The Domain Name System of the Internet consists of a set of top-level domains which constitute the root domain of the hierarchical name space and database. In the growth of the Internet, it became desirable to expand the set of initially six generic top-level domains in 1984. As a result new top-level domain names have been proposed for implementation by ICANN. Such proposals included a variety of models ranging from adoption of policies for unrestricted gTLDs that could be registered by anyone for any purpose, to chartered gTLDs for specialized uses by specialized organizations.[1] In October 2000, ICANN published a list of proposals for top-level domain strings it had received.[2]
Contents |
Geographic proposals [link]
- .geo - Generic geographical locations.
- .berlin - Berlin.
- .wien - Vienna.
- .london - London.
- .nyc - New York City.
- .paris - Paris.
- .lat - General category for Latin American websites.
- .africa - General category for African websites.
- .moscow and .москва - Moscow.
- .australia - Australia.
- .sydney - Sydney, Australia.
- .ln and .le - Currently being sold by Dennis Hope's "Lunar Embassy Commission" alongside .lunar, .moon, .venus, .mars, .jupiter, .saturn, .uranus, .neptune, .pluto, .space. People who purchase novelty deeds for outer space property from him are also given free domains.[3] None of these TLDs are supported by the root servers and it is unlikely they will be in the future.
Language and community [link]
These proposals are centered on creating an independent Internet identity for linguistic and cultural communities. They are mostly inspired by the success of the .cat domain created for websites in the Catalan language or about the Catalan culture.
| Domain name | intended use | sponsor | year of proposal | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| .bzh | Breton language and Brittany | dot bzh | 2006 | A campaign has been organized in Brittany to support the request of creation of the .bzh domain. The campaign's website gives little information about the status of the proposal and the organization behind and mostly holds a petition for the creation of the domain. As of January 2012 there are over 20,000 signatories. |
| .cymru | Welsh language and Wales | dotCYM Cyf | 2006 | Following a decision by ICANN in 2010 .cym [4] the dotCYM Cyf bid organisers made an appeal for supporters of the former dotCYM bid to suggest a new domain name for the Welsh linguistic and cultural community[. The overwhelming choice of the community was for dotCYMRU. Since November 2010 dotCYMRU is the new domain name for the Welsh linguistic and cultural domain. |
| .eng | England | dot eng.org | 2008 | The dotENG.org website was set up by John Sewell of Maidenhead in Berkshire. Mentioned in PC Pro Online: Campaign begins for .eng domain, Stuart Turton, 23 April 2008 |
| .eus | Basque language | PuntuEus association | 2009 | University professors, scientifics, several companies and institutions are involved in this campaign, including the autonomous government, Eusko Jaurlaritza and the Basque Language Academy, Euskaltzaindia. |
| .gal | Galician language and Galicia | PuntoGal | 2006 | Several companies and institutions are involved in this campaign, including the autonomous government, Xunta de Galicia. |
| .ker | Cornish language and Cornwall (Kernow) in general | Cornish World Magazine[5] | 2008 | |
| .lli | Leonese language and Leonese culture | puntuLLI | 2007 | Several companies, associations, organisations and institutions are involved in this campaign. |
| .quebec | Quebec | Pointquebec | 2008 | .quebec came to life following .cat success. As an incorporated NPO, PointQuebec's mission is to promote, broadcast and manage a new identity on the Internet, affirming the specificity and Quebec Culture. |
| .sco[6] | Scotland | dotSCO.org (dead link) | 2005 | dotSCO began in late 2005 and has been campaigning to build support for a new TLD from among the Scots community around the world. The campaign now appears to be defunct, effectively replaced by .scot (q.v.) |
| .scot[7] | Scotland, The Scots Community of Interest online, Scottish culture and Scotland's languages | Dot Scot Registry | 2009 | A not-for-profit company, created to apply for and operate .scot, "an online identity for the worldwide family of Scots." "Will give people, organisations and businesses the opportunity to clearly identify themselves as Scottish." |
| ECLID | ECLID | ECLID | 2008 | The dotCYMRU, dotEUS, dotSCOT and dotBZH have formed the ECLID[1], the European Cultural and Linguistic Internet Domains umbrella group to lobby for the successful and speedy application for the bids. |
| .sic[8] | Székely Land | Pontsic Foundation | 2009 | pontSIC began in late 2008 and has been campaigning to build support for a new TLD from among the Székely community around the world. The campaign was started by the Szekler National Council, and now are involved several companies and institutions. As of September 2009 there are over 33,200 signatories. |
| .nai | nai | nai | 1999 | The original proposal for a native managed TLD predates ICANN, and its form was adopted by ICANN as the "sponsored" type of application and eventual contract in the 2001 new gTLD round. The application of a "sponsored" type of application and registry resulted in the .cat success. .nai's mission is to implement a top-level name space with an indigenous policy, provide an alternative to the several thousand indigenous public administrations, and the larger numbers of indigenous non-governmental, linguistic and cultural institutional, public and private economic enterprises, bands and individuals in the Western Hemisphere currently using name spaces operated under for-profit or colonial policies, and promote the economic development of Indian Country. |
| .vlaanderen | Flanders (Vlaanderen) | 2011 |
Domains for children [link]
A top-level domain named kids has been proposed by several entities. As of 2009, none of these proposals have been implemented. Under the United States country code TLD (us) exists a second-level domain kids.us.
