Next Issue
Volume 16, November
Previous Issue
Volume 16, September
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
7.3
3.8
Journals
Viruses
Volume 16
Issue 10
share announcement

Viruses, Volume 16, Issue 10 (October 2024) – 140 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Expansion microscopy, a technique that physically enlarges samples using a swellable hydrogel before imaging, has recently gained attention for its capabilities in high-resolution imaging of biological structures. However, its application in the field of virology remains limited. In this study, we evaluate the ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) protocol, which achieves roughly four-fold sample expansion, to visualize various post-entry stages of the HIV-1 life cycle. Our findings demonstrate that U-ExM effectively preserves and expands samples across a diverse range of cellular targets, including both infected and uninfected cell-culture-adapted and primary cells. We therefore believe that U-ExM represents a significant advancement for studying virus–host interactions with enhanced spatial resolution. View this paper
  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Section
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
12 pages, 2859 KiB  
Case Report
Inflammasome-Driven Fatal Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Triggered by Mild COVID-19
by Vivian Chih-Wei Chen, Craig Ryan Joseph, Wharton O. Y. Chan, Wan Rong Sia, Qi Su, Xin Xiu Sam, Hemavathi Tamilarasan, Yun Yan Mah, Wei Lun Ng, Joe Yeong, Lin-Fa Wang, Thinesh L. Krishnamoorthy, Wei-Qiang Leow, Matae Ahn and Wan Cheng Chow
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1646; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101646 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1134
Abstract
Inflammasome is linked to many inflammatory diseases, including COVID-19 and autoimmune liver diseases. While severe COVID-19 was reported to exacerbate liver failure, we report a fatal acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in a stable primary biliary cholangitis-autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome patient triggered by a [...] Read more.
Inflammasome is linked to many inflammatory diseases, including COVID-19 and autoimmune liver diseases. While severe COVID-19 was reported to exacerbate liver failure, we report a fatal acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in a stable primary biliary cholangitis-autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome patient triggered by a mild COVID-19 infection. Postmortem liver biopsy showed sparse SARS-CoV-2-infected macrophages with extensive ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) speck-positive hepatocytes, correlating with elevated circulating ASC specks and inflammatory cytokines, and depleted blood monocyte subsets, indicating widespread liver inflammasome activation. This first report of a fatal inflammatory cascade in an autoimmune liver disease triggered by a mild remote viral infection hopes to elucidate a less-described pathophysiology of ACLF that could prompt consideration of new diagnostic and therapeutic options. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Inflammasomes - Key Players in Antiviral Response)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 650 KiB  
Project Report
Benchmarking of an Intervention Aiming at the Micro-Elimination of Hepatitis C in Vulnerable Populations in Perpignan, France, to Inform Scale-Up and Elimination on the French Territory
by Gordana Avramovic, Laura O’Doherty, Tina McHugh, Andre Jean Remy, Arnaud Happiette, Hakim Bouchkira, Philippe Murat, Olivier Scemama, Adrien Esclade, Maria Isabel Farfan Camacho, Walter Cullen and John S. Lambert
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1645; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101645 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 589
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important cause of chronic liver disease. Among at-risk populations, access to care is challenging. The French Ministry of Health has supported a seek-and-treat pilot intervention aiming at micro-elimination in Perpignan, France, to inform scale-up of elimination efforts [...] Read more.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important cause of chronic liver disease. Among at-risk populations, access to care is challenging. The French Ministry of Health has supported a seek-and-treat pilot intervention aiming at micro-elimination in Perpignan, France, to inform scale-up of elimination efforts across the whole territory. University College Dublin (UCD) led a successful EU funded project, called HepCare, focusing on the micro-elimination of HCV. UCD was contracted to evaluate and benchmark the Perpignan results against results from HepCare. Using mixed-method approaches including qualitative interviews with patients, a focus group with healthcare professionals, and quantitative analyses of the cascade of care against results obtained at other European sites, we analyse the acceptability, reproducibility, replicability, and effectiveness of the Perpignan intervention. A total of 960 participants were recruited in the Perpignan area. HCV antibody test results were obtained for 928 (96.6%), of which 150 (15.6%) were antibody-positive. Of the antibody-positive participants, 68 (45.3%) tested positive for HCV-RNA, 141 (94%) were linked to care, and of the HCV-RNA-positive participants, 60 (88%) started treatment. Of those who underwent treatment, 34 (56.7%) completed treatment and achieved a sustained viral response (SVR) at dataset closure, 18 (30%) were still in treatment, 5 (8.3%) defaulted from treatment, and 3 (5%) had a virologic failure or died. The intervention in Perpignan was acceptable to patients, but had limitations in effectiveness, as shown in comparisons with HepCare results. To engage harder-to-reach cohorts in France, future models of care in the territory should incorporate peer support. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Elimination of Viral Hepatitis: Improving Diagnosis, Treatment and Surveillance, 2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 2645 KiB  
Article
Insights into Genetic and Antigenic Characteristics of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses Circulating in Sicily During the Surveillance Season 2023–2024: The Potential Effect on the Seasonal Vaccine Effectiveness
by Fabio Tramuto, Carmelo Massimo Maida, Giulia Randazzo, Adriana Previti, Giuseppe Sferlazza, Giorgio Graziano, Claudio Costantino, Walter Mazzucco and Francesco Vitale
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1644; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101644 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 703
Abstract
After disruption in the influenza circulation due to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the intensity of seasonal outbreaks has returned to the pre-pandemic levels. This study aimed to evaluate the evolution and variability of whole-genome sequences of A(H1N1)pdm09, the predominant influenza virus in Sicily [...] Read more.
