Sustainability

23 pages, 3734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combinations of Spent Grains as Sources of Valuable Compounds with Highly Valuable Functional and Microbial Properties

by Mukul Kumar, Anisha Anisha, Deepika Kaushik, Jasjit Kaur, Shubham Shubham, Alexandru Vasile Rusu, João Miguel Rocha and Monica Trif

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15184; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015184 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1421

Abstract

The potential of spent grains as a source of valuable compounds with various properties has gained attention. They are the by-product of the brewing process, typically resulting from the beer-making process. Five different mixed combinations of spent grains of barley, wheat, rice, maize [...] Read more.

The potential of spent grains as a source of valuable compounds with various properties has gained attention. They are the by-product of the brewing process, typically resulting from the beer-making process. Five different mixed combinations of spent grains of barley, wheat, rice, maize and finger-millet were formulated and further analyzed and compared. Barley and wheat (BW), barley and rice (BR), barley and maize (BM), and barley and finger-millets (BF) were mixed in a ratio of 1:1 (w/w) and ground into a fine powder to study their techno-functional, phytochemical and in vitro properties. The techno-functional, phytochemical and in vitro properties of barley and maize (BM) were found to be the best choice, making it a promising candidate for applications in value-added products. The WAI (water absorption index) of BM (5.03 g/g) was the highest compared to BB (3.20 g/g), BF (3.56 g/g), BR (4.10 g/g) and BW (4.33 g/g), whereas the WSI (water solubility index) and OAC (oil absorption capacity) of BM (7.06% and 1.90 g/g, respectively) were lower than BW (7.60% and 2.24 g/g, respectively), BR (8.20% and 2.30 g/g, respectively), BF (9.67% and 2.57 g/g, respectively) and BB (10.47% and 2.70 g/g, respectively). A higher percentage of inhibition of DPPH (44.14%) and high phenolic and flavonoid contents (72.39 mg GAE/gm and 66.03 mg QE/gm, respectively) were observed in BM. It also showed higher in vitro properties like amylase and lipase inhibition assay (89.05% and 62.34%, respectively) than the other combinations. The present study provides valuable information about the differences between spent grain varieties and their combinations, with potential applications in various industries. Full article

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20 pages, 4208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) Spinel as a New Efficient Magnetic Heterogeneous Fenton-like Catalyst for Wastewater Treatment

by Maria Alice Prado Cechinel, João Lucas Nicolini, Pedro Monteiro Tápia, Edgar Andrés Chavarriaga Miranda, Sarah Eller, Tiago Franco de Oliveira, Fabiano Raupp-Pereira, Oscar Rubem Klegues Montedo, Tiago Bender Wermuth and Sabrina Arcaro

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15183; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015183 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2198

Abstract

For the first time, cobalt ferrite spinel (CoFe₂O₄) was used as a catalyst in the Fenton process for Remazol Red RR dye degradation in water. CoFe₂O₄ was synthesized via gel combustion using tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane as an alternative [...] Read more.

For the first time, cobalt ferrite spinel (CoFe₂O₄) was used as a catalyst in the Fenton process for Remazol Red RR dye degradation in water. CoFe₂O₄ was synthesized via gel combustion using tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane as an alternative fuel in one step with a ratio of Ψ = 0.8. Its structural, surface optics, magnetic properties, and the optimal conditions of the Fenton reagents for dye degradation were evaluated. The saturation magnetization and remanence (Ms and Mr, respectively) for the as-prepared powder were 65.7 emu/g and 30.4 emu/g, respectively, and the coercivity (Hc) was 1243 Oe, indicating its ferromagnetic nature and suitability as a magnetic catalyst. Red Remazol RR dye degradation tests were performed using the Fenton process to evaluate the influence of the catalyst dosage and H₂O₂ concentration. The tests were performed in a batch reactor in the dark with constant agitation for 24 h. The best result was obtained using 1 g/L of catalyst with a dye degradation of 80.6%. The optimal concentration of H₂O₂ (1.0 M) resulted in 96.5% dye degradation. Nanoparticle recyclability testing indicated that the material could be satisfactorily reused as a catalyst for at least three cycles. The potential use of the CoFe₂O₄ synthesized in this study as a catalyst for dye degradation by the Fenton process was demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment for Pollution Mitigation: Latest Advances and Prospects)

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19 pages, 11810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Temperature Field Change Characteristics of Coal Gangue Dumps under the Influence of Ambient Temperature in Heat Pipe Treatment

by Jiamin Tong, Yongbo Zhang, Na Zhao, Aijing Wu, Feifei Shi and Junxing Chen

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15182; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015182 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 972

Abstract

In order to investigate the influence of ambient temperature on the temperature field of coal gangue dumps governed by heat pipes (HPs), using self-developed heat pipe and intelligent cloud monitoring software, a 1-year field test was conducted in the spontaneous combustion coal gangue [...] Read more.

In order to investigate the influence of ambient temperature on the temperature field of coal gangue dumps governed by heat pipes (HPs), using self-developed heat pipe and intelligent cloud monitoring software, a 1-year field test was conducted in the spontaneous combustion coal gangue dump of Danao liang. This study analyzed the temperature distribution changes of a spontaneous combustion coal gangue dump under different ambient temperatures, as well as the temperature changes of the coal gangue at different time scales. Correlation analysis between ambient temperature and coal gangue temperature was conducted, and a quadratic regression model was established for goodness of fit and significance testing. The results show that ambient temperature affects the distribution of the temperature field of the spontaneous combustion coal gangue dump under the action of the HPs, and the cooling effect on the high-temperature zone is stronger in autumn and winter. The daily change in coal gangue temperature at each measurement point is similar, showing a peak-shaped curve of low at night and high during the day. The inter-day changes of each measuring point have seasonal characteristics: the cooling rate of the high-temperature zone measuring point is affected by the ambient temperature; the seasonal characteristics of the low-temperature zone measuring point are more obvious than the high-temperature zone, and its daily average temperature is affected by the ambient temperature. The ambient temperature and the internal temperature of the coal gangue dump are correlated, and the quadratic regression equation has a high degree of goodness of fit and meets the F-test, indicating that the quadratic regression model can be used for the empirical regression formula of the ambient temperature and the internal temperature of the coal gangue dump. The results of this study provide some references for the sustainable development of mining environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Coal Mine Disasters Prevention)

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24 pages, 1824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Operating and Dynamic Capabilities and Their Impact on Operating and Business Performance

by Jasna Prester

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15181; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015181 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2422

Abstract

This work verified, through confirmatory factor analysis, a new measurement model for measuring dynamic capabilities based on current propositions in the literature, using a database of 1008 manufacturing sites from 16 countries. The indirect and direct effects of dynamic capabilities on ordinary capabilities [...] Read more.

This work verified, through confirmatory factor analysis, a new measurement model for measuring dynamic capabilities based on current propositions in the literature, using a database of 1008 manufacturing sites from 16 countries. The indirect and direct effects of dynamic capabilities on ordinary capabilities and operating and business performance were also checked. In particular, we tested whether there were any mediating or moderating effects between ordinary and dynamic capabilities on operating and business performance. All the tests were performed through SEM in AMOS and OLS in SPSS. Additionally, a Heckman two-step procedure was performed. The proposed measurement model shows a good fit, meaning that it can be used for further exploring the interplay of ordinary and dynamic capabilities. The mediating and moderating effects of dynamic capabilities measured showed only partial mediation and only low and nonsignificant levels of moderation, meaning that further analysis of their interrelationships on performance should be investigated. Measurement models for dynamic capabilities are especially scarce. Virtually no work deals with dynamic capabilities in the field of operations management; yet it is exactly by means of operations that one can verify the dynamic capabilities being used and what benefits they bring. Full article

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21 pages, 3592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Sustainability in Building Design: Hybrid Approaches for Evaluating the Impact of Building Orientation on Thermal Comfort in Semi-Arid Climates

by Salar Salah Muhy Al-Din, Hourakhsh Ahmad Nia and Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15180; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015180 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2504

Abstract

The evaluation of human thermal comfort inside buildings plays a pivotal role in reducing energy consumption and enhancing sustainability in the built environment. The estimation of thermal comfort is based on objective (physical factors) and subjective (psychological factors) aspects. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

The evaluation of human thermal comfort inside buildings plays a pivotal role in reducing energy consumption and enhancing sustainability in the built environment. The estimation of thermal comfort is based on objective (physical factors) and subjective (psychological factors) aspects. This study aimed to find a hybrid way to evaluate more accurate thermal comfort in the buildings as per their orientations. This study assessed the effect of building orientation on thermal comfort conditions in row houses in semi-arid climates, based on a synthesis of the predictive mean vote (PMV) model and the thermal sensation vote (TSV). For this purpose, row houses were selected in the region of this study. This study concluded that the PMV model calculates a lower thermal comfort level than the TSV method, and that the thermal comfort demand within the houses was higher than ASHRAE Standard 55. The occupants inside the houses had a lower thermal tolerance. This implied that the residents of these buildings can consume more energy during the summer, typically the harshest season. This study presented new mathematical models for occupants’ thermal comfort evaluation in the study region, depending on the building’s orientation. In both models, for assessing thermal performance during both the summer and winter seasons, east-facing buildings consistently ranked as the second-best orientation. This suggested that, overall, east-facing buildings can be considered the best choice throughout the entire year in terms of thermal comfort. This study suggested a novel indicator to evaluate the optimum building orientation in the study area in terms of thermal performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Approaches to Practice Sustainability in Architecture and Urbanism)

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17 pages, 3310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of YOLO v5 and v8 for Recognition of Safety Risk Factors at Construction Sites

by Kyunghwan Kim, Kangeun Kim and Soyoon Jeong

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15179; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015179 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3926

Abstract

The construction industry has high accident and fatality rates owing to time and cost pressures as well as hazardous working environments caused by heavy construction equipment and temporary structures. Thus, safety management at construction sites is essential, and extensive investments are made in [...] Read more.

The construction industry has high accident and fatality rates owing to time and cost pressures as well as hazardous working environments caused by heavy construction equipment and temporary structures. Thus, safety management at construction sites is essential, and extensive investments are made in management and technology to reduce accidents. This study aims to improve the accuracy of object recognition and classification that is the foundation of the automatic detection of safety risk factors at construction sites, using YOLO v5, which has been acknowledged in several studies for its high performance, and the recently released YOLO v8. Images were collected through web crawling and labeled into three classes to form the dataset. Based on this dataset, accuracy was improved by changing epochs, optimizers, and hyperparameter conditions. In each YOLO version, the highest accuracy is achieved by the extra-large model, with mAP50 test accuracies of 94.1% in v5 and 95.1% in v8. This study could be further expanded for application in various management tools at construction sites to improve the work process, quality control, and progress management in addition to safety management through the collection of more image data and automation for accuracy improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainable Construction: Construction Management and Project Planning/Controls)

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18 pages, 6328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Designing Protected Areas Management with Small Island Developing States’ Local Stakeholders: A Case from Coastal Communities of Cabo Verde

by Naya Sena, Ana Veiga, Adilson Semedo, Mara Abu-Raya, Rute Semedo, Iwao Fujii and Mitsutaku Makino

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15178; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015178 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2083

Abstract

The Small Island Developing State, Cabo Verde, is one of the most important marine biodiverse hotspots in the North Atlantic. One of its national conservation strategies has been the declaration of protected areas, and currently, the country has 47 declared protected areas and [...] Read more.

The Small Island Developing State, Cabo Verde, is one of the most important marine biodiverse hotspots in the North Atlantic. One of its national conservation strategies has been the declaration of protected areas, and currently, the country has 47 declared protected areas and only 26 have been fully implemented. The latest protected area, Baía do Inferno e Monte Angra Natural Park, is the first protected area proposed by a civil initiative, and the local people strongly support the declaration of this protected area. Therefore, this study aims to better understand the mechanisms behind strong local support, explore the lessons learned from this case and how it can help improve the implementation of other protected areas in Cabo Verde. We conducted 7 semi-structured interviews with previously identified community leaders and 480 questionnaires with the general population of the local communities. The results show that 78.6% of the questionnaire respondents chose co-management as the desired management model. We also found that non-governmental organizations and local leaders have played a crucial role in sharing knowledge with local populations and helping them to have a critical and informed view about the future implementation of the protected area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Community Development Based on Transdisciplinary Integration of Natural Resource Management Systems)

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21 pages, 11112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pixel-Based Soil Loss Estimation and Prioritization of North-Western Himalayan Catchment Based on Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)

by Shishant Gupta, Chandra Shekhar Prasad Ojha, Vijay P. Singh, Adebayo J. Adeloye and Sanjay K. Jain

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15177; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015177 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1202

Abstract

Land degradation is a noteworthy environmental risk causing water quality issues, reservoir siltation, and loss of valuable arable lands, all of which negate sustainable development. Analysis of the effect of land use changes on erosion rate and sediment yield is particularly useful to [...] Read more.

Land degradation is a noteworthy environmental risk causing water quality issues, reservoir siltation, and loss of valuable arable lands, all of which negate sustainable development. Analysis of the effect of land use changes on erosion rate and sediment yield is particularly useful to identify critical areas and define catchment-area treatment plans. This study utilized remote sensing and geographical information system/science (GIS) techniques combined with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) on a pixel basis to estimate soil loss over space and time and prioritized areas for action. The methodology was applied to the Sutlej catchment from the perspective of sedimentation of the Bhakra reservoir, which is leading to the loss of active storage capacity and performance and of the safety and efficiency of many existing hydroelectric projects in the Sutlej and its tributaries that drain the Himalayas. Soil loss estimation using RUSLE was first calibrated using data from three sites, and the calibrated model was then used to estimate catchment soil loss for 21 years (1995–2015). The number of land use/land cover (LULC) classes as 14 and the C factor as 0.63 for agriculture land were optimized using the observed data for the Sutlej catchment. Further, the linkage between soil erosivity and annual precipitation was also established. It was concluded that extensive control treatment would be necessary from the soil and water conservation point of view. Structures like check dams, terraces, bunds, and diversion drains in the upstream can overcome the issue of fragmentation of soil in the Sutlej catchment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)

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24 pages, 7874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fifteen-, Ten-, or Five Minute City? Walkability to Services Assessment: Case of Dubai, UAE

by Maram Ali, Tarig Ali, Rahul Gawai and Ahmed Elaksher

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15176; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015176 - 23 Oct 2023

Viewed by 3443

Abstract

The rapid urbanization growth in Dubai has resulted in connectivity issues and is therefore considered tremendous development pressure. That has led the local authorities to set a vision for Dubai as a 15–20 min city by 2040. In a 15 min city, all [...] Read more.

The rapid urbanization growth in Dubai has resulted in connectivity issues and is therefore considered tremendous development pressure. That has led the local authorities to set a vision for Dubai as a 15–20 min city by 2040. In a 15 min city, all services can be reached within 15 min of travel time using sustainable mobility means, including walking, cycling, or electric biking. This study aims to assess the current walkability situation within 15 min in the most significant parts of Dubai. The study considered 13 communities, including Bur-Dubai and Business Bay, which were selected to represent ungated communities and eleven major gated communities. Those neighborhoods were selected based on the developments’ socio-economic status and population density. The assessment considered 14 essential services, grouped into five categories: educational, health, social, entertainment, and religious. The data for this study was collected through desktop research, site visits, and residents’ interviews. The data layers were prepared in ArcGIS Pro 3.0, which was used to perform the network analysis. The results indicate that 28.25% of residents in the ungated neighborhoods have access to essential services within 15 min, similar to gated communities where residents rely on cars to access many services. Furthermore, results suggest that service distribution patterns and walkability infrastructure outside these communities should be developed to obtain higher walkability indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Walkable Living Environments (Volume 2))

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25 pages, 12736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation Experimental Investigations into the Mechanical Response and Failure Mechanisms of Coal–Rock Combinations

by Wenbing Guo, Yuhang Hu and Dongtao Wu

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15175; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015175 - 23 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1108

Abstract

The stability of the composite structures formed by coal pillar and roof rock is of great significance to safe production and sustainable development of coal mines. In order to explore the failure and instability mechanisms of coal–rock combinations (CRCs) with varying rock-to-coal height [...] Read more.

The stability of the composite structures formed by coal pillar and roof rock is of great significance to safe production and sustainable development of coal mines. In order to explore the failure and instability mechanisms of coal–rock combinations (CRCs) with varying rock-to-coal height ratios, uniaxial compression tests of CRCs with varying rock-to-coal height ratios were performed via laboratory tests and numerical simulation of particle flow tests, and the mechanical response and failure mechanisms of CRC were comprehensively investigated with regard to their strength, failure characteristics, crack and energy evolution. The results show that the stress thresholds for the crack initiation, uniaxial compressive strength, and elastic modulus of CRCs rose with the decreasing coal-to-rock height ratio, and the fragmentation degree of the coal samples increased with rock-to-coal height ratio. The instability and failure of CRCs are the result of the interaction between the strength of sandstone and coal at the interface and the strength of sandstone and coal far from the interface region; in addition, they are influenced by the distribution range of microfractures during the loading process. The point effect and slip effect formed by coal failure cause sandstone split failure and shear failure, respectively. The number of cracks, macrocrack length, total input energy, elastic strain energy, and dissipated strain energy all reduce first and then increase as the coal thickness reduces. CRCs still have a certain load-bearing capacity in the post-peak stage, mainly due to their strong load-bearing skeleton structure and the friction between particles in the fracturing area, which can resist external forces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Development of Coal Based Energy: Technology, Environment, Humanities, Economy, and Education)

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14 pages, 2585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomonitoring of Atmospheric PAHs and PMs Using Xanthoria parietina and Cupressus sempervirens in Bouira (Algeria)

by Fatima Benaissa, Nassima Bourfis, Fatiha Ferhoum and Isabella Annesi-Measano

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15174; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015174 - 23 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1166

Abstract

Air pollution constitutes a major environmental risk factor for living beings. Protection against such risk needs air pollution monitoring and control. Air pollution monitoring can be obtained in several ways. Amongst them, passive methods assessing cumulative exposure are of particular interest. A passive [...] Read more.

Air pollution constitutes a major environmental risk factor for living beings. Protection against such risk needs air pollution monitoring and control. Air pollution monitoring can be obtained in several ways. Amongst them, passive methods assessing cumulative exposure are of particular interest. A passive approach consisting of ambient concentrations biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using lichens and plants was used for assessment of ambient air pollution exposure in the industrial region of Oued El Berdi in Bouira (Algeria). Seven stations were chosen to take samples of lichen thalli of Xanthoria parietina and conifer scales and barks of Cupressus sempervirens in April 2018. The physiological parameters of the chlorophyll and the proline content were measured, and the atmospheric PAHs and particulate matter (PM) concentrations were quantified. The results show a spatial variation between the different stations and directions. The PAH concentrations accumulated in lichen range from 35 ± 3 ng/g dw to 2222 ± 376 ng/g dw and show significant differences (p = 0.017). These concentrations are higher than those found in conifer scales (18.8 ± 7 dw to 1183.5 ± 876 ng/g dw) and that found in conifer barks (7 ± 3 dw to 515.3 ± 19 ng/g dw). Significant difference between the reference stations of Tikjda and Errich and the five industrial stations of Oued El Berdi were also observed. Physiological parameters (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll ab) and proline and air pollutants accumulated (PAHs and PM) were associated. Biomonitoring allowed to show that the industrial area of Oued El Berdi was impacted by PAHs and PM, which are generated mainly by factories located there. Full article

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22 pages, 8551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clean Energy Transition through the Sustainable Exploration and Use of Lithium in Oman: Potential and Challenges

by Ashraf Mishrif and Asharul Khan

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15173; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015173 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2757

Abstract

This study is probably the first of its kind to explore the potential and challenges of developing a clean energy transition through sustainable exploration and the use of lithium in Oman’s mining industry. This study explains how growing energy and environmental concerns significantly [...] Read more.

This study is probably the first of its kind to explore the potential and challenges of developing a clean energy transition through sustainable exploration and the use of lithium in Oman’s mining industry. This study explains how growing energy and environmental concerns significantly intensify interest in electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, consequently increasing the demand for lithium exploration and production. Whereas Umm as Samim and Mahout are usually identified as major resources for a potential lithium commodity, this study uses statistical data from Oman’s National Center of Statistics and Information (NCSI) to determine the quantity and value of salt, lithium production, and sales to assess their commercial viability. The findings reveal that Oman has huge potential for lithium exploitation and production, considering the enormous quantities of spodumene and seawater salt with high-grade lithium available, developing efficient regulations and rules to protect investors’ rights, and reducing the environmental risks associated with the production and recycling of lithium-ion batteries. The realization of this potential cannot be attained until serious challenges in the country’s regulations, environmental hazards, and investment strategy are overcome. This study concludes by offering some practical and policy implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reshaping Energy, Environment, and Economy for a Carbon-Neutral and Sustainable Future)

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10 pages, 1567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating the Amount of Submerged Marine Debris Based on Fishing Vessels Using Multiple Regression Model

by Kyounghwan Song, Seunghyun Lee, Taehwan Joung, Jiwon Yu and Jongkoo Park

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15172; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015172 - 23 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1089

Abstract

The majority of marine debris is found in shallow waters; however, submerged debris accumulated at the sea bottom is affected by this kind of pollution. To mitigate the harmful effect of marine debris, we have to recognize its characteristics. However, it is hard [...] Read more.

The majority of marine debris is found in shallow waters; however, submerged debris accumulated at the sea bottom is affected by this kind of pollution. To mitigate the harmful effect of marine debris, we have to recognize its characteristics. However, it is hard to estimate the quantity of submerged marine debris because the monitoring of submerged marine debris requires greater cost and time compared to the monitoring of beach or coastal debris. In this study, we used the data for submerged marine debris surveyed in the sea near the Korean Peninsula from 2017 to 2020 and the data of fishing vessels passing through the areas from 2018 to 2020. In addition, the correlation of major factors affecting the amount of submerged marine debris was analyzed based on the fishing vessel data and the removal project data for submerged marine debris. Moreover, we estimated the amount of submerged marine debris based on the fishing vessels at the collection sites surveyed two or more times using a stepwise regression model. The average amount of submerged marine debris estimated by the model was 6.0 tonnes more than that by the removal project, for which the error was ~26.5% compared to the amount collected by the removal project. The estimation method for submerged marine debris developed in this study can provide crucial information for an effective collection project by suggesting areas that require a collection project for submerged marine debris based on the information of fishing vessels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Applications for Sustainable Environment)

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27 pages, 5907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-evolution of Smart Small Vehicles and Human Spatial Experiences: Case Study on Battery-Sharing Electric Two-Wheelers Experiment

by Chun-Chen Chou, Kento Yoh, Shotaro Hirokawa and Kenji Doi

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15171; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015171 - 23 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1277

Abstract

Small-format mobility services have been introduced in many cities to promote sustainable urban development. In some cities, these services are primarily seen as entertainment rather than significant transport modes. Research has studied the roles of experiential/hedonic and functional/instrumental motivations in users’ adoption intent [...] Read more.

Small-format mobility services have been introduced in many cities to promote sustainable urban development. In some cities, these services are primarily seen as entertainment rather than significant transport modes. Research has studied the roles of experiential/hedonic and functional/instrumental motivations in users’ adoption intent for such services. However, there is still a limited understanding of how actual spatial experiences of mobility travels shape travel behaviors. This study explores the role of spatial experience in mobility travels. Specifically, the research question revolves around whether better spatial knowledge leads to better spatial experiences, thereby satisfying users’ functional/instrumental and experiential/hedonic values for mobility trips. Additionally, we examine how spatial knowledge affects travel behaviors regarding trip chaining and vehicle charging. To assess road users’ spatial knowledge, we use sketch maps to examine changes after three months of using battery-sharing two-wheelers. A mixed-methods approach and multiple data sources are employed to provide deeper insights, including sketch maps, questionnaire surveys on attitudes, and a panel data analysis on activity-travel patterns. The results indicate that spatial experience significantly influences perceived values and, consequently, travel behaviors. Improved knowledge leads to greater satisfaction with mobility travel. Furthermore, an interaction effect is found between cognitive distance and cognitive direction concerning users’ satisfaction with the driving range and charging issues of electric vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Sustainable Transport and Urban Design for Smart Cities)

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22 pages, 6993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Potential of Utilizing Aquatic Macrophytes for Enhanced Phytoremediation of Zinc in Artificial Wastewater: Characteristics and Parameter Studies

by Hui Wun Tan, Yean Ling Pang, Steven Lim, Woon Chan Chong, Chin Wei Lai and Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15170; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015170 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1374

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution due to industrialization can threaten the surrounding environment and living organisms. Phytoremediation is a green technique that uses hyperaccumulator plants to eliminate or decrease heavy metals in polluted water bodies. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes [...] Read more.

Heavy metal pollution due to industrialization can threaten the surrounding environment and living organisms. Phytoremediation is a green technique that uses hyperaccumulator plants to eliminate or decrease heavy metals in polluted water bodies. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in morphology of Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) and Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) before and after phytoremediation of zinc (Zn) by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The SEM images showed the formation of small granular aggregates on the surfaces of the leaf and root. EDX results confirmed the uptake of Zn metal, especially in the plant roots. The FTIR spectra showed the Zn metal binding with several characteristic functional groups (O-H, C-H and C=O bonds). Different parameters were also studied to optimize the Zn uptake rate. Water lettuce achieved 80.1% phytoremediation of Zn after 5 days at optimum conditions (10 ppm of Zn, 6 ppm of sodium chloride and natural solution pH). Meanwhile, water hyacinth reached up to 88% when increasing the sodium chloride up to 9 ppm. In conclusion, Zn phytoremediation using both plants can be a potential remediation method for improving the quality of water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Bioenergy Production and Biomass Waste Reutilization)

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22 pages, 951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Blockchain-Based Solution for Diploma Management in Universities

by Mihai Caramihai and Irina Severin

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15169; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015169 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1854

Abstract

Diplomas are of particular importance in society, as they serve as official proof of education. Therefore, it is not surprising that counterfeits of such documents have become common. Thus, employers usually have to verify diplomas manually with the issuer. In line with the [...] Read more.

Diplomas are of particular importance in society, as they serve as official proof of education. Therefore, it is not surprising that counterfeits of such documents have become common. Thus, employers usually have to verify diplomas manually with the issuer. In line with the principles of social responsibility (accountability, transparence, ethical behavior, respect of stakeholders’ interest), ensure inclusive and equitable quality education (SDG 4) become a priority for universities. Blockchain technology creates opportunities to surmount these obstacles because it has revolutionized the way people interact with each other. For that purpose, a total of 147 students from a technical university in Romania answered questionnaires to determine how familiar they are with blockchain concepts and what they think about the implementation of this technology. Further, structured interviews were conducted with education and ICT experts to determine the main advantages and disadvantages, applications, and needs for adopting blockchain technology. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to explore the influence of blockchain on education through the assessment of 69 variables. The final part contains the consequences of the analysis’s findings and potential future advancements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)

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22 pages, 2422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fostering Collective Action in a Village-Tank Cascade-Based Community in Sri Lanka: An Illusion or Reality?

by I.D.K.S.D. Ariyawanshe, Miho Fujimura, A.H.M.S.W.B. Abeyrathne and Tsuji Kazunari

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15168; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015168 - 23 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1566

Abstract

Collective action has inevitable importance for sustainable governance of shared resource systems with interactions across multiple social and spatial scales. Village irrigation tanks in Sri Lanka have been recognized as shared resource systems sustainably managed through the collective action of local communities throughout [...] Read more.

Collective action has inevitable importance for sustainable governance of shared resource systems with interactions across multiple social and spatial scales. Village irrigation tanks in Sri Lanka have been recognized as shared resource systems sustainably managed through the collective action of local communities throughout history. Increased population pressure on shared resources and expanded socio-economic relationships over time have led to extended resource-based interactions between people. This occurred beyond village tanks within the broader scale of Village-Tank-Cascade Systems (VTCS), in which village tanks are constituent sub-units. This demands the cross-scale collective action of local communities for sustainable governance of VTCS, which has become a challenging endeavor in the current context. This case study explores the dynamics of collective action across multiple social and spatial scales within a VTCS by identifying existing collective action arenas, drivers, and limitations for the local community to engage in collective action through a mixed-methods approach with reference to the Medde Rambewa cascade system in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Findings reveal that collective action arenas of VTCS-based local communities occur in response to common challenges posed by disturbed environmental equilibria and as a part of people’s lifestyle, with outcomes contributing to climate change adaptation, livelihood support, risk or emergency preparedness, and promoting social identity. Economic incentives, rules, and fines imposed by Farmers’ Organizations (FOs) were found to be drivers of currently adopted collective activities at the scale of village tanks. While collective action prevails beyond the scale of individual village tanks when governed by community institutions, shared resource uses, and social relationships among actors, individualistic resource uses occur in the absence of legitimate regulatory mechanisms. The study highlights the need for legitimate, scale-sensitive solutions to long-overdue common problems experienced by VTCS-based communities in order to foster meaningful collective action on a broader scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)

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16 pages, 5283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Embodied Carbon Comparison in Lightweight Building Structure Frames: A Case Study

by Bin Huang, Ke Xing and Rameez Rameezdeen

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15167; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015167 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1874

Abstract

Structural components represent major contributors to embodied carbon emissions of buildings. While there have been numerous research efforts dedicated to modelling and assessing the embodied carbon impact of buildings, there is a conspicuous gap in research that concurrently examines various material options in [...] Read more.

Structural components represent major contributors to embodied carbon emissions of buildings. While there have been numerous research efforts dedicated to modelling and assessing the embodied carbon impact of buildings, there is a conspicuous gap in research that concurrently examines various material options in building structural designs, accounting for technical, economic, and carbon implications. In this study, an integrated approach is applied to assess the embodied carbon and life cycle cost impacts of three different building structures, i.e., timber-framed (TF), steel-framed (SF), and the timber–steel composite (TSCF) framed, scaffolded with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations for a strength and stability analysis of different design options. A lightweight frame-structured residential building type is examined as the data source for the modelling and simulations. The results of a comparative scenario analysis highlight that both TF structures and TSCF structures have notable advantages over their SF counterparts for embodied carbon saving and building load reduction. Assessment results indicate that the TF design offers 35.56% embodied carbon reduction, followed by the TSCF design with 8.12% decarbonization, compared to the SF design. The lifecycle cost assessments also reveal the promising cost saving potential of TF and TSCF structures for the application, with cost savings of up to 7.93% and 4%, respectively. Meanwhile, the simulations further demonstrate that TSCF materials in particular can have significant benefits for lightweight building structures in overcoming the deflection problem of long TF components and the buckling of thin-walled SF members. The results help to identify the potential of TSCF structures to minimize the material use for a “Build with Less” through design optimization, which can lead to further embodied carbon and lifecycle cost reductions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Green Building)

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21 pages, 714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumer Attitudes toward Community Elderly Services during Negative Population Growth and Sustainable Development

by Meng Lin, Weidong Li, Yukun Cao and Liyan Shan

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15166; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015166 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1386

Abstract

In 2022, it became apparent that China had officially become a nation witnessing negative population growth. Coinciding with the emergence of an aging society, the occurrence of population sustainable development has emerged as a crucial concern for society. In recent times, community-oriented elderly [...] Read more.

