桀

Translingual

Han character

桀 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 弓手木 (NQD), four-corner 2590₄, composition ⿱舛木)

Derived characters

傑, 𠹳, 嵥, 搩, 滐, 榤, 㻧, 磔, 謋, 䮪, 椉(乘,乗), 𡩣

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 524, character 15
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14753
Dae Jaweon: page 913, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1203, character 5
Unihan data for U+6840

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (桀) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
桀	*ɡrad
傑	*ɡrad
榤	*ɡrad
嵥	*ɡrad
滐	*ɡrad
搩	*ɡrad
謋	*qʰʷraːɡ

In Chu slips, Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡrad) : phonetic 匄 (OC *kaːds) + semantic 木. In the modern script, 匄 has corrupted into 舛.

Etymology 1

trad.		桀
simp. ^#		桀

According to Schussler (2007), 桀 (OC *ɡrad) and 傑 (OC *ɡrad) are the same word meaning "outstanding > hero"; insides Sinitic, it is cognate to 朅 (OC *kʰrad, “martial”); