The Relevance of Amyloid β-Calmodulin Complexation in Neurons and Brain Degeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Intracellular Amyloid β (Aβ) Oligomers in Neuronal Cytotoxicity and Calmodulin (CaM) as a Major High Affinity Aβ-Binding Protein in Neurons
2. The Roles of CaM in Neurons as Cytosolic Calcium Buffering and Calcium Signaling Molecule—Subcellular Distribution of CaM-Binding Proteins (CaMBPs) in Neurons
3. Modulation by Aβ of CaMBPs, Which Play Major Roles in Aβ Production in Neuronal Calcium Homeostasis and LTP
3.1. The Relevance of Aβ:CaM Complexation for the Regulation of Neurotoxic Aβ Oligomer Formation
3.2. The Relevance of Aβ:CaM Complexation for the Alteration of Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis Induced by Aβ
3.3. The Relevance of Aβ:CaM Complexation for Dysregulation of Calcium-Dependent Neuronal Activity and Excitability Induced by Aβ
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Aβ | Amyloid β peptide |
AC | Adenylate cyclase |
AD | Alzheimer’s disease |
AMPA | α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid |
APP | Amyloid precursor protein |
BACE1 | β-Site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 |
CaM | Calmodulin |
CaMBPs | Calmodulin binding proteins |
CaMKs | Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases |
ER | Endoplasmic reticulum |
fAD | Familial or hereditary Alzheimer’s disease |
IP3R | Inositol trisphosphate receptor |
Kd | Dissociation constant |
LRP1 | Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 |
LTCC | L-type calcium channels |
LTD | Long-term depression |
LTM | Long-term memory |
LTP | Long-term potentiation |
MAMs | Mitochondria associated ER membranes |
NCX | Sodium-calcium exchanger |
NFT | Neurofibrillary tangles |
Ng | Neurogranin |
Nm | Neuromodulin |
NMDA | N-methyl D-aspartate |
NMDAR | N-methyl D-aspartate receptors |
nNOS | Neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase |
PKA | protein kinase A |
PKC | Protein kinase C |
PMCA | Plasma membrane calcium pumps |
PSEN | Presenilin |
RCS | Regulator of calcium signaling |
RyR | Ryanodine receptors |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
sAD | Sporadic Alzheimer’s disease |
SERCA | Sarco(endo)plasmic Ca2+-ATPase |
SOCE | Store-operated calcium entry |
VGCCs | Voltage-gated calcium channels |
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Poejo, J.; Salazar, J.; Mata, A.M.; Gutierrez-Merino, C. The Relevance of Amyloid β-Calmodulin Complexation in Neurons and Brain Degeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 4976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094976
Poejo J, Salazar J, Mata AM, Gutierrez-Merino C. The Relevance of Amyloid β-Calmodulin Complexation in Neurons and Brain Degeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(9):4976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094976
Chicago/Turabian StylePoejo, Joana, Jairo Salazar, Ana M. Mata, and Carlos Gutierrez-Merino. 2021. "The Relevance of Amyloid β-Calmodulin Complexation in Neurons and Brain Degeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9: 4976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094976