After disruption in the influenza circulation due to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the intensity of seasonal outbreaks has returned to the pre-pandemic levels. This study aimed to evaluate the evolution and variability of whole-genome sequences of A(H1N1)pdm09, the predominant influenza virus in Sicily (Italy) during the season 2023–2024. The potential vaccine efficacy was calculated using the pepitope model based on amino acid changes in the dominant epitope of hemagglutinin. The HA gene sequences showed several amino acid substitutions, some of which were within the major antigenic sites. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Sicilian strains grouped into two main genetic clades (6B.1A.5a.2a.1 and 6B.1A.5a.2a) and several subclades. Notably, about 40% of sequences partially drifted from the WHO-recommended vaccine strain A/Victoria/4897/2022 for the Northern Hemisphere. These sequences mostly belonged to the subclades C.1.8 and C.1.9 and harboured the amino acid mutations responsible for the modest predicted vaccine efficacy (E = 38.12% of 53%, pepitope = 0) against these viruses. Amino acid substitutions in other gene segments were also found. Since influenza viruses are constantly evolving, genomic surveillance is crucial in monitoring their molecular evolution and the occurrence of genetic and antigenic changes, and, thus, their potential impact on vaccine efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

3 pages, 144 KiB  
Editorial
Roles of Macrophages in Viral Infections
by Xiao-Long Wang, Xu Wang and Wen-Zhe Ho
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1643; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101643 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 581
Abstract
Macrophages are an important component of the first-line defense against pathogens, including viruses [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Roles of Macrophages in Viral Infections)
21 pages, 2154 KiB  
Article
The HIV-1 vpr R77Q Mutant Induces Apoptosis, G2 Cell Cycle Arrest, and Lower Production of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Human CD4+ T Cells
by Antonio Solis-Leal, Dalton C. Karlinsey, Sidney T. Sithole, Jack Brandon Lopez, Amanda Carlson, Vicente Planelles, Brian D. Poole and Bradford K. Berges
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1642; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101642 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1103
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) occurs when HIV depletes CD4+ helper T cells. Some patients develop AIDS slowly or not at all, and are termed long-term non-progressors (LTNP), and while mutations in the HIV-1 Viral Protein R (vpr) gene such as R77Q [...] Read more.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) occurs when HIV depletes CD4+ helper T cells. Some patients develop AIDS slowly or not at all, and are termed long-term non-progressors (LTNP), and while mutations in the HIV-1 Viral Protein R (vpr) gene such as R77Q are associated with LTNP, mechanisms for this correlation are unclear. This study examines the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the HUT78 T cell line following infection with replication-competent wild-type strain NL4-3, the R77Q mutant, or a vpr Null mutant. Our results show a significant enhancement of apoptosis and G2 cell cycle arrest in HUT78 cells infected with R77Q, but not with WT NL4-3 or the vpr Null strain. Conversely, HUT78 cells infected with the WT virus show higher levels of necrosis. We also detected lower TNF and IL-6 release after infection with R77Q vs. WT. The apoptotic phenotype was also seen in the CEM cell line and in primary CD4+ T cells. Protein expression of the R77Q vpr variant was low compared to WT vpr, but expression levels alone cannot explain these phenotypes because the Null virus did not show apoptosis or G2 arrest. These results suggest that R77Q triggers a non-inflammatory apoptotic pathway that attenuates inflammation, possibly contributing to LTNP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 6964 KiB  
Article
Leveraging Synthetic Virology for the Rapid Engineering of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV)
by Chad M. Moles, Rupsa Basu, Peter Weijmarshausen, Brenda Ho, Manal Farhat, Taylor Flaat and Bruce F. Smith
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1641; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101641 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1546
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a prototype RNA virus that has been instrumental in advancing our understanding of viral molecular biology and has applications in vaccine development, cancer therapy, antiviral screening, and more. Current VSV genome plasmids for purchase or contract virus services [...] Read more.
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a prototype RNA virus that has been instrumental in advancing our understanding of viral molecular biology and has applications in vaccine development, cancer therapy, antiviral screening, and more. Current VSV genome plasmids for purchase or contract virus services provide limited options for modification, restricted to predefined cloning sites and insert locations. Improved methods and tools to engineer VSV will unlock further insights into long-standing virology questions and new opportunities for innovative therapies. Here, we report the design and construction of a full-length VSV genome. The 11,161 base pair synthetic VSV (synVSV) was assembled from four modularized DNA fragments. Following rescue and titration, phenotypic analysis showed no significant differences between natural and synthetic viruses. To demonstrate the utility of a synthetic virology platform, we then engineered VSV with a foreign glycoprotein, a common use case for studying viral entry and developing anti-virals. To show the freedom of design afforded by this platform, we then modified the genome of VSV by rearranging the gene order, switching the positions of VSV-P and VSV-M genes. This work represents a significant technical advance, providing a flexible, cost-efficient platform for the rapid construction of VSV genomes, facilitating the development of innovative therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3567 KiB  
Article
Reexamining the Mycovirome of Botrytis spp.
by Hugo Muñoz-Suárez, Ana Ruiz-Padilla, Livia Donaire, Ernesto Pérez Benito and María A. Ayllón
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1640; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101640 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 683
Abstract
Botrytis species cause gray mold disease in more than 200 crops worldwide. To control this disease, chemical fungicides are usually applied. However, more sustainable control alternatives should be explored, such as the use of hypovirulent mycovirus-infected fungal strains. To determine the mycovirome of [...] Read more.
Botrytis species cause gray mold disease in more than 200 crops worldwide. To control this disease, chemical fungicides are usually applied. However, more sustainable control alternatives should be explored, such as the use of hypovirulent mycovirus-infected fungal strains. To determine the mycovirome of two Botrytis species, B. cinerea and B. prunorum, we reanalyzed RNA-Seq and small RNA-Seq data using different assembly programs and an updated viral database, aiming to identify new mycoviruses that were previously not described in the same dataset. New mycoviruses were identified, including those previously reported to infect or be associated with B. cinerea and Plasmopara viticola, such as Botrytis cinerea alpha-like virus 1 and Plasmopara viticola lesion-associated ourmia-like virus 80. Additionally, two novel narnaviruses, not previously identified infecting Botrytis species, have been characterized, tentatively named Botrytis cinerea narnavirus 1 and Botrytis narnavirus 1. The analysis of small RNAs suggested that all identified mycoviruses were targeted by the antiviral fungal mechanism, regardless of the viral genome type. In conclusion, the enlarged list of newly found viruses and the application of different bioinformatics approaches have enabled the identification of novel mycoviruses not previously described in Botrytis species, expanding the already extensive list. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Viruses of Plants, Fungi and Protozoa)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

3 pages, 173 KiB  
Editorial
The State of the Art of Plant Virus Research in China
by Feng Li
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1639; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101639 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 516
Abstract
Plant viruses impose serious threats to agriculture in China and worldwide [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Plant Virus Research in China)
12 pages, 583 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of a Commercial Rapid Molecular Point-of-Care Assay for Differential Diagnosis Between SARS-CoV-2 and Flu A/B Infections in a Pediatric Setting
by Paolo Bottino, Costanza Massarino, Christian Leli, Elisabetta Scomparin, Cristina Bara, Franca Gotta, Elisa Cornaglia, Enrico Felici, Michela Gentile, Sara Ranzan, Alessia Francese, Francesca Ugo, Serena Penpa, Annalisa Roveta, Antonio Maconi and Andrea Rocchetti
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1638; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101638 - 20 Oct 2024
Viewed by 791
Abstract
Given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to identify SARS-CoV-2 and to differentiate it from other respiratory viral infections, especially influenza A and B, in various critical settings. Since their introduction, the use of rapid antigen tests has spread worldwide, but [...] Read more.