In 2022, it became apparent that China had officially become a nation witnessing negative population growth. Coinciding with the emergence of an aging society, the occurrence of population sustainable development has emerged as a crucial concern for society. In recent times, community-oriented elderly care has garnered prominence and materialized as a feasible pathway for confronting the matter of familial elderly care in a society with an aging populace. This study was conducted in three provincial capital cities in different regions of China. Based on the ABC theory and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, and with reference to the research of relevant scholars, the study investigated consumers’ attitudes towards community elderly care services from the perspectives of health care services, housekeeping services, entertainment, catering services, etc., and put forward research hypotheses. The questionnaire was dimensionally reduced using factor analysis, and the hypotheses were tested using regression analysis. The findings validate that the delivery of medical provisions, domestic aid, recreational and culinary facilities, camaraderie, and counseling visits, along with bespoke services, substantially enhance consumer receptivity towards community-oriented elderly care provisions. As a result, these conclusions assume the role of valuable points of reference for entities engaged in furnishing such services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Marketing in China)

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20 pages, 4875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordination Analysis of Urban Forest and Urban Development Level: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration, China

by Ruoyi Chen, Xiaochen Cui and Yidong Lei

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15165; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015165 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1128

Abstract

With the rapid development of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, sustainability and high-quality development have become the key paths to regional development. The urban forest, referring to the sum of trees, forests, and green space in an urban area, provides a series [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, sustainability and high-quality development have become the key paths to regional development. The urban forest, referring to the sum of trees, forests, and green space in an urban area, provides a series of ecological benefits and economic values and is essential to the urban ecological system. In the post-urbanization period, the integrated development of urban forests and the city is attached with great importance to long-term development. From the perspective of regional and coordinated development, this research constructed an evaluation index system of urban development and urban forest development. Then, a comprehensive evaluation model and coordination degree model were adopted to systematically study the temporal and spatial characteristics and policy influencing factors on the coordination degree between urban development and urban forest development in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2005 to 2021. The results showed that from 2005 to 2021, urban development displayed continuous growth, while urban forest development exhibited a fluctuating increase and the level of urban forest generally lagged behind that of urban development. From 2005 to 2021, the coordination degree of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration showed a fluctuating trend, of which the maximum value was 0.999 in 2012, the minimum value was 0.730 in 2021, and the coordination degrees were all at the level of good coordination or high-quality coordination except for 2021. In terms of spatial distribution, three provinces and one city all showed a fluctuating increase at first, followed by a downward trend, while Shanghai showed the highest coordination level. From the perspective of policy on urban forests, the Shanghai government showed the best effort, while the Jiangsu government still needs improvement. This research provides a scientific basis for coordinating the relationship between urban development and the environment and for realizing regional sustainable and high-quality development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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15 pages, 2973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Alfalfa Crop Rotation on Soil Nutrients and Loss of Soil and Nutrients in Semi-Arid Regions

by Ang Li, Yingzhen Wu, Xisheng Tai, Suzhen Cao and Tianpeng Gao

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15164; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015164 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1320

Abstract

Soil desertification is an important factor leading to soil degradation and environmental problems such as atmospheric or water pollution. Conservation agriculture, such as crop rotation and conservation tillage, can reduce soil erosion and nutrient loss caused by wind in semi-arid regions. However, the [...] Read more.

Soil desertification is an important factor leading to soil degradation and environmental problems such as atmospheric or water pollution. Conservation agriculture, such as crop rotation and conservation tillage, can reduce soil erosion and nutrient loss caused by wind in semi-arid regions. However, the relationships between the loss of soil and nutrients and surface vegetation characteristics are frequently obtained according to a short-term simulation experiment, which makes the application of the conclusions limited. In this study, we conducted a 4-year field experiment continuously with three crop rotations, i.e., spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cropping, and fallow when previous rapeseed crops (Brassica napus L.) were being harvested; measured the surface vegetation characteristics, soil nutrients, and loss of soil and nutrients caused by wind; and analyzed their variations and quantitative relations. The findings of this study indicated that the coverage, height, and biomass of the aboveground vegetation in three rotations in the spring and autumn had significant differences, and the rank order was fallow field < wheat field < alfalfa field. With the extension of growing years, the soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) of a 0–5 cm soil layer all increased to varying degrees and had significant differences among the rotations during the late stages of the experiment (p < 0.05), while the changes in the total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) were small, and their values had decreasing trends. The available nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) decreased first and then increased during the experimental period, while the available potassium (AK) had an increasing tendency. The increase in soil nutrients in the alfalfa field was the highest during the whole experiment period, while the loss of soil and nutrients (SOC, TN, TP, and TK) was the lowest, followed by the wheat and fallow fields. There were significant negative correlations between the surface vegetation characteristics and the loss of soil and nutrients (p < 0.01), while the correlations between soil loss and the loss of soil nutrients were significantly positive. In summary, alfalfa crop rotation can obviously reduce the loss of soil and nutrients in semi-arid areas, which is conducive to the sustainability of agroecosystems. Full article

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25 pages, 2191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of the Taguchi Method with Grey Relational Analysis for Nanofluid-Phase Change-Optimized Parameter Design at a Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Thermal Composite Module for Small Households

by Dong-Kai Liu, Chien-Chun Hsieh, Ting-Wei Liao and Chung-Feng Jeffrey Kuo

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15163; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015163 - 23 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1031

Abstract

This study aims to optimize the process parameters of the nanofluid-phase change-solar photovoltaic thermal (nanofluid-PCM-PV/T) composite module. In particular, the organic paraffin was selected as a phase change material, while water, CuO, and Al₂O₃ were selected as nanofluids. The TRNSYS [...] Read more.

This study aims to optimize the process parameters of the nanofluid-phase change-solar photovoltaic thermal (nanofluid-PCM-PV/T) composite module. In particular, the organic paraffin was selected as a phase change material, while water, CuO, and Al₂O₃ were selected as nanofluids. The TRNSYS 16.0 software was employed to model and analyze the composite module. The Taguchi method with the main effect analysis (MEA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the orthogonal table were established to investigate the impact of each control factor on the power generation and heat storage efficiency. Grey relational analysis (GRA) was adopted to obtain the parameters for multi-quality optimization. The result showed that the power generation efficiency in this study was 14.958%, and the heat storage efficiency was 64.764%. Meanwhile, in the conventional PV/T module, the former was 12.74%, and the latter was 34.06%, respectively. Verification results showed that the confidence intervals of both single-quality and multi-quality optimization parameter sets were within 95%. The errors of the results from both theoretical simulation and real testing were smaller than 5%. In the case of a generally small family of four members using electric/water heaters, the rooftop module in this study was more efficient than the typical rooftop PV/T by 25.04%. The former’s investment recovery period was lower than 0.81 years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Saving Building Envelopes)

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15 pages, 7017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Is “Success” Defined and Evaluated in Landscape Architecture—A Collective Case Study of Landscape Architecture Performance Evaluation Approaches in New Zealand

by Guanyu Chen, Jacky Bowring and Shannon Davis

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15162; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015162 - 23 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1139

Abstract

This study examines landscape performance evaluation practices in New Zealand by analysing a representative set of evaluation cases using a “sequential” case study approach. The aim is to map the methodological terrain and understand how “success” is defined and assessed in these evaluations. [...] Read more.

