traho
Latin
editAlternative forms
edit- traō (11th century)
- tragō (Early Medieval Latin)
Etymology
editUnclear. Despite the resemblance in form and meaning, its relationship to Proto-Germanic *draganą (“to drag, draw”) is debated, since Latin initial t- and Germanic initial *d- is not a regular correspondence according to conventionally accepted sound laws. Some consider it impossible for both to be inherited from a common Proto-Indo-European root[1][2] (though De Vaan thinks they could be related as loans from some common non-Indo-European source[2]). Others suppose they can both be derived from a PIE or post-PIE root *dʰragʰ-,[3] with the Latin form showing dissimilation to *dragʰ- (a controversial sound change for Latin: Weiss argues that the presence of a liquid after the first stop was an essential conditioning factor for this "Limited Latin Grassmann's Law"), followed by devoicing of dr to tr (a more generally accepted sound change).[4][5] Schrijver argues that the presence of -ā- in the perfect stem and in some related forms such as trāgula is a sure sign of an original laryngeal in the root, and proposes *dʰr(e)Hgʰ- as a possible form.[4]
De Vaan reconstructs a non-Indo-European root *trHgʰ- or *trā̆gʰ-, borrowed into Italic and Celtic, as a potential source of both Latin trahō and Old Irish tethraig (“ran away, receded”), Middle Welsh treul (“trouble, weakness”) < Proto-Celtic *trāglo-.[2] Other possible cognates include Proto-Celtic *tregess (“foot”), Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þragjan, “to run”), Proto-Slavic *tragъ, but semantically problematic.
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /ˈtra.hoː/, [ˈt̪rä(ɦ)oː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈtra.o/, [ˈt̪räːo]
Verb
edittrahō (present infinitive trahere, perfect active trāxī, supine tractum); third conjugation
- to drag, pull
- to trail
- to extract, withdraw
- to plunder, squander
- to draw out, extend, lengthen, prolong
- (of time) to protract, drag out, linger
- to weigh, ponder, consider
- (figuratively) to attract, draw (someone; their attention)
- (by extension) to attract the support of, sway, win over
- 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 26.1:
- Ea tum cura maxime intentos habebat Romanos, non ab ira tantum, quae in nullam unquam ciuitatem iustior fuit, quam quod urbs tam nobilis ac potens, sicut defectione sua traxerat aliquot populos, ita recepta inclinatura rursus animos uidebatur ad ueteris imperii respectum.
- This concern in particular troubled the mindful Romans at the time, not so much because of anger, which has never been more justified against any other city, rather because a city so noble and powerful, in the same way that it had attracted the support of a number of communities by its revolt, was thought would again turn attention back towards respect for the previous government once recaptured.
- Ea tum cura maxime intentos habebat Romanos, non ab ira tantum, quae in nullam unquam ciuitatem iustior fuit, quam quod urbs tam nobilis ac potens, sicut defectione sua traxerat aliquot populos, ita recepta inclinatura rursus animos uidebatur ad ueteris imperii respectum.
Conjugation
editDerived terms
edit- abstrahō
- attrahō
- circumtrahō
- contrahō
- dētrahō
- distrahō
- extrahō
- intertrahō
- intrahō
- obtrahō
- pertrahō
- prōtrahō
- retrahō
- subtrahō
- supertrahō
- tractābilis
- tractābilitās
- tractābiliter
- tractātiō
- tractātor
- tractātōrium
- tractātrīx
- Tractīcius
- tractim
- tractō
- tractōria
- tractōriae
- tractōrius
- tractum
- tractuōsus
- tractus
- traha
- trahārius
- trahax
- trahea
- trahitōrius
Related terms
editDescendants
edit- Aragonese: trayer
- Aromanian: trag, tradziri
- Asturian: trayer, traer
- Catalan: traure, treure
- Corsican: trascinà, trescinà, triscinà, strascinà
- Dalmatian: trairo, truar
- Extremaduran: trael, trayel
- Friulian: trai
- Gallurese: trai
- Italian: trarre
- Leonese: trayere
- Ligurian: trâ
- Mirandese: traer, traier
- Navarro-Aragonese: traer, traher, trayer
- Occitan: tréger, traire
- Old French: traire, treire, trere
- Old Occitan: traire
- Old Galician-Portuguese: trager, traer
- Old Spanish: traer, traher, trayer
- Piedmontese: trené
- Romanian: trage, tragere
- Romansch: trair, trer, trar
- Sardinian: tràere, trai, tragare, tràghere, tragai
- Sicilian: tràjiri
- Spanish: traer, traje
- Venetian: traxer, trar
References
edit- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*dragan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 99
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “trahō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 626-627
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 188
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 188-189
- ^ Weiss, Michael (2018) “Limited Latin Grassmann's Law: Do We Need It?”, in Dieter Gunkel, Stephanie W. Jamison, Angelo O. Mercado and Kazuhiko Yoshida, editors, Vina Diem Celebrent: Studies in Linguistics and Philology in Honor of Brent Vine, Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, pages 438-447
Further reading
edit- “traho”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “traho”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- traho in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to trace one's descent from some one: originem ab aliquo trahere, ducere
- to be guided by ambition: laudis studio trahi
- to feel an attraction for study: litterarum studio trahi
- to feel an attraction for study: trahi, ferri ad litteras
- to protract, prolong a war: bellum ducere, trahere, extrahere
- to trace one's descent from some one: originem ab aliquo trahere, ducere
- Latin terms with unknown etymologies
- Latin 2-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin lemmas
- Latin verbs
- Latin terms with quotations
- Latin third conjugation verbs
- Latin third conjugation verbs with perfect in -s- or -x-
- Latin words in Meissner and Auden's phrasebook
- Latin unprefixed third conjugation verbs