Given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to identify SARS-CoV-2 and to differentiate it from other respiratory viral infections, especially influenza A and B, in various critical settings. Since their introduction, the use of rapid antigen tests has spread worldwide, but there is variability in their diagnostic accuracy. In the present study, we evaluated the clinical performance of the ID NOW™ COVID-19 2.0, a molecular point-of-care test (POCT) based on enzymatic isothermal amplification for the differential diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A/B in a pediatric emergency setting. A cohort of pediatric patients admitted between December 2022 and February 2023 were simultaneously tested with the POCT and standard laboratory molecular assay. Our findings showed high negative agreement of the POCT assay across the different age groups for SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, and influenza B (more than 98.0%), while its positive agreement varied significantly for the abovementioned viral species from 50.0% to 100%. These results highlight the potential of the ID NOW™ COVID-19 2.0 POCT assay as a reliable and rapid tool for excluding SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A/B infections in symptomatic pediatric patients, although its variable positive agreement suggests a need for confirmatory RT-qPCR testing in certain clinical and epidemiological settings in order to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate patient management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section General Virology)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1196 KiB  
Article
The Role of Quantitative PCR in Evaluating the Clinical Significance of Human Bocavirus Detection in Children
by Maja Mijač, Tomislav Meštrović, Irena Ivković-Jureković, Tatjana Tot, Jasmina Vraneš and Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101637 - 19 Oct 2024
Viewed by 695
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) has emerged as a significant pathogen primarily associated with respiratory infections in children. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical relevance of HBoV infection by quantifying viral loads in nasopharyngeal swabs from hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and [...] Read more.
Human bocavirus (HBoV) has emerged as a significant pathogen primarily associated with respiratory infections in children. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical relevance of HBoV infection by quantifying viral loads in nasopharyngeal swabs from hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and investigating correlations with clinical outcomes. A total of 957 children were tested, with HBoV detected in 73 cases (7.6%), either as a sole infection or co-infection with other respiratory viruses. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was employed to measure viral load, and a threshold of 104 copies/mL was used to differentiate high and low viral concentrations. Results have shown that children with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) had significantly higher viral loads, most notably in cases where HBoV was the sole pathogen. Additionally, children with pre-existing health conditions were more likely to have elevated HBoV concentrations compared to those who were previously healthy. Children with higher viral loads were more likely to require oxygen supplementation and receive empirical antibiotic therapy, indicating a more severe clinical course. This study underscores the importance of considering HBoV viral load in clinical diagnostics, as higher concentrations were associated with more severe presentations, including the need for oxygen support. Future research should focus on refining diagnostic thresholds and exploring HBoV’s role in co-infections to enhance patient care strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 998 KiB  
Article
Effects of Alkaline Solutions on the Structure and Function of Influenza A Virus
by Manato Seguchi, Seiji Yamaguchi, Mamoru Tanaka, Yukihiro Mori, Masato Tsurudome and Morihiro Ito
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1636; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101636 - 19 Oct 2024
Viewed by 929
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection contributes to high annual morbidity and mortality, thus necessitating measures aimed at protecting against the disease. Alcohol-based disinfectants are commonly used to inactivate IAV, but they have several undesirable properties. In search of other means which would inactivate [...] Read more.
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection contributes to high annual morbidity and mortality, thus necessitating measures aimed at protecting against the disease. Alcohol-based disinfectants are commonly used to inactivate IAV, but they have several undesirable properties. In search of other means which would inactivate IAV, we focused on the effect of alkaline solutions on IAV. We found the viral infectivity remarkably decreased with treatment of an alkaline solution at pH 12.0 for 1 min, where destruction of the viral spikes was observed using an electron microscope. A more detailed examination revealed that the infectivity of IAV was remarkedly reduced by brief treatment with the alkaline solution at pH 11.75 or above, most likely due to the degradation of viral hemagglutinin protein. These results show that at a high pH, the haemagglutinin protein is degraded, resulting in very rapid inactivation of IAV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Antiviral Natural Products 2023)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 870 KiB  
Review
Rabies in Cats—An Emerging Public Health Issue
by Christine Fehlner-Gardiner, Gyanendra Gongal, Tenzin Tenzin, Claude Sabeta, Paola De Benedictis, Silene Manrique Rocha, Alexander Vargas, Natalia Cediel-Becerra, Luis Carlos Gomez, Joanne Maki and Charles E. Rupprecht
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101635 - 19 Oct 2024
Viewed by 2041
Abstract
Human rabies cases today are predominantly associated with infection from rabid domestic dogs. Unlike dogs, a common global reservoir species that perpetuates rabies viruses (RABV) within their populations, domestic cats are much less frequently reported or vaccinated. Epidemiologically, cats are important vectors of [...] Read more.
