Switching LPS to LED Streetlight May Dramatically Reduce Activity and Foraging of Bats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Biological Model
2.2. Bat Activity
2.3. Experimental Set-up and Variation in Power and Illuminance of Lamps at Experimental Sites
2.4. Statistical Analyses
2.4.1. Preliminary Analysis 1: Analysis without Taking Account Changes in Light Intensity (Power and Illuminance)
2.4.2. Preliminary Analysis 2: Evaluation of the Influence of Intensity (Power and Illuminance) on Bats Activity
2.4.3. Disentangling the Relative Effects of Light Spectrum and Intensity (i.e., Power and Illuminance) on Bat Activity Following the Switch from LPS to LED Lamps
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Light Intensity | Mean (±SE) | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|
Changes of power (watts) | −10.6 ± 3.8 (−40%) | −21 (−61%) | +16 (+18%) |
Changes of illuminance (lux) | +17.7 ± 8.5 (+259%) | −21 (−51%) | +64 (+1800%) |
Bat Activities | Illuminance | Power | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate ± SE | p−Value | Estimate ± SE | p−Value | ||
Total bat activity | Intercept | 3.670 ± 0.917 | <0.001 | 3.713 ± 0.898 | <0.001 |
LampLPS | −0.733 ± 0.393 | 0.062 | −0.988 ± 0.456 | 0.030 | |
Lamp intensity | 0.001 ± 0.007 | 0.896 | 0.001 ± 0.010 | 0.945 | |
LampLPS:Lamp intensity | 0.021 ± 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.022 ± 0.010 | 0.029 | |
Pipistrellus pipistrellus | Intercept | 6.760 ± 0.586 | <0.001 | 6.584 ± 0.522 | <0.001 |
LampLPS | −1.168 ± 0.566 | 0.039 | −0.732 ± 0.625 | 0.241 | |
Lamp intensity | −0.024 ± 0.009 | 0.005 | −0.033 ± 0.012 | 0.004 | |
LampLPS:Lamp intensity | 0.027 ± 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.030 ± 0.014 | 0.033 | |
Pipistrellus pygmaeus | Intercept | 2.180 ± 0.935 | 0.020 | 2.578 ± 0.799 | 0.001 |
LampLPS | −0.318 ± 0.922 | 0.730 | −1.248 ± 0.918 | 0.174 | |
Lamp intensity | 0.027 ± 0.015 | 0.080 | 0.031 ± 0.016 | 0.052 | |
LampLPS:Lamp intensity | −0.001 ± 0.017 | 0.968 | 0.003 ± 0.018 | 0.886 | |
Nyctalus spp. | Intercept | 2.093 ± 0.786 | 0.008 | 2.335 ± 0.808 | 0.004 |
LampLPS | −0.773 ± 0.547 | 0.158 | −1.578 ± 0.712 | 0.027 | |
Lamp intensity | −0.001 ± 0.010 | 0.886 | −0.014 ± 0.017 | 0.403 | |
LampLPS:Lamp intensity | 0.032 ± 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.051 ± 0.014 | <0.001 | |
Feeding buzz ratio | Intercept | −0.931 ± 0.237 | <0.001 | −0.662 ± 0.262 | 0.012 |
LampLPS | −1.681 ± 0.188 | <0.001 | −2.415 ± 0.294 | <0.001 | |
Lamp intensity | −0.052 ± 0.004 | <0.001 | −0.132 ± 0.009 | <0.001 | |
LampLPS:Lamp intensity | 0.066 ± 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.154 ± 0.010 | <0.001 |
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Kerbiriou, C.; Barré, K.; Mariton, L.; Pauwels, J.; Zissis, G.; Robert, A.; Le Viol, I. Switching LPS to LED Streetlight May Dramatically Reduce Activity and Foraging of Bats. Diversity 2020, 12, 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040165
Kerbiriou C, Barré K, Mariton L, Pauwels J, Zissis G, Robert A, Le Viol I. Switching LPS to LED Streetlight May Dramatically Reduce Activity and Foraging of Bats. Diversity. 2020; 12(4):165. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040165
Chicago/Turabian StyleKerbiriou, Christian, Kévin Barré, Léa Mariton, Julie Pauwels, Georges Zissis, Alexandre Robert, and Isabelle Le Viol. 2020. "Switching LPS to LED Streetlight May Dramatically Reduce Activity and Foraging of Bats" Diversity 12, no. 4: 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040165