Beer
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Beer is an alcoholic drink brewed frae maut, hops an baurley. Beer is the warld's auldest[1][2][3] an maist widely consumed[4] alcoholic drink; it is the third maist popular drink oweraw, efter watter an tea.[5] The production o beer, brewin involves the baurmin o siccars, mainly derived frae cereal grain stairches—maist commonly frae mautit baurley, awtho wheat, maize, an rice are widely uised.[6] Most beer is flavoured wi hops, that add bitterness an act as a naitural preservative, tho ither flavourins sic as yerbs or fruit mey occasionally be includit. The baurmin process causes a naitural carbonation effect, awtho this is eften remuived during processin, an replaced wi forced carbonation.[7] Some o humanity's earliest kent writins refer tae the production an distribution o beer: the Code o Hammurabi includit laws regulatin beer an beer parlours,[8] an "The Hime tae Ninkasi", a prayer tae the Mesopotamian goddess o beer, served as baith a prayer an as a method o rememberin the recipe for beer in a cultur wi few leeterate fowk.[9][10]
Beer is sauld in bottles an cans; it mey an aa be available on draucht, pairteecularly in pubs an baurs. The brewin industrie is a global business, conseestin o several dominant multinaitional companies an mony thoosands o smawer producers rangin frae brewpubs tae regional breweries. The strenth o beer is uisually aroond 4% tae 6% alcohol bi vollum (abv), awtho it mey vary atween 0.5% an 20%, wi some breweries creautin ensaumples o 40% abv an abuin.[11] Beer forms pairt o the cultur o beer-drinkin naitions an is associatit wi social tradeetions sic as beer festivals, as well as a rich pub cultur involvin activities lik pub crawlin, an pub gemmes sic as bar billiards.
In Canadae, the Canadian Govrenment’s Fuid an Drog Regulations states that beer shoud hae alcohol content that ranges frae 1.1% tae 8.6%. The regulation an aa includes that it coud be greater nor 8.6% an labeled accordinly.[12]
Beer in Sooth Korea shoud hae 25% (v/v) or less. That means that it haes tae be 25 mL o alcohol or less per 100 mL o solution an can anerly be conseedert ‘lite’ if thay hae less nor 30 kcal per 100ml. Mair specifically, major ingredients sic as Maut (baurley an wheat), Hop, Watter, Stairch ingredients hae tae be allaed bi the Sooth Korean Regulations in the brewin process.[13]
Beers an ither seemilar variations in Singapore maun hae at meenimum o 1.0% alcohol (v/v) concentration at 20°C. It is eften brewed frae a mixtur o grains lik maut, succars or it's equivalent an hops or ither vegetables.[14]
References
[eedit | eedit soorce]- ↑ Rudgley, Richard (1993). The Alchemy of Culture: Intoxicants in Society. London: British Museum Press;. ISBN 978-0714117362.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
- ↑ Arnold, John P (2005). Origin and History of Beer and Brewing: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of Brewing Science and Technology. Cleveland, Ohio: Reprint Edition by BeerBooks. ISBN 0-9662084-1-2.
- ↑ World's Best Beers: One Thousand ... - Google Books. books.google.com. 6 October 2009. ISBN 9781402766947. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
- ↑ "Volume of World Beer Production". European Beer Guide. Retrieved 17 October 2006.
- ↑ Max Nelson (2005). The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 0-415-31121-7.
- ↑ Barth, Roger. The Chemistry of Beer: The Science in the Suds, Wiley 2013: ISBN 978-1-118-67497-0.
- ↑ "How Beer Is Carbonated and Why Is Beer Fizzy?". Archived frae the original on 23 Januar 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
- ↑ "Beer Before Bread". Alaska Science Forum #1039, Carla Helfferich. Archived frae the original on 9 Mey 2008. Retrieved 13 Mey 2008.
- ↑ "Nin-kasi: Mesopotamian Goddess of Beer". Matrifocus 2006, Johanna Stuckey. Retrieved 13 Mey 2008.
- ↑ Black, Jeremy A.; Cunningham, Graham; Robson, Eleanor (2004). The literature of ancient Sumer. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926311-6.
- ↑ "World's strongest beer reclaimed". BBC News. 16 Februar 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
- ↑ Branch, Legislative Services. "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Food and Drug Regulations". laws.justice.gc.ca (in Inglis). Retrieved 18 Julie 2017.
- ↑ "Global Agriculture Information Network" (PDF). Cite has empty unkent parameter:
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(help) - ↑ "Food Regulations in Singapore". Archived frae the original on 23 Juin 2017. Cite has empty unkent parameter:
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