, Montri Punyatong, Kiattisak Huanhong, Peerawit Chongrattanameteekul, Natpasit Rattaworapanit, Thanawut Mangkang and Raktham Mektrirat

Life 2024, 14(11), 1481; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111481 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 422

Abstract

The utilization of mangosteen biomass not only solves environmental problems but also raises the value of agricultural waste. The current study aimed to evaluate the potential of mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) for enhancing the immunity and productivity of Thai native crossbred chickens on-farm. [...] Read more.

The utilization of mangosteen biomass not only solves environmental problems but also raises the value of agricultural waste. The current study aimed to evaluate the potential of mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) for enhancing the immunity and productivity of Thai native crossbred chickens on-farm. A total of 180 three-week-old chickens were divided into negative control and supplemented groups, with 1000 mg MPE/kg of diet. The safety of MPE was further confirmed by the absence of noticeable differences in mortality and biochemical parameters during the entire study period. The MPE-supplemented group displayed significant differences in the relative transcription levels of IL-10 compared to the basal diet group (p ≤ 0.01). Preslaughter body weight, average daily gain, and carcass weight in the MPE-supplemented group were higher than those in the basal diet group (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, MPE supplementation improved meat quality by enhancing the nutritional composition of protein and fat (p ≤ 0.05), as well as improving water-holding capacity, lowering boiling, and lowering grilling losses (p ≤ 0.01). These findings indicate that MPE can be an effective supplement for enhancing flock immunity, growth performance, and meat quality in poultry. This contributes to more sustainable agriculture and food security within agroecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Additives to Promote Organic and Sustainable Poultry Production)

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19 pages, 2153 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lumbar Facet Joint Disease: What, Why, and When?

by Wout Van Oosterwyck, Pieter Vander Cruyssen, Frédéric Castille, Erik Van de Kelft and Veronique Decaigny

Life 2024, 14(11), 1480; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111480 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 450

Abstract

Low back pain (LBP) affects over 60% of individuals in their lifetime and is a leading cause of disability and increased healthcare expenditure. Facet joint pain (FJP) occurs in 27% to 40% of LBP patients but is often overlooked or misdiagnosed. Additionally, there [...] Read more.

Low back pain (LBP) affects over 60% of individuals in their lifetime and is a leading cause of disability and increased healthcare expenditure. Facet joint pain (FJP) occurs in 27% to 40% of LBP patients but is often overlooked or misdiagnosed. Additionally, there is no clear correlation between the clinical examination, radiological findings, and clinical presentation, complicating the diagnosis and treatment of FJP. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the literature regarding facet joint pain and discusses the utility of medial branch blocks (MBBs) and intra-articular (IA) injections as diagnostic and therapeutic tools prior to radiofrequency ablation (RFA). RFA is considered the gold standard for managing FJP, employing techniques that include precise needle placement and stimulation parameters to disrupt pain signals. Promising alternatives such as cooled RFA and cryodenervation require further research on their long-term efficacy and safety. Endoscopic denervation and multifidus stimulation are emerging therapies that may benefit chronic LBP patients, but additional research is needed to establish their effectiveness. When conservative management fails, RFA provides significant and lasting relief in well-selected patients and has a favourable safety profile. The current literature does not support surgical interventions for FJP management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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20 pages, 3837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Secondary Intention Healing for Complex Soft-Tissue Defects Using Reprocessed Micronized Acellular Dermal Matrix

by Ha Jong Nam, Dong Gyu Kim, Je Yeon Byeon, Da Woon Lee, Jun Hyuk Kim, Se Young Kim and Hwan Jun Choi

Life 2024, 14(11), 1479; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111479 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 347

Abstract

Secondary intention healing offers an alternative when surgical options are infeasible. This study analyzed the effect of micronized acellular dermal matrices (mADMs; CGderm Matrix^®, CG Bio, Seoul, Republic of Korea) on secondary intention healing in patients with complex soft-tissue defects and [...] Read more.