This study examines landscape performance evaluation practices in New Zealand by analysing a representative set of evaluation cases using a “sequential” case study approach. The aim is to map the methodological terrain and understand how “success” is defined and assessed in these evaluations. This study identifies different evaluation models, including goal, satisfaction, and norm models, and explores the evaluation methods employed. This study also reveals a correlation between funding sources and evaluation outcomes, with stakeholder-funded evaluations more likely to yield positive results. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive evaluations that adopt appropriate and sufficient models and the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration for robust evaluation practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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15 pages, 20132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Red Mud Leachate on the Microstructure of Fly Ash-Modified Red Clay Anti-Seepage Layer under Permeation

by Yibo Zhang, Yulong Wang, Yue Yu, Hongkang Hu, Hao Qin and Daoping Peng

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15161; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015161 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1041

Abstract

In recent years, the ecological safety issues of red mud tailings ponds have been frequent, with problems such as the seepage damage of anti-seepage materials at the bottom of tailings ponds, failure of anti-seepage systems, and leakage of pollutants. In order to deeply [...] Read more.

In recent years, the ecological safety issues of red mud tailings ponds have been frequent, with problems such as the seepage damage of anti-seepage materials at the bottom of tailings ponds, failure of anti-seepage systems, and leakage of pollutants. In order to deeply analyze the influence of red mud (RM) leachate on the microstructure of the modified red clay (RC) anti-seepage layer, this article explores the influence characteristics of strong alkaline RM leachate on the microstructure of a modified RC anti-seepage layer under actual working conditions through a combination of permeability tests and microscopic characterization. The results showed that as the RM leachate permeation time increased, varying changes occurred in the permeability coefficient of the modified RC with different FA contents, among which the permeability coefficient of the modified RC with an 8% FA content showed a significant decreasing trend, reaching 5.98 × 10⁻¹¹ m/s after stabilization. After permeation, numerous small pores were generated in the modified clay; furthermore, the small particles of the FA-modified clay were significantly reduced compared to pure clay. As the permeation time increased, the 8% FA-modified RC showed a phenomenon of first increasing and then decreasing in specific surface area, with a small change from 27.71 m²/g to 27.52 m²/g, indicating that this sample had high stability and the specific surface area was not significantly affected by permeation. This is mainly caused by the influence of gelling materials produced by the pozzolanic reaction and activation effect upon FA addition. The soil structure became more compact at the microscopic level with increasing FA content, resulting in particle aggregation, increased specific surface area, and narrowed small-pore size distribution. After 60 days of permeation, the single-shoulder peak of the 8% FA-modified RC was still the lowest at about 0.30 dV/dr. Compared to other samples, the pore size was smaller and less affected by the leachate. Overall, the microstructure of the 8% FA-modified RC was less affected by the leachate. This study provides an explanatory basis for the macroscopic mechanical phenomena by analyzing the influence of microstructure. It further provides a reference for studying the selection of anti-seepage materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management and Remediation of Landfills)

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29 pages, 5314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Performance Investigation of Single- and Double-Nozzle Pulse Mode Minimum Quantity Lubrication Systems in Turning Super-Duplex Steel Using a Weighted Pugh Matrix Sustainable Approach

by Soumikh Roy, Ramanuj Kumar, Amlana Panda, Ashok Kumar Sahoo, Mohammad Rafighi and Diptikanta Das

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15160; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015160 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1964

Abstract

This study investigates the performance comparison of machining of UNS S32750 super-duplex stainless steel under single- and double-nozzle pulse mode minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions. The pulse mode MQL system delivers lubricant pulses at specific intervals. The Taguchi L₉ design, with three [...] Read more.

This study investigates the performance comparison of machining of UNS S32750 super-duplex stainless steel under single- and double-nozzle pulse mode minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions. The pulse mode MQL system delivers lubricant pulses at specific intervals. The Taguchi L₉ design, with three factors and their three levels, was taken to perform the CNC turning experiments under both single-nozzle and double-nozzle MQL cooling environments. The surface roughness (Ra), tool-flank wear (VB), tool-flank temperature (Tf), power consumption (Pc), and material removal rate (MRR) are evaluated and compared as performance indicators. In comparison to single-nozzle MQL, the responses of Ra, VB, Tf, and Pc were found to be decreased by 11.16%, 21.24%, 7.07%, and 3.16% under double-nozzle conditions, respectively, whereas MRR was found to be 18.37% higher under double-nozzle conditions. The MQL pulse time was found to be an important variable that affects Ra, VB, Tf, and MRR significantly. Under both cooling scenarios, common wears such as abrasion, built-up edges, adhesion, and notch wear are detected. Furthermore, the Pugh matrix-based sustainability evaluation results revealed that the double-nozzle MQL technique was superior to single-nozzle MQL, achieving improved sustainability for machining super-duplex stainless steel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Machining Processes and Technologies)

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21 pages, 362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Driving Sustainable Consumption in Azerbaijan: Comparison of Generation X, Generation Y and Generation Z

by Mubariz Mammadli

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15159; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015159 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1973

Abstract

The importance of sustainable consumption requires understanding and studying the factors that influence consumer preferences. This study contributes to the understanding of intergenerational differences in the factors that drive consumers toward sustainable consumption in Azerbaijan. In this research, 200 sustainable consumers were first [...] Read more.

