Bir

Bir kuwe kabeh inuman beralkohol sing diproduksi nganggo proses fermentasi bahan berpati lan ora ngliwati proses penyulingan seuwise fermentasi. Bir kiye inuman beralkohol sing paling akeh dikonsumsi sadonya^[1] lan ndeyane sing paling tuwa.^[2]^[3]^[4] Selain itu, bir juga adalah minuman terpopuler ketiga di dunia, di bawah air dan teh.^[5]

Proses nggawene bir jenenge brewing. Jalaran bahan sing digunakna kanggo nggawe bir kuwe sejen-sejen antarane sawijining panggonan karo liyane, mulane kuwe karakteristik bir kaya rasa lan wernane uga dadi sejen-sejen jinise utawa klasifikasine. Kadar alkohol bir biasane kisarne antara 4-6 % abv (alcohol by volume; alkohol berdasarkan volume), ningen uga ana sing kurang sekang 1% abv utawa malah nganti 20% abv.

Bir kuwe klebu salah siji inuman paling tuwa sing tau digawe menungsa, yakuwe wiwit sekitare taun 5000 SM sing kecathet nang sejarah sing ditulis nang Mesir Kuno lan Mesopotamia. Karakter bir wis ngalami owah-owahan secara drastis sepanjang ewonan taun. Senajan umume bir kuwe klebu inuman beralkohol, ana sawetara variasi sekang donya Barat sing dong proses ngolaeh kuwe mbuang meh kabeh kadar alkohole, sing maraih dadi apa sing dijenengi karo bir tanpa alkohol.

Jenis bir

Referensi

↑ "Volume of World Beer Production". European Beer Guide. http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/eustats.htm#production. Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2006.
↑ Rudgley, Richard (1993). The Alchemy of Culture: Intoxicants in Society. London: British Museum Press;. ISBN 978-0714117362.
↑ Arnold, John P (2005). Origin and History of Beer and Brewing: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of Brewing Science and Technology. Cleveland, Ohio: Reprint Edition by BeerBooks. ISBN 0-9662084-1-2.
↑ World's Best Beers: One Thousand ... - Google Books. books.google.com. Masalah: wektu ora absah. ISBN 9781402766947. http://books.google.com/?id=SHh-4M_QxEsC&pg=PA10&dq=oldest+beverage&q=oldest%20beverage. Diakses pada 7 Agustus 2010.
↑ Nelson, Max (2005). The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. hlm. 1. ISBN 0-415-31121-7. http://books.google.com/?id=6xul0O_SI1MC&pg=PA1&dq=most+consumed+beverage. Diakses pada 21 September 2010.

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[1] "Volume of World Beer Production". European Beer Guide. http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/eustats.htm#production. Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2006.

[2] Rudgley, Richard (1993). The Alchemy of Culture: Intoxicants in Society. London: British Museum Press;. ISBN 978-0714117362.

[3] Arnold, John P (2005). Origin and History of Beer and Brewing: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of Brewing Science and Technology. Cleveland, Ohio: Reprint Edition by BeerBooks. ISBN 0-9662084-1-2.

[4] World's Best Beers: One Thousand ... - Google Books. books.google.com. Masalah: wektu ora absah. ISBN 9781402766947. http://books.google.com/?id=SHh-4M_QxEsC&pg=PA10&dq=oldest+beverage&q=oldest%20beverage. Diakses pada 7 Agustus 2010.

[5] Nelson, Max (2005). The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. hlm. 1. ISBN 0-415-31121-7. http://books.google.com/?id=6xul0O_SI1MC&pg=PA1&dq=most+consumed+beverage. Diakses pada 21 September 2010.

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