BioMEMS –Advancing the Frontiers of Medicine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. MEMS Technology
2.1. Patterning Technique
2.2. Material Removal Processes
2.3. Material Deposition Processes
3. Diagnostics
3.1. Point of care diagnostics
3.1.1. Cell Sorting
3.1.2. Cell Lysis
3.1.3. Purification
3.1.4. Molecular Biosensors
3.2. Other MEMS based diagnostics
4. Therapeutic Applications
4.1. Drug Discovery
4.1.1. Target Identification
4.1.2. Lead Identification & optimization
4.1.3. Preclinical testing
4.2. Drug Delivery
4.2.1. Microneedles
4.2.2. Microreservoirs
5. Surgical Applications
5.1. Minimally Invasive Surgery
5.1.1. Microtools and tactile sensing
5.1.2. MEMS Cutting tools
5.1.3. Endoscopy
6. Prosthesis
6.1. Neuro prosthesis
6.1.1. Neuroprobes
6.1.2. Regenerative electrodes
6.2. Retinal prosthesis
7. Microfluidics
7.1. Microfluidic structure design considerations
7.2. Micropumps and Microvalves
7.3. Microfluidics in Tissue Engineering
Conclusions
References
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Diagnostic Sesgment | Purpose | Examples |
---|---|---|
Clinical chemistry | Measurement of compounds or chemical reaction products in body. | Blood gas [1-3], Glucose [4-7], Ethanol [8], Cholesterol [9], uric acid [10-12], lactate[13-15], pH [16, 17] and other clinical sensors[18] |
Immunochemistry | Detection of specific types of proteins using antigen/antibody chemistry | Microfabricated immunosensors [19-23] |
Hematology | Characterization of blood components. | Differential blood cell counters [24-26], whole blood analysis [27], hemoglobin [28, 29] and blood ketone analysis [30] |
Microbiology | Investigation of the presence of disease causing agents. | Microbial sensors [31-34] |
Molecular diagnostics | Mainly focuses on diagnostics based on DNA, RNA and proteins. | DNA sensors [35-39], Immunosensors [40-42] |
Process stages | Functions | Mechanisms |
---|---|---|
Cell Sorting | Isolation of cells from heterogeneous mixture of cell population | Flow cytometry, Dielectrophorosis Electrophoresis, Electro-magnetic sorting, Optical tweezers and Micro filters |
Cell lysis | Disruption of cell membrane for releasing intra cellular material | Thermal, acoustic, mechanical, chemical and electrical lysing |
Analytical purification | Purification/amplification of analytical molecules | PCR amplification (for nucleic acids), Purification using adhesion based technique |
Molecular sensing | Detecting the presence of analyte molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids | Electrical, Mechanical, Optical Acoustic and Magnetic sensing |
Process | Deals with | MEMS technologies |
---|---|---|
Target identification | Identification of biomolecules with significant role in a specific disease. | |
Lead identification & optimization | Identification and optimization of chemical compounds that can interact with the target molecules to produce drug like effect. |
|
Laboratory Testing | Laboratory tests conducted on the investigational drug to see its effects both in living organism (in vivo) and cells (in vitro). |
|
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James, T.; Mannoor, M.S.; Ivanov, D.V. BioMEMS –Advancing the Frontiers of Medicine. Sensors 2008, 8, 6077-6107. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8096077
James T, Mannoor MS, Ivanov DV. BioMEMS –Advancing the Frontiers of Medicine. Sensors. 2008; 8(9):6077-6107. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8096077
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames, Teena, Manu Sebastian Mannoor, and Dentcho V. Ivanov. 2008. "BioMEMS –Advancing the Frontiers of Medicine" Sensors 8, no. 9: 6077-6107. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8096077