Human rabies cases today are predominantly associated with infection from rabid domestic dogs. Unlike dogs, a common global reservoir species that perpetuates rabies viruses (RABV) within their populations, domestic cats are much less frequently reported or vaccinated. Epidemiologically, cats are important vectors of lyssaviruses but are not viral reservoirs. Typically, cats are incidental hosts only, infected with the predominant lyssavirus in their geographic locale. Human cases associated with rabid cats have occurred in Africa, Asia, Europe and throughout the Americas. As adept, solitary hunters, wild and domestic felids are at risk of lyssavirus infection based upon interactions with infected prey, such as bats, or from transmission by other mesocarnivores, such as rabid dogs, foxes, jackals, raccoons, and skunks. Current veterinary vaccines provide safe and effective immunity in cats against phylogroup I lyssaviruses, such as RABV, but not against divergent lyssaviruses in phylogroups II-IV. With the focus upon the global elimination of canine rabies, the emergence of rabies in cats represents a concerning trend. Clearly, education about the occurrence of rabies in cats needs to be improved, as well as the routine vaccination of cats to reduce the associated risks to public health, agriculture, and conservation biology from a One Health perspective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rabies Research 2024)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2471 KiB  
Article
Patterns of HIV-1 Drug Resistance Observed Through Geospatial Analysis of Routine Diagnostic Testing in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
by Lilishia Gounder, Aabida Khan, Justen Manasa, Richard Lessells, Andrew Tomita, Melendhran Pillay, Sontaga C. Manyana, Subitha Govender, Kerri-Lee Francois, Pravi Moodley, Nokukhanya Msomi, Kerusha Govender, Raveen Parboosing, Sikhulile Moyo, Kogieleum Naidoo and Benjamin Chimukangara
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1634; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101634 - 19 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1445
Abstract
HIV-1 drug resistance (HIVDR) impedes treatment and control of HIV-1, especially in high-prevalence settings such as KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province, South Africa. This study merged routine HIV-1 genotypic resistance test (GRT) data with Geographic Information Systems coordinates to assess patterns and geographic distribution of [...] Read more.
HIV-1 drug resistance (HIVDR) impedes treatment and control of HIV-1, especially in high-prevalence settings such as KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province, South Africa. This study merged routine HIV-1 genotypic resistance test (GRT) data with Geographic Information Systems coordinates to assess patterns and geographic distribution of HIVDR in KZN, among ART-experienced adults with virological failure. We curated 3133 GRT records generated between 1 January 2018 and 30 June 2022, which includes the early phase of dolutegravir (DTG) rollout, of which 2735 (87.30%) had HIVDR. Of the 2735, major protease, nucleoside, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutations were detected in 41.24%, 84.97% and 88.08% of GRTs, respectively. Additional genotyping of HIV-1 integrase for 41/3133 (1.31%) GRTs showed that 17/41 (41.46%) had integrase strand transfer inhibitor resistance. Notably, of 26 patients on DTG with integrase genotyping, 9 (34.62%) had DTG-associated resistance mutations. Dual- or triple-class resistance was observed in four of every five GRTs. The odds of HIVDR increased significantly with age, with ≥60 years having 5 times higher odds of HIVDR compared to 18–29 years (p = 0.001). We identified geospatial differences in the burden of HIVDR, providing proof of concept that this could be used for data-driven public health decision making. Ongoing real-time HIVDR surveillance is essential for evaluating the outcomes of the updated South African HIV treatment programme. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virology Research in South Africa—from a Great Legacy to an Optimistic Future)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 620 KiB  
Article
Molecular Positivity of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Associated with Production Practices on Farms in Jalisco, Mexico
by Alberto Jorge Galindo-Barboza, José Francisco Rivera-Benítez, Jazmín De la Luz-Armendáriz, José Ivan Sánchez-Betancourt, Jesús Hernández, Suzel Guadalupe Sauceda-Cerecer and Jaime Enrique De Alba-Campos
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1633; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101633 - 19 Oct 2024
Viewed by 686
Abstract
The modernization of pig production has led to increasingly larger populations of pigs. This dynamic allows for accelerated production and ensures a steady pork supply but also facilitates the spread of infections. PCV2 is a ubiquitous virus and can cause PCV2-associated diseases, depending [...] Read more.
The modernization of pig production has led to increasingly larger populations of pigs. This dynamic allows for accelerated production and ensures a steady pork supply but also facilitates the spread of infections. PCV2 is a ubiquitous virus and can cause PCV2-associated diseases, depending on production practices. This study aimed to evaluate the conditions of pig production in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, and correlate them with PCV2. A total of 4207 serum samples from 80 farms were analyzed. Epidemiological data were collected and used to investigate factors associated with PCV2 detection. A relative frequency of approximately 30% was detected, primarily in grower pigs maintained on multisite farms. Several production practices, particularly biosecurity measures, were associated with PCV2 on the analyzed farms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Viruses 2024)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 240 KiB  
Article
Safety of Hepatitis B Virus Screening in Blood Donors from the Hospital Foundation of Hematology and Hemotherapy of the State of Amazonas (HEMOAM) in the Brazilian Amazon
by Rosa Cristina Caldas Belota, Jean de Melo Silva, Eduardo Luiz do Nascimento, Cláudia Maria de Moura Abrahim, Márcia Costa Castilho, José Pereira Moura Neto and Sérgio Roberto Lopes Albuquerque
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1632; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101632 - 19 Oct 2024
Viewed by 605
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis B is an infectious disease of worldwide importance and of great interest to transfusion medicine. The Amazon region has areas of high endemicity, outlining a worrying scenario for transfusion and epidemiological safety. Objective: To analyze the profiles of serological and molecular [...] Read more.
Background: Hepatitis B is an infectious disease of worldwide importance and of great interest to transfusion medicine. The Amazon region has areas of high endemicity, outlining a worrying scenario for transfusion and epidemiological safety. Objective: To analyze the profiles of serological and molecular markers for HBV of blood donors from HEMOAM. Methods: Blood donors with different patterns of reactivity in serological and molecular screening for HBV were tested for viral load by the qPCR method at the reference center for liver diseases in the state of Amazonas. Results: A total of 230,591 donors were tested, with 3104 (1.34%) found reactive for HBV and 2790 (89.9%) found reactive for isolated anti-HBc. Viral load was not detected in 100% of donors reactive only to HBsAg, while 100% of donors with positive anti-HBc and positive HBsAg or HBV NAT demonstrated a detectable viral load. We also detected one case of occult hepatitis B (0.03%) only with reactive HBV NAT and five donors (0.2%) with positive anti-HBc and HBV NAT. Conclusions: With this result, the great importance of the anti-HBc test for the unsuitability of blood donors was verified, as well as the fundamental introduction of the HBV NAT test in screening for hepatitis B in Brazilian blood banks, as this was the only way to detect the viral infection burden in asymptomatic donors who previously would not be treated, which contributed to the maintenance of the endemicity of hepatitis B in the Brazilian Amazon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)
16 pages, 6366 KiB  
Article
Deciphering the Genetic Architecture of Staphylococcus warneri Prophage vB_G30_01: A Comprehensive Molecular Analysis
by Fangxiong Pu, Ning Zhang, Jiahe Pang, Nan Zeng, Faryal Babar Baloch, Zijing Li and Bingxue Li
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1631; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101631 - 19 Oct 2024
Viewed by 522
Abstract
The current knowledge of Staphylococcus warneri phages is limited, with few genomes sequenced and characterized. In this study, a prophage, vB_G30_01, isolated from Staphylococcus warneri G30 was characterized and evaluated for its lysogenic host range. The phage was studied using transmission electron microscopy [...] Read more.
