給
See also: 给
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]給 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+6, 12 strokes, cangjie input 女火人一口 (VFOMR), four-corner 28961, composition ⿰糹合)
Derived characters
[edit]Related characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 923, character 6
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27432
- Dae Jaweon: page 1357, character 18
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3394, character 11
- Unihan data for U+7D66
Chinese
[edit]Glyph origin
[edit]| Historical forms of the character 給 | |
|---|---|
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
|
|
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 龕 | *kʰuːm |
| 媕 | *quːm, *qromʔ, *qɯːm, *qramʔ, *qɯːb |
| 頜 | *ɡuːmʔ, *kuːb |
| 答 | *tkuːb |
| 畣 | *tkuːb |
| 荅 | *tkuːb |
| 嗒 | *tuːb, *tʰoːb |
| 褡 | *tuːb, *toːb |
| 撘 | *tuːb |
| 搭 | *tuːb, *tʰoːb |
| 榙 | *tkuːb, *ɡuːb |
| 佮 | *tkʰuːb, *kuːb, *quːb, *quːb |
| 蛤 | *kuːb |
| 鴿 | *kuːb |
| 合 | *kuːb, *ɡuːb |
| 郃 | *kuːb, *ɡuːb |
| 匌 | *kuːb, *kʰuːb |
| 鉿 | *kuːb |
| 閤 | *kuːb |
| 鞈 | *kuːb, *kruːb |
| 韐 | *kuːb, *kruːb |
| 鮯 | *kuːb |
| 哈 | *ŋɡuːb |
| 姶 | *quːb, *quːb |
| 欱 | *qʰuːb, *qʰruːb |
| 盒 | *ɡuːb |
| 耠 | *ɡuːb |
| 詥 | *ɡuːb |
| 塔 | *tʰuːb |
| 鞳 | *tʰoːb |
| 劄 | *rtuːb |
| 跲 | *kruːb, *kob, *ɡob |
| 袷 | *kruːb, *ŋkob |
| 餄 | *kruːb |
| 恰 | *kʰruːb |
| 帢 | *kʰruːb |
| 洽 | *ɡruːb |
| 祫 | *ɡruːb |
| 珨 | *ɡruːb |
| 烚 | *ɡruːb |
| 歙 | *qʰjob, *qʰrub |
| 湁 | *tkʰub |
| 拾 | *ɡjub |
| 給 | *krub |
| 翕 | *qʰrub |
| 噏 | *qʰrub |
| 潝 | *qʰrub |
| 熻 | *qʰrub |
| 嬆 | *qʰrub |
| 翖 | *qʰrub |
| 闟 | *qʰrub |
According to Shuowen Jiezi, Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *krub) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb) – "rich, abundant", perhaps with a reference to precious silk; today it also means "to give". The phonetic component means "to join, to unite", however it is likely unrelated to the original meaning.
Etymology 1
[edit]| trad. | 給 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 给 | |
Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qǝ̆p (“to give; to supply”), comparing it to Burmese အပ် (ap, “to commit; to deliver; to hand over”), Jingpho ap (“to hand over”), Lepcha ᰀᰤᰬᰱ (kjep, “to add to; to multiply”), ᰃᰤᰱ (gjap, “many”).
In Mandarin, Jin and Xiang, pronunciations 1 and 2 are generally thought of as colloquial and literary readings respectively, from the same Middle Chinese etymon (Zhengzhang, 2002; Liu, 2021; among others). Pronunciation 2, the literary reading, is a regular reflex from Middle Chinese. However, since pronunciation 1 is highly irregular, others have proposed alternative etymologies for it:
- From the contraction of 過與 (MC kwaH yoX, “to pass to”) (Ikeda, 1962; Hirayama, 2000, 2010; Wang, 2022);
- From 乞 (MC khj+t|khj+jH, “to give”) (Zhang, 1989); and
- From 饋 (MC gwijH, “to gift”) (Shimura, 1995).
Pronunciation 1
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ge1
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): gǐ / gěi
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ги (gi, II)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): ji3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): gei2
- Northern Min (KCR): gĭ
- Eastern Min (BUC): gék
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 7ciq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ge3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, colloquial)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄟˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gěi
- Wade–Giles: kei3
- Yale: gěi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geei
- Palladius: гэй (gɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /keɪ̯²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ge1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ge
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɛ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, colloquial)+
Note: colloquial.
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: gǐ / gěi
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): gi3 / gei3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ki¹¹/, /kəi¹¹/
- (Nanjing)
Note:
- gǐ - colloquial;
- gěi - literary.
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ги (gi, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ki⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: kap1
- Yale: kāp
- Cantonese Pinyin: kap7
- Guangdong Romanization: keb1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɐp̚⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: kip2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰip̚⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: ji3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kip
- Hakka Romanization System: gibˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gib5
- Sinological IPA: /kip̚²/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: gei2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /kei⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
Note: colloquial.
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gĭ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ki²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gék
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɛiʔ²⁴/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: ge3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɤ̞⁴¹/
- (Changsha)
Note: colloquial.
- Middle Chinese: kip
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k](r)[ə]p/
- (Zhengzhang): /*krub/
Definitions
[edit]給
- to give
- for; for the benefit of
- to; with (following verbs to indicate the handing over or passing of something)
- to (introduce recipient of an action)
- by (marker of passive voice)
- Used in the form of 給我 in imperative sentences for emphasis.
- Used before a verb for emphasis of affectedness.