Applications for a kids domain have included:
- Blueberry Hill Communications, Inc., a domain name registration and hosting company in California, submitted a proposal[9] Registry services would be subcontracted to Neustar and Melbourne IT. Registrars are selected under same criteria and process currently imposed by ICANN. This proposal would not rely on objective criteria for categorizing content.
- DotKids, established in 2000 in Rosemont, Illinois intends to utilize SARAF Software Solutions Inc. for software development of a kids registry. DotKids would deal only with ICANN accredited registrars; content rating information is to be retained in the registry and is to describe ratings for an entire site.[10]
- ICM Registry, Inc. request the kids TLD[11] as an integrated solution for improving child safety on the Internet by implicitly attempting to restrict content across both TLDs and targeting a narrow registrant group.
- .KIDS Domains, Inc.[12] is a California for-profit corporation; the proposed registry operator is Toronto-based domain name registrar Tucows Inc. Kids would be a restricted TLD. .KIDS Domains therefore does not intend to allow other registrars to register domain names.
The European Parliament has also proposed kid for websites designed for children.[citation needed] It would be monitored by an independent authority.
Technical domain name themes [link]
- .mail - A domain for e-mail networks, proposed to facilitate fighting e-mail spam.
- .web - A domain for general use on the world wide web.
Specialized and professional topics [link]
- .med – medical facilities and organizations
- .eco – environmental causes[13][14]
- .fc - football clubs[15]
- .post – postal organizations
- .rage - For scientific institutions in Spanish speaking countries.
- .shop – electronic commerce sites[16]
- .sport – sport sites[17]
- .wine – wine sites[18]
- .gay - LGBT organizations
See also [link]
References [link]
- ^ "Names Council Solicitation of Comments for Consideration of New Generic Top-Level Domains". ICANN. 2000-04-01. https://www.icann.org/dnso/new-gtlds-01apr00.htm.
- ^ "TLD Applications Lodged". ICANN. 2000-10-10. https://www.icann.org/en/tlds/tld-applications-lodged-02oct00.htm.
- ^ Hope, David. "The Lunar Embassy". https://www.lunarembassy.com/shop/en/shops.lasso?-database=aa654s5677556pr&-layout=US$_pr9981_en&-response=searchresults_en.lasso&-NoResultsError=noproducts_en.lasso&-token.trackindex=2156945&-token.affindex=&-token.rn=68509398&-token.cs=US$&-token.rs29=33&-token.rscd=LE&-token.firstlogin=&-token.skip=&-token.category=&-show. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
- ^ "Wales loses to Cayman Islands in battle for .cym domain". BBC. 2010-11-04. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-mid-wales-11683239. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
- ^ The campaign for a KER Internet domain name
- ^ "First Minister announces support for Scots internet domain". dotSCO.org. https://www.dotsco.org/2008/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=2. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
- ^ "Dot Scot Registry is the not-for-profit venture to establish and operate a new top-level internet domain of .scot for the worldwide family of Scots". dotSCOT.org. https://www.dot-scot.org/. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
- ^ "SIC domain". https://www.supportnewtlds.com/. https://www.supportnewtlds.com/sic/. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
- ^ Summary of Application of Blueberry Hill
- ^ Summary of Application of dotKids Inc
- ^ Summary of Application of ICM Registry
- ^ Summary of Application of .Kids Domains
- ^ Al Gore says domain .eco logical
- ^ Launch of .eco Application to Empower Global Community
- ^ https://fcdomainnames.com/
- ^ https://www.commercialconnect.net
- ^ https://www.dotsport.info
- ^ https://english.dotvinum.org
External links [link]
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https://wn.com/Proposed_top-level_domain
MED28
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 28 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MED28 gene. It forms part of the Mediator complex.