The current knowledge of Staphylococcus warneri phages is limited, with few genomes sequenced and characterized. In this study, a prophage, vB_G30_01, isolated from Staphylococcus warneri G30 was characterized and evaluated for its lysogenic host range. The phage was studied using transmission electron microscopy and a host range. The phage genome was sequenced and characterized in depth, including phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses. The linear dsDNA genome of vB_G30_01 contains 67 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), classifying it within Bronfenbrennervirinae. With a total of 10 ORFs involved in DNA replication-related and transcriptional regulator functions, vB_G30_01 may play a role in the genetics and transcription of a host. Additionally, vB_G30_01 possesses a complete set of genes related to host lysogeny and lysis, implying that vB_G30_01 may influence the survival and adaptation of its host. Furthermore, a comparative genomic analysis reveals that vB_G30_01 shares high genomic similarity with other Staphylococcus phages and is relatively closely related to those of Exiguobacterium and Bacillus, which, in combination with the cross-infection assay, suggests possible cross-species infection capabilities. This study enhances the understanding of Staphylococcus warneri prophages, providing insights into phage–host interactions and potential horizontal gene transfer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Viruses)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 1927 KiB  
Brief Report
Human Bocavirus Circulating in Patients with Acute Gastroenteritis in Taiwan, 2018–2022
by Shu-Chun Chiu, Ya-Chun Yu, Lun-Hao Hsieh, Yu-Hua Chen, Yu-An Lu, Jen-Hung Chang and Jih-Hui Lin
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1630; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101630 - 18 Oct 2024
Viewed by 609
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) has been identified as a viral agent with a global presence, especially in young patients with gastrointestinal infections. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the epidemiological patterns of the HBoVs associated with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in Taiwan. A total [...] Read more.
Human bocavirus (HBoV) has been identified as a viral agent with a global presence, especially in young patients with gastrointestinal infections. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the epidemiological patterns of the HBoVs associated with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in Taiwan. A total of 2994 AGE fecal samples from several diarrhea outbreaks from 2018 to 2022 were analyzed. From the samples, 73 positive samples were detected in three different bocaviruses: 30 (41.1%) were from HBoV1; 37 (50.7%) were from HBoV2; and 6 (8.2%) were from HBoV3, revealing the respective prevalences in AGE of 1%, 1.2%, and 0.2%. HBoV1 and HBoV2 were the two major epidemic agents of HBoVs in Taiwan during this study period and have seasonal distinct patterns with an epidemic peak from October to the following March. Phylogeny reconstruction and evaluation were implemented in Mega X; the results revealed that most HBoV1 strains in Taiwan appeared to be closely related to those strains from other Asian countries. The HBoV2 exhibited substantial genetic diversity and the HBoV3 genes showed discordance of groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology of Foodborne Viral Diseases)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 185 KiB  
Book Review
Book Review: Heise, M. Chikungunya Virus; Springer Nature Switzerland AG.: Cham, Switzerland, 2022; ISBN: 978-3-030-90610-8
by Isak Roberth Akollo and Vernando Yanry Lameky
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1629; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101629 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 693
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a type of alphavirus that is transmitted by mosquitoes [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Section General Virology)
33 pages, 62847 KiB  
Article
A Novel Monoclonal Antibody Against a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) Envelope Protein as a Tool for MVA Virus Titration by Flow Cytometry
by Simeon Cua, Brenda A. Tello, Mafalda A. Farelo, Esther Rodriguez, Gabriela M. Escalante, Lorraine Z. Mutsvunguma, Javier Gordon Ogembo and Ivana G. Reidel
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1628; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101628 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1062
Abstract
Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus is a widely used vaccine platform, making accurate titration essential for vaccination studies. However, the current plaque forming unit (PFU) assay, the standard for MVA titration, is prone to observer bias and other limitations that affect accuracy and [...] Read more.
Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus is a widely used vaccine platform, making accurate titration essential for vaccination studies. However, the current plaque forming unit (PFU) assay, the standard for MVA titration, is prone to observer bias and other limitations that affect accuracy and precision. To address these challenges, we developed a new flow cytometry-based quantification method using a highly specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) for the detection of MVA-infected cells, as a more accurate titration assay. Through previous work, we serendipitously identified three MVA-specific hybridoma antibody clones, which we characterized through ELISA, immunoblot, and flow cytometry, confirming their specificity for MVA. Sequencing confirmed that each antibody was monoclonal, and mass spectrometry results revealed that all mAbs target the MVA cell surface binding protein (CSBP, MVA105L). We next optimized the titration protocol using the most effective mAb, 33C7 by refining culture conditions and staining protocols to enhance sensitivity and minimize background. Our optimized method demonstrated superior sensitivity, reliability, and reduced processing time when compared with the traditional PFU assay, establishing it as a more accurate and efficient approach for MVA titration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 1204 KiB  
Communication
Assessment of Nine Real-Time PCR Kits for African Swine Fever Virus Approved in Republic of Korea
by Siwon Lee, Tae Uk Han and Jin-Ho Kim
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1627; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101627 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 731
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes severe disease in wild and domestic pigs, with high mortality rates, extensive spread, and significant economic losses globally. Despite ongoing efforts, an effective vaccine remains elusive. Therefore, effective diagnostic methods are needed to rapidly detect and [...] Read more.