The importance of sustainable consumption requires understanding and studying the factors that influence consumer preferences. This study contributes to the understanding of intergenerational differences in the factors that drive consumers toward sustainable consumption in Azerbaijan. In this research, 200 sustainable consumers were first interviewed and the factors that pushed them to sustainable consumption were listed. According to the answers received, these factors were ecological concerns, health concerns and subjective norms. Based on these approaches, a survey was conducted among 1380 sustainable consumers in 2022 and analyzed which of these factors had the greater impact among Generations X, Y and Z. The results obtained using ANOVA revealed that ecological and health issues differed across generations, while subjective norms did not vary across generations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Growth and Pathways of Poverty Eradication)

19 pages, 1667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Changes in Inter-Industrial Linkages and Economic Effects of Coal Industry in China Using Input–Output Model

by Zian Chen and Sunhee Suk

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15158; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015158 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1456

Abstract

This research quantifies the inter-industrial linkages (forward linkages and backward linkages) and economic effects (production-inducing effects and supply-shortage effects) and their changes through the input–output analysis of China’s coal industry in different time periods (2005, 2010, 2015, 2020). The results show that, from [...] Read more.

This research quantifies the inter-industrial linkages (forward linkages and backward linkages) and economic effects (production-inducing effects and supply-shortage effects) and their changes through the input–output analysis of China’s coal industry in different time periods (2005, 2010, 2015, 2020). The results show that, from an overall point of view, the linkages (backward and forward) between the coal industry and other industries, as well as the economic effects of the coal sector, have tended to weaken in recent years, and both of these indicators for the coal sector in 2020 are weaker than the levels in 2005. However, individual sectors differ from the overall trend: the non-metal mineral products sector has shown an upward trend in recent years in the degree of total demand for coal sector products and the degree of influence by supply shortages in the coal sector, while these two indicators for the construction sector have been on an upward trend since 2005; the electricity, heat production, and supply sector has shown an upward trend in recent years in the degree of influence by supply shortages in the coal sector. Based on the analytical results of this study, some policy insights are provided for China’s low-carbon transition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Saving, Low Carbon and Sustainable Economy)

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26 pages, 1852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Integration of Solar Energy, Behavior Change, and Recycling Practices in Educational Institutions: A Holistic Framework for Environmental Conservation and Quality Education

by Abdulrahman Altassan

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15157; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015157 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 11123

Abstract

Environmental sustainability in educational institutions is a critical concern for addressing global challenges. This research presents a comprehensive framework for sustainable energy conservation, behavior change, and recycling practices in schools, with the aim of fostering environmental consciousness among students and enhancing overall educational [...] Read more.

Environmental sustainability in educational institutions is a critical concern for addressing global challenges. This research presents a comprehensive framework for sustainable energy conservation, behavior change, and recycling practices in schools, with the aim of fostering environmental consciousness among students and enhancing overall educational quality. The framework integrates solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, encouraging students’ participation in their maintenance while repurposing collected water for plant irrigation and using organic waste as a natural fertilizer. By creating a micro-ecosystem within schools, the approach cultivates a generation of environmentally aware individuals who actively contribute to environmental stewardship. The framework aligns with Saudi Arabia’s 2030 vision of improving quality of life and increasing green surfaces. It promotes environmental awareness, facilitates clean energy adoption, and reduces operational costs. The role of municipalities and recycling bodies is crucial for its successful execution, involving waste management support, educational programs, and regulatory compliance. Through collaboration between schools, municipalities, and recycling bodies, the framework aims to create a culture of sustainability. It envisions students as advocates, gaining experiential knowledge in renewable energy technologies and waste management. This research offers a roadmap for schools to integrate solar energy, behavior change, and recycling practices, positioning them as leaders in environmental stewardship. The framework underscores the importance of collaborative efforts, financial support, and awareness campaigns. By embracing this comprehensive approach, schools can play a pivotal role in mitigating climate change, promoting sustainable living, and inspiring a brighter future for generations to come. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy Technologies, Opportunities, Challenges, and Promising Solutions)

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23 pages, 1344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Digitalization on Process Optimization and Decision-Making towards Sustainability: The Moderating Role of Environmental Regulation

by Yixuan Peng, Sayed Fayaz Ahmad, Muhammad Irshad, Muna Al-Razgan, Yasser A. Ali and Emad Marous Awwad

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15156; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015156 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4474

Abstract

Digitalization has brought a significant improvement in process optimization and decision-making processes, in particular in pursuing the goal of sustainability. This study examines how digitalization has affected process optimization and decision-making towards sustainability, focusing on Pakistan’s manufacturing sector. This study also examines the [...] Read more.

Digitalization has brought a significant improvement in process optimization and decision-making processes, in particular in pursuing the goal of sustainability. This study examines how digitalization has affected process optimization and decision-making towards sustainability, focusing on Pakistan’s manufacturing sector. This study also examines the moderating role of environmental regulations between digitalization and sustainable practices. This study is based on quantitative methodology. Purposive sampling was used to gather primary data from 554 managers and engineers working in manufacturing industries in Pakistan through a closed-ended questionnaire. Smart PLS was used for data analysis. The findings show digitalization’s positive and significant influence on process optimization and decision-making. The results also show that environmental regulations have a significant moderating effect on the digitalization of processes and decision-making towards sustainability practices. The findings provide a guideline for industries, decision-makers, and researchers for developing strategies that effectively use digitalization for sustainability and assist in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SGD-9, SGD-11, SGD-12, and SGD-13). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Production & Operations Management)

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19 pages, 6025 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Predictive Torque Distribution Control System to Enhance Stability and Energy Efficiency in Electric Vehicles

by Arash Mousaei and Yahya Naderi

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15155; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015155 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1586

Abstract

This article presents a novel approach to address the critical issues of stable rotation and energy efficiency in electric vehicles (EVs). To achieve these objectives, we propose a comprehensive control system that leverages the power of optimization through optimal predictive control methods. The [...] Read more.

This article presents a novel approach to address the critical issues of stable rotation and energy efficiency in electric vehicles (EVs). To achieve these objectives, we propose a comprehensive control system that leverages the power of optimization through optimal predictive control methods. The central idea revolves around minimizing the predicted tracking error for future time steps by intelligently determining control inputs. In this innovative approach, we emphasize the dynamic adjustment of weight coefficients and optimization of wheel torque to strike a delicate balance between energy consumption and enhanced vehicle stability. The result is an adept controller that not only ensures vehicle stability but also significantly reduces energy consumption. Given the inherent limitations of electric motors, especially in terms of torque during vehicle operation, and the growing importance of energy conservation, our method tailors weight coefficients to generate optimal wheel torque. This ensures that the electric motors operate within their power range, thereby minimizing energy consumption and extending the overall efficiency of EVs. The combination of stable rotation and energy efficiency offered by this control system represents a promising step forward in the realm of electric vehicles, making them more sustainable and environmentally friendly while maintaining the high standards of performance and safety that consumers expect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Traffic and Mobility)

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