Function
Subunit Med28 of the Mediator may function as a scaffolding protein within Mediator by maintaining the stability of a submodule within the head module, and components of this submodule act together in a gene-regulatory programme to suppress smooth muscle cell differentiation. Thus, mammalian Mediator subunit Med28 functions as a repressor of smooth muscle-cell differentiation, which could have implications for disorders associated with abnormalities in smooth muscle cell growth and differentiation, including atherosclerosis, asthma, hypertension, and smooth muscle tumours.
Interactions
MED28 has been shown to interact with Merlin,Grb2 and MED26.
See also
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR021640
Further reading
MED6
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 6 is one of the subunits of the Mediator complex. It is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MED6 gene.
Protein family
This family of proteins represent the transcriptional mediator protein subunit 6 that is required for activation of many RNA polymerase II promoters and which are conserved from yeast to humans.
Interactions
MED6 has been shown to interact with:
References
Further reading
External links
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR007018
Trash (Roxy Music song)
Trash is a single by English rock band Roxy Music taken from their 1979 album Manifesto, their first after the comeback that followed the three years hiatus. It peaked at number 40 in the UK charts. "Trash" was backed by a softened arrangement of the same song, called "Trash 2", which was made available on the The Thrill of It All box set.
Personnel
References
External links
Trash (nightclub)
Trash was a popular London indie and electro nightclub run by Erol Alkan.
The club was held weekly on Monday night. The first night was in January 1997, while the last was 10 years later in January 2007. It first existed at the original Plastic People in Soho, then at neighbouring venue The Annexe on Dean Street, before finally finding a home at The End off New Oxford Street in the West End of London.
It was influential in terms of pioneering and popularising new genres of music, such the garage rock revival and electroclash, with early performances from bands such as the Yeah Yeah Yeahs, LCD Soundsystem, Bloc Party and Klaxons.
DJs
In its formative years at Plastic People and The Annexe, Trash's DJs were Erol Alkan and James. When the club moved and expanded to The End they were initially joined by Rory Phillips and in the years that followed, Mavs and The Lovely Jonjo.
Songs
For the latter 5 years of the club, the last two tracks played were always the same. "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" by The Smiths and then "Rock 'n' Roll Suicide" by David Bowie. Erol Alkan believed "they are the two songs that best reflect club culture, its people and places, highs and lows and bring people together".
Trash80
Trash80 is a micromusic/bitpop project from Timothy Lamb (born on March 5, 1979), a pioneer of independent Game Boy music. He has published several songs online under a Creative Commons license (BY-NC-ND) under the Trash80 and Tresk banners. Whereas many Trash80 songs are ambient soundscapes featuring the use of Game Boy sounds, Tresk songs feature simple piano lines. Most prominently, Lamb's music has been featured on the soundtrack of the Real-time strategy game Darwinia.
The name "Trash80" is a reference to a slang term for the Tandy / Radio Shack computer model (now defunct) TRS-80 (model 1/2/3/4/4p).
In 2003 the EP Hologram was released. and in May 2008 the EP Icarus was released.
In the Fall of 2008, Trash80 unveiled the ArduinoBoy, a relatively cheap and easy-to-assemble device that allows MIDI synchronization with a Game Boy running the proper software. As the name implies, it is based on the Arduino open-source microcontroller.
External links
References
Podcasts:
-
by Ludwig Von 88
Club Med
by: Ludwig Von 88Assis sur une plage, un coca dans les mains
Les filles dans les bras, merci petit géo
Tu sais ici c'est chouette, les vacances planifiées
Tous les jours c'est la fête, merci petit géo