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes severe disease in wild and domestic pigs, with high mortality rates, extensive spread, and significant economic losses globally. Despite ongoing efforts, an effective vaccine remains elusive. Therefore, effective diagnostic methods are needed to rapidly detect and prevent the further spread of ASF. This study assessed nine commercial kits based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approved in the Republic of Korea using the synthesized ASFV plasmid, 20 food waste samples, and artificially spiked samples (ASSs). The kits were evaluated for their diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, cost per reaction, and reaction running time. In addition, the results were compared with those of the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) standard methods. Three commercial kits (VDx® ASFV qPCR Kit, Palm PCR™ ASFV Fast PCR Kit, and PowerChek™ ASFV Real-time PCR Detection Kit Ver.1.0) demonstrated the highest sensitivity (100 ag/μL), cost-effectiveness (less than KRW 10,000), and shortest running time (less than 70 min). These kits are suitable for the monitoring, early diagnosis, and prevention of the spread of ASF. This is the first report on the performance comparison of ASFV diagnostic kits approved in the Republic of Korea, providing valuable information for selecting kits for testing with food waste samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Diagnosis and Surveillance of Transboundary and Emerging Viral Diseases of Animals)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1590 KiB  
Article
Camelpox Virus in Western Kazakhstan: Assessment of the Role of Local Fauna as Reservoirs of Infection
by Yerbol Bulatov, Sholpan Turyskeldy, Ruslan Abitayev, Abdurakhman Usembai, Zhanna Sametova, Zhanat Kondybayeva, Alina Kurmasheva, Dana Mazbayeva, Asselya Kyrgyzbayeva, Kamshat Shorayeva, Zhanat Amanova and Dariya Toktyrova
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1626; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101626 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 569
Abstract
This article investigates the role of local fauna in Western Kazakhstan as potential reservoirs of the camelpox virus (CMLV). The study emphasizes analyzing possible sources and transmission pathways of the virus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serological methods, including virus neutralization tests [...] Read more.
This article investigates the role of local fauna in Western Kazakhstan as potential reservoirs of the camelpox virus (CMLV). The study emphasizes analyzing possible sources and transmission pathways of the virus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serological methods, including virus neutralization tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Samples were collected from both young and adult camels, as well as rodents, ticks and blood-sucking insects in the Mangystau and Atyrau regions. The PCR results revealed the absence of viral DNA in rodents, ticks and blood-sucking insects; also, the ELISA test did not detect specific antibodies in rodents. These findings suggest that these groups of fauna likely do not play a significant role in the maintenance and spread of CMLV. Consequently, the primary sources of transmission are likely other factors, potentially including the camels themselves. The study’s results indicate the need to reassess current hypotheses regarding infection reservoirs and to explore alternative sources to enhance strategies for the control and prevention of the camelpox virus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Diagnosis and Surveillance of Transboundary and Emerging Viral Diseases of Animals)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5922 KiB  
Article
Differences in Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Transgenic hACE2-Hamster Founder Lines
by Scott A. Gibson, Yanan Liu, Rong Li, Brett L. Hurst, Zhiqiang Fan, Venkatraman Siddharthan, Deanna P. Larson, Ashley Y. Sheesley, Rebekah Stewart, Madelyn Kunzler, Irina A. Polejaeva, Arnaud J Van Wettere, Stefan Moisyadi, John D. Morrey, E. Bart Tarbet and Zhongde Wang
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101625 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 720
Abstract
Animal models that are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and develop clinical signs like human COVID-19 are desired to understand viral pathogenesis and develop effective medical countermeasures. The golden Syrian hamster is important for the study of SARS-CoV-2 since hamsters are naturally susceptible to [...] Read more.
Animal models that are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and develop clinical signs like human COVID-19 are desired to understand viral pathogenesis and develop effective medical countermeasures. The golden Syrian hamster is important for the study of SARS-CoV-2 since hamsters are naturally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. However, infected hamsters show only limited clinical disease and resolve infection quickly. In this study, we describe development of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) transgenic hamsters as a model for COVID-19. During development of the model for SARS-CoV-2, we observed that different hACE2 transgenic hamster founder lines varied in their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 lethal infection. The highly susceptible hACE2 founder lines F0F35 and F0M41 rapidly progress to severe infection and death within 6 days post-infection (p.i.). Clinical signs included lethargy, weight loss, dyspnea, and mortality. Lethality was observed in a viral dose-dependent manner with a lethal dose as low as 1 × 100.15 CCID50. In addition, virus shedding from highly susceptible lines was detected in oropharyngeal swabs on days 2–5 p.i., and virus titers were observed at 105.5−6.5 CCID50 in lung and brain tissue by day 4 p.i.. Histopathology revealed that infected hACE2-hamsters developed rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchointerstitial pneumonia, and encephalitis. Mortality in highly susceptible hACE2-hamsters can be attributed to neurologic disease with contributions from the accompanying respiratory disease. In contrast, virus challenge of animals from less susceptible founder lines, F0M44 and F0M51, resulted in only 0–20% mortality. To demonstrate utility of this SARS-CoV-2 infection model, we determined the protective effect of the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly (I:C)). Prophylactic treatment with Poly (I:C) significantly improved survival in highly susceptible hACE2-hamsters. In summary, our studies demonstrate that hACE2 transgenic hamsters differ in their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, based on the transgenic hamster founder line, and that prophylactic treatment with Poly (I:C) was protective in this COVID-19 model of highly susceptible hACE2-hamsters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Models for Virology Research)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 685 KiB  
Article
Predicting Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 and Pneumonia Patients: A Machine Learning Approach
by Kaida Cai, Zhengyan Wang, Xiaofang Yang, Wenzhi Fu and Xin Zhao
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1624; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101624 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 683
Abstract
In the clinical diagnosis of pneumonia, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals who progress to a critical stage requiring mechanical ventilation are classified as mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Accurately predicting the discharge outcomes for this specific cohort, especially those with COVID-19, is [...] Read more.
In the clinical diagnosis of pneumonia, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals who progress to a critical stage requiring mechanical ventilation are classified as mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Accurately predicting the discharge outcomes for this specific cohort, especially those with COVID-19, is of paramount clinical importance. Missing data, a common issue in medical research, can significantly impact the validity of analyses. In this work, we address this challenge by employing two missing data imputation techniques: multiple imputation and missForest, to enhance data completeness. Additionally, we utilize the smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) penalized logistic regression method to select significant features. Our real data analysis compares the predictive performances of extreme learning machines, random forests, support vector machines, and XGBoost using 10-fold cross-validation. The results consistently show that XGBoost outperforms the other methods in predicting discharge outcomes, making it a reliable tool for clinical decision-making in the treatment of severe pneumonia, including COVID-19 cases. Within this context, the random forest imputation method generally enhances performance, underscoring its effectiveness in managing missing data compared to multiple imputation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coronaviruses)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3363 KiB  
Article
Activation-Induced Marker Assay to Identify and Isolate HCV-Specific T Cells for Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis
by Mohamed Eisa, Nicol Flores, Omar Khedr, Elsa Gomez-Escobar, Nathalie Bédard, Nourtan F. Abdeltawab, Julie Bruneau, Arash Grakoui and Naglaa H. Shoukry
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1623; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101623 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1030
Abstract
Identification and isolation of antigen-specific T cells for downstream transcriptomic analysis is key for various immunological studies. Traditional methods using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) multimers are limited by the number of predefined immunodominant epitopes and MHC matching of the study subjects. Activation-induced markers [...] Read more.