- (dialectal Mandarin, Jin) and
Synonyms
[edit]Dialectal synonyms of 給 (“to give”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 替, 為 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 給, 替 |
| Taiwan | 給, 替 | |
| Singapore | 替 | |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 給, 替 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 替, 給 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 幫, 給, 跟 |
| Wuhan | 跟, 幫 | |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 代, 替 |
| Hefei | 代, 幫 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 同, 幫 |
| Hong Kong | 同, 幫 | |
| Yangjiang | 替, 幐 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 跟, 幫 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 同, 代 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 替, 給 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 替, 幫 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 替, 共 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 替, 共 |
| Quanzhou | 共 | |
| Zhangzhou | 共 | |
| Tainan | 替, 共 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 替, 共 | |
| Chaozhou | 代, 個 | |
| Jieyang | 個 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 幫, 搭 |
| Suzhou | 替, 搭 | |
| Wenzhou | 代 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 幫, 跟, 代 |
| Shuangfeng | 幫 | |
Dialectal synonyms of 給 (“(used in imperative sentences for emphasis)”) [map]
Compounds
[edit]Pronunciation 2
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jie2
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): gǐ / gěi
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): ji3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): jieh4
- Northern Min (KCR): gĭ
- Eastern Min (BUC): gék
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 7ciq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ji6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, literary)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jǐ
- Wade–Giles: chi3
- Yale: jǐ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jii
- Palladius: цзи (czi)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: jie2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gie
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiɛ²¹/
- (Standard Chinese, literary)+
Note: literary.
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: gǐ / gěi
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): gi3 / gei3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ki¹¹/, /kəi¹¹/
- (Nanjing)
Note:
- gǐ - colloquial;
- gěi - literary.
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: kap1
- Yale: kāp
- Cantonese Pinyin: kap7
- Guangdong Romanization: keb1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɐp̚⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: kip2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰip̚⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: ji3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kip
- Hakka Romanization System: gibˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gib5
- Sinological IPA: /kip̚²/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: jieh4
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiəʔ²/
- (Taiyuan)+
Note: literary.
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gĭ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ki²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gék
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɛiʔ²⁴/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: ji6
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi²⁴/
- (Changsha)
Note: literary.
- Middle Chinese: kip
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k](r)[ə]p/
- (Zhengzhang): /*krub/
Definitions
[edit]給
Compounds
[edit]- 不給 / 不给 (bùjǐ)
- 不能自給 / 不能自给
- 人給家足 / 人给家足
- 仰給 / 仰给
- 仰給於人 / 仰给于人
- 供給 / 供给 (gōngjǐ)
- 保險給付 / 保险给付
- 俸給 / 俸给
- 傭給 / 佣给
- 公共給水 / 公共给水
- 利口捷給 / 利口捷给
- 加給 / 加给
- 取給 / 取给 (qǔjǐ)
- 口才辨給 / 口才辨给
- 口給 / 口给
- 口齒便給 / 口齿便给
- 周給 / 周给
- 女給 / 女给
- 家給 / 家给
- 家給人足 / 家给人足
- 家給戶贍 / 家给户赡
- 家給民足 / 家给民足
- 恩給制 / 恩给制
- 慧給 / 慧给
- 戶給人足 / 户给人足
- 捷給 / 捷给
- 敏給 / 敏给
- 日不暇給 / 日不暇给
- 日給 / 日给
- 月給 / 月给 (yuèjǐ)
- 有給職 / 有给职
- 死亡給付 / 死亡给付
- 無給職 / 无给职
- 現金給付 / 现金给付
- 目不暇給 / 目不暇给 (mùbùxiájǐ)
- 目不給視 / 目不给视
- 給予 / 给予
- 給事中 / 给事中
- 給付 / 给付
- 給使 / 给使
- 給假 / 给假
- 給散 / 给散
- 給水 / 给水 (jǐshuǐ)
- 給與 / 给与 (jǐyǔ)
- 給足 / 给足
- 給養 / 给养 (jǐyǎng)
- 自給 / 自给 (zìjǐ)
- 自給自足 / 自给自足 (zìjǐzìzú)
- 薪給 / 薪给 (xīnjǐ)
- 虛給 / 虚给
- 補給 / 补给 (bǔjǐ)
- 補給品 / 补给品
- 補給線 / 补给线
- 補給證 / 补给证
- 請給 / 请给
- 賑給 / 赈给
- 辨給 / 辨给
- 辭給 / 辞给
- 辯給 / 辩给
- 配給 / 配给 (pèijǐ)
- 配給制度 / 配给制度
- 配給品 / 配给品
- 配給票 / 配给票
- 醫療給付 / 医疗给付
- 饔飧不給 / 饔飧不给
- 齊給 / 齐给
Etymology 2
[edit]| trad. | 給 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 给 | |
Pronunciation
[edit]- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hō͘
Definitions
[edit]給
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]給
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: こう (kō)←こふ (kofu, historical)
- Kan-on: きゅう (kyū, Jōyō)←きふ (kifu, historical)
- On: きょう (kyō)←けふ (kefu, historical)
- Kun: たまう (tamau, 給う)←たまふ (tamafu, 給ふ, historical)、たまえ (tamae, 給え)←たまへ (tamafe, 給へ, historical)、たもう (tamou, 給う)←たまふ (tamafu, 給ふ, historical)
- Nanori: きい (kī)
Compounds
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]給 (eumhun 넉넉할 급 (neongneokhal geup))
Vietnamese
[edit]Chữ Hán
[edit]給: Hán Nôm readings: cấp, góp, cắp, cóp, cướp
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
References
[edit]Categories:
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- Japanese kanji with on reading きょう
- Japanese kanji with historical on reading けふ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading たま・う
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading たま・ふ
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