Secondary intention healing offers an alternative when surgical options are infeasible. This study analyzed the effect of micronized acellular dermal matrices (mADMs; CGderm Matrix^®, CG Bio, Seoul, Republic of Korea) on secondary intention healing in patients with complex soft-tissue defects and assessed mADMs’ efficacy in promoting secondary healing and improving clinical outcomes in these challenging cases. This retrospective study included 26 patients treated with sheet-type reprocessed mADMs between August 2022 and December 2022 at Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital. Patients with full-thickness skin defects classified as complex wounds were included. Data on demographics, wound characteristics, and treatment outcomes were collected and analyzed. Wound area was measured using ImageJ software, and statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS. The application of mADMs resulted in a median wound area reduction of 81.35%, demonstrating its significant efficacy in wound healing. Most patients presented with compromised vascular supply, significant tissue loss, or infections that precluded conventional surgical interventions. No significant correlations were observed between patient variables and wound-healing outcomes, indicating the complex nature of wound healing. mADMs effectively promote secondary intention healing by providing a supportive extracellular matrix scaffold that enhances epithelialization and angiogenesis. Their rapid absorption, ease of handling, and ability to improve wound tensile strength make them particularly suitable for complex wounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery to Improve Quality of Life)

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10 pages, 804 KiB

Open AccessReview

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Game Charger in the Field?

by Georgia Doumani, Panagiotis Theofilis, Vasilis Tsimihodimos and Rigas G. Kalaitzidis

Life 2024, 14(11), 1478; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111478 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 406

Abstract

Kidney disease is a public health epidemic affecting 10% of the population worldwide with a constantly rising incidence, and it is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic complex condition with a rising incidence worldwide. [...] Read more.

Kidney disease is a public health epidemic affecting 10% of the population worldwide with a constantly rising incidence, and it is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic complex condition with a rising incidence worldwide. T2DM remains the principal cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is related to a high risk for cardiovascular (CV) events, end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), and, overall, considerable morbidity and mortality. In the past few decades, various therapeutic treatments have targeted the culprit pathways for slowing CKD progression, with partial success. Thus, despite new advances in patients’ treatment, progressive loss of kidney function or death from T2DM and CKD complications compel new therapeutic pathways. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone-system-blocking agents have been the only treatment until recently. On top of this, sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors along with finerenone showed an impressive ability to reduce the progression of kidney disease and cardiovascular events in diabetic patients with CKD. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) can play a special role and could be a game changer in this field. The latest FLOW trial confirmed multiple favorable clinical effects on renal, cardiovascular, and survival outcomes among high-risk patients treated with semaglutide and supports a significant therapeutic role for GLP-1RAs in this population, although larger-scale evaluation of their risks is needed, given their increasing use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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14 pages, 1972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Ochratoxin A in Maize and Its Potential Impact on Avian Pathology in Romanian Farms

by Silviu-Ionut Beia, Violeta Alexandra Ion, Elvira Gagniuc, Oana-Crina Bujor, Elena Ştefania Ivan, Andreea Barbu, Elena Pitoiu, Violeta Elena Beia and Liliana Bădulescu

Life 2024, 14(11), 1477; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111477 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 416

Abstract

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin that commonly contaminates maize, posing significant health risks to both poultry and humans. In this study, a rapid and sensitive method utilizing ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (UPLC-FLD) was developed for the quantification of [...] Read more.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin that commonly contaminates maize, posing significant health risks to both poultry and humans. In this study, a rapid and sensitive method utilizing ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (UPLC-FLD) was developed for the quantification of OTA levels in maize. The method utilizes immunoaffinity column purification for improved specificity. Accuracy and precision were validated in line with European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL-MP) guidelines, meeting regulatory standards for linearity, trueness, detection and quantification limits, precision, and uncertainty, as per European Commission Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006 and its amendments. The method demonstrated an average recovery rate of 116.78% for maize, with RSD_wR values (within-laboratory reproducibility) of 12.72%. Furthermore, OTA occurrence and its possible effects were investigated in several farms in South Romania, where necropsy and histopathological analyses of poultry revealed severe kidney damage, including renal tubular degeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Pathology and Veterinary Anatomy: 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 896 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Streptococcus agalactiae in Women of Childbearing Age Presenting Urinary Tract Infections from Western Romania

by Constantin Catalin Marc, Monica Susan, Sergiu Adrian Sprintar, Monica Licker, Daniela Adriana Oatis, Daniela Teodora Marti, Razvan Susan, Laura Corina Nicolescu, Alin Gabriel Mihu, Tudor Rares Olariu and Delia Muntean

Life 2024, 14(11), 1476; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111476 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 540

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common bacterial infection in women of childbearing age. Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus—GBS), a rare causative pathogen of UTIs in this population, is particularly important due to the potential risk during pregnancy, when it can lead [...] Read more.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common bacterial infection in women of childbearing age. Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus—GBS), a rare causative pathogen of UTIs in this population, is particularly important due to the potential risk during pregnancy, when it can lead to life-threatening neonatal infections. The current study analyzed 17,273 urine samples collected from consecutive women aged 18–45 years from Arad County, Western Romania. A total of 2772 samples tested positive for UTIs. In 130 cases, GBS was identified as the causative agent. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that women aged 25–34 years were more likely to test positive for GBS than those aged 18–24 years (cOR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.07–3.43, p = 0.03). Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that all GBS strains were fully sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin, and vancomycin. High resistance was observed for clindamycin (77.34%) and tetracycline (88.46%). While GBS was found to be a rare pathogen in UTIs, our results underscore the importance of monitoring GBS in women of childbearing age, especially due to its risks during pregnancy, and emphasize the need for appropriate antibiotic management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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Open AccessReview

Peritoneal Catheters Malposition/Dysfunction and Their Approach with Catheterography and Radiologic Manipulation in Peritoneal Dialysis: A Minireview and Case Series

by Martina Cacciapuoti, Anna Basso, Lucia Federica Stefanelli, Federico Nalesso and Lorenzo A. Calò

Life 2024, 14(11), 1475; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111475 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 353

Abstract

Peritoneal catheter dysfunction is one of the most frequent complications of peritoneal dialysis. The malposition of a peritoneal catheter may cause one- or two-way obstruction with fluid outflow or inflow problems, large residual volumes, and, therefore, reduced ultrafiltration and sometimes abdominal pain. Standard [...] Read more.

Peritoneal catheter dysfunction is one of the most frequent complications of peritoneal dialysis. The malposition of a peritoneal catheter may cause one- or two-way obstruction with fluid outflow or inflow problems, large residual volumes, and, therefore, reduced ultrafiltration and sometimes abdominal pain. Standard procedures may often fail to solve the dysfunction. Catheterography is an interventional radiologic procedure based on the infusion under aseptic conditions of iodated contrast into the peritoneal catheter, followed by the introduction of a guidewire into the catheter for guidewire manipulation. The available literature about catheterography is quite scarce and mainly based on case reports, case series, and small retrospective studies. In this minireview, we describe the guidewire manipulation techniques explored so far and their pros and cons. In addition, four interesting cases of catheterography performed in our center are also reported. In conclusion, in this minireview, the pros and cons of catheterography have been outpointed. Radiologic manipulation of peritoneal catheters may represent an effective and safe solution for malfunctioning peritoneal catheters and may also be exploited as “bridge therapy” to laparotomy in patients temporarily unsuitable for surgery. The advantages of this procedure are that it does not require long-term hospitalization and allows immediate resume of peritoneal dialysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Progress in Peritoneal Dialysis)

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Life, Volume 14, Issue 11 (November 2024) – 159 articles

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