Identification and isolation of antigen-specific T cells for downstream transcriptomic analysis is key for various immunological studies. Traditional methods using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) multimers are limited by the number of predefined immunodominant epitopes and MHC matching of the study subjects. Activation-induced markers (AIM) enable highly sensitive detection of rare antigen-specific T cells irrespective of the availability of MHC multimers. Herein, we have developed an AIM assay for the detection, sorting and subsequent single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific T cells. We examined different combinations of the activation markers CD69, CD40L, OX40, and 4-1BB at 6, 9, 18 and 24 h post stimulation with HCV peptide pools. AIM+ CD4 T cells exhibited upregulation of CD69 and CD40L as early as 6 h post-stimulation, while OX40 and 4-1BB expression was delayed until 18 h. AIM+ CD8 T cells were characterized by the coexpression of CD69 and 4-1BB at 18 h, while the expression of CD40L and OX40 remained low throughout the stimulation period. AIM+ CD4 and CD8 T cells were successfully sorted and processed for scRNA-seq analysis examining gene expression and T cell receptor (TCR) usage. scRNA-seq analysis from this one subject revealed that AIM+ CD4 T (CD69+ CD40L+) cells predominantly represented Tfh, Th1, and Th17 profiles, whereas AIM+ CD8 T (CD69+ 4-1BB+) cells primarily exhibited effector and effector memory profiles. TCR analysis identified 1023 and 160 unique clonotypes within AIM+ CD4 and CD8 T cells, respectively. In conclusion, this approach offers highly sensitive detection of HCV-specific T cells that can be applied for cohort studies, thus facilitating the identification of specific gene signatures associated with infection outcome and vaccination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hepatitis Viral Infections, Pathogenesis and Therapeutics)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 3984 KiB  
Article
Susceptibility of HPV-18 Cancer Cells to HIV Protease Inhibitors
by Lilian Makgoo, Salerwe Mosebi and Zukile Mbita
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1622; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101622 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 642
Abstract
Cervical cancer cases continue to rise despite all the advanced screening and preventative measures put in place, which include human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. These soaring numbers can be attributed to the lack of effective anticancer drugs against cervical cancer; thus, repurposing the human [...] Read more.
Cervical cancer cases continue to rise despite all the advanced screening and preventative measures put in place, which include human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. These soaring numbers can be attributed to the lack of effective anticancer drugs against cervical cancer; thus, repurposing the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors is an attractive innovation. Therefore, this work was aimed at evaluating the potential anticancer activities of HIV-PIs against cervical cancer cells. The MTT viability assay was used to evaluate the effect of HIV protease inhibitors on the viability of cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and non-cancerous cells (HEK-293). Further confirmation of the MTT assay was performed by confirming the IC50s of these HIV protease inhibitors on cervical cancer cells and non-cancerous cells using the Muse™ Count and Viability assay. To confirm the mode of death induced by HIV protease inhibitors in the HPV-associated cervical cancer cell line, apoptosis was performed using Annexin V assay. In addition, the Muse™ Cell Cycle assay was used to check whether the HIV protease inhibitors promote or halt cell cycle progression in cervical cancer cells. HIV protease inhibitors did not affect the viability of non-cancerous cells (HEK-293), but they decreased the viability of HeLa cervical cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. HIV protease inhibitors induced apoptosis in HPV-related cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, they also induced cell cycle arrest, thus halting cell cycle progression. Therefore, the use of HIV drugs, particularly HIV-1 protease inhibitors, as potential cancer therapeutics represents a promising strategy. This is supported by our study demonstrating their anticancer properties, notably in HPV-associated cervical cancer cell line. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Infection by Oncogenic Viruses)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3161 KiB  
Communication
Assessment of a Structurally Modified Alternanthera Mosaic Plant Virus as a Delivery System for Sarcoma Cells
by Daria Fayzullina, Tatiana Manukhova, Ekaterina Evtushenko, Sergey Tsibulnikov, Kirill Kirgizov, Ilya Ulasov, Nikolai Nikitin and Olga Karpova
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1621; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101621 - 16 Oct 2024
Viewed by 773
Abstract
The virions of plant viruses and their structurally modified particles (SP) represent valuable platforms for recombinant vaccine epitopes and antitumor agents. The possibility of modifying their surface with biological compounds makes them a tool for developing medical biotechnology applications. Here, we applied a [...] Read more.
The virions of plant viruses and their structurally modified particles (SP) represent valuable platforms for recombinant vaccine epitopes and antitumor agents. The possibility of modifying their surface with biological compounds makes them a tool for developing medical biotechnology applications. Here, we applied a new type of SP derived from virions and virus-like particles (VLP) of Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) and well-studied SP from Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). We have tested the ability of SP from AltMV (AltMV SPV) and TMV virions also as AltMV VLP to bind to and penetrate Ewing sarcoma cells. The adsorption properties of AltMV SPV and TMV SP are greater than those of the SP from AltMV VLP. Compared to normal cells, AltMV SPV adsorbed more effectively on patient-derived sarcoma cells, whereas TMV SP were more effective on the established sarcoma cells. The AltMV SPV and TMV SP were captured by all sarcoma cell lines. In the established Ewing sarcoma cell line, the effectiveness of AltMV SPV penetration was greater than that of TMV SP. The usage of structurally modified plant virus particles as a platform for drugs and delivery systems has significant potential in the development of anticancer agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Viruses: Pirates of Cellular Pathways, 2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2075 KiB  
Review
Mpox and Lessons Learned in the Light of the Recent Outbreak: A Narrative Review
by Konstantinos Protopapas, Dimitra Dimopoulou, Nikolaos Kalesis, Karolina Akinosoglou and Charalampos D. Moschopoulos
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101620 - 16 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1371
Abstract
According to the WHO, more than 90,000 cases of mpox have been reported since the 2022 worldwide outbreak, which resulted in 167 deaths, while a new outbreak in Africa since 2023 has resulted in over 18,000 cases and 617 deaths. Mpox is a [...] Read more.
According to the WHO, more than 90,000 cases of mpox have been reported since the 2022 worldwide outbreak, which resulted in 167 deaths, while a new outbreak in Africa since 2023 has resulted in over 18,000 cases and 617 deaths. Mpox is a zoonosis caused by the monkeypox virus, a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus, which causes smallpox-like illness. Until 2022, cases were predominately located in West and Central Africa, with only sporadic cases and outbreaks reported in other parts of the world. During the 2022 outbreak, the primary mode of transmission was sexual contact among men who have sex with men. The changing epidemiology of mpox resulted in new disease phenotypes and populations at risk, disproportionally affecting people who live with HIV. Commonly presenting as a mild, self-limiting illness, mpox can cause severe and protracted disease in people with HIV with a CD4 count < 200 cell/mm3. The global emergence of mpox that followed and intersected with COVID-19 mobilized the scientific community and healthcare stakeholders to provide accurate diagnostics, preventive vaccines and treatment to those most affected. Despite existing gaps, this rapid response helped to contain the outbreak, but challenges remain as new variants emerge. Preparedness and readiness to respond to the next outbreak is crucial in order to minimize the impact to the most vulnerable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 2170 KiB  
Review
Advancements in Bacteriophages for the Fire Blight Pathogen Erwinia amylovora
by Dufang Ke, Jinyan Luo, Pengfei Liu, Linfei Shou, Munazza Ijaz, Temoor Ahmed, Muhammad Shafiq Shahid, Qianli An, Ivan Mustać, Gabrijel Ondrasek, Yanli Wang, Bin Li and Binggan Lou
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101619 - 16 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1268
Abstract
Erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight, causes significant economic losses for farmers worldwide by inflicting severe damage to the production and quality of plants in the Rosaceae family. Historically, fire blight control has primarily relied on the application of copper [...] Read more.
Erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight, causes significant economic losses for farmers worldwide by inflicting severe damage to the production and quality of plants in the Rosaceae family. Historically, fire blight control has primarily relied on the application of copper compounds and antibiotics, such as streptomycin. However, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains and growing environmental concerns have highlighted the need for alternative control methods. Recently, there has been a growing interest in adopting bacteriophages (phages) as a biological control strategy. Phages have demonstrated efficacy against the bacterial plant pathogen E. amylovora, including strains that have developed antibiotic resistance. The advantages of phage therapy includes its minimal impact on microbial community equilibrium, the lack of a detrimental impact on plants and beneficial microorganisms, and its capacity to eradicate drug-resistant bacteria. This review addresses recent advances in the isolation and characterization of E. amylovora phages, including their morphology, host range, lysis exertion, genomic characterization, and lysis mechanisms. Furthermore, this review evaluates the environmental tolerance of E. amylovora phages. Despite their potential, E. amylovora phages face certain challenges in practical applications, including stability issues and the risk of lysogenic conversion. This comprehensive review examines the latest developments in the application of phages for controlling fire blight and highlights the potential of E. amylovora phages in plant protection strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Viruses)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 850 KiB  
Review
Minimally Modified HIV-1 Infection of Macaques: Development, Utility, and Limitations of Current Models
by Manish Sharma, Mukta Nag and Gregory Q. Del Prete
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1618; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101618 - 16 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1065
Abstract
Nonhuman primate (NHP) studies that utilize simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) to model human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection have proven to be powerful, highly informative research tools. However, there are substantial differences between SIV and HIV-1. Accordingly, there are numerous research questions for which [...] Read more.
Nonhuman primate (NHP) studies that utilize simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) to model human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection have proven to be powerful, highly informative research tools. However, there are substantial differences between SIV and HIV-1. Accordingly, there are numerous research questions for which SIV-based models are not well suited, including studies of certain aspects of basic HIV-1 biology, and pre-clinical evaluations of many proposed HIV-1 treatment, prevention, and vaccination strategies. To overcome these limitations of NHP models of HIV-1 infection, several groups have pursued the derivation of a minimally modified HIV-1 (mmHIV-1) capable of establishing pathogenic infection in macaques that authentically recapitulates key features of HIV-1 in humans. These efforts have focused on three complementary objectives: (1) engineering HIV-1 to circumvent species-specific cellular restriction factors that otherwise potently inhibit HIV-1 in macaques, (2) introduction of a C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5)-tropic envelope, ideally that can efficiently engage macaque CD4, and (3) correction of gene expression defects inadvertently introduced during viral genome manipulations. While some progress has been made toward development of mmHIV-1 variants for use in each of the three macaque species (pigtail, cynomolgus, and rhesus), model development progress has been most promising in pigtail macaques (PTMs), which do not express an HIV-1-restricting tripartite motif-containing protein 5 α (TRIM5α). In our work, we have derived a CCR5-tropic mmHIV-1 clone designated stHIV-A19 that comprises 94% HIV-1 genome sequence and replicates to high acute-phase titers in PTMs. In animals treated with a cell-depleting CD8α antibody at the time of infection, stHIV-A19 maintains chronically elevated plasma viral loads with progressive CD4+ T-cell loss and the development of acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining clinical endpoints. However, in the absence of CD8α+ cell depletion, no mmHIV-1 model has yet displayed high levels of chronic viremia or AIDS-like pathogenesis. Here, we review mmHIV-1 development approaches, the phenotypes, features, limitations, and potential utility of currently available mmHIV-1s, and propose future directions to further advance these models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Models of HIV/AIDS in Nonhuman Primates 2024)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

2 pages, 149 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Xu et al. Detection of Alpha- and Betacoronaviruses in Small Mammals in Western Yunnan Province, China. Viruses 2023, 15, 1965
by Fen-Hui Xu, Pei-Yu Han, Jia-Wei Tian, Li-Dong Zong, Hong-Min Yin, Jun-Ying Zhao, Ze Yang, Wei Kong, Xing-Yi Ge and Yun-Zhi Zhang
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1617; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101617 - 16 Oct 2024
Viewed by 331
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Virology and Disease Control in China 2023)
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-140
Previous Issue
Next Issue
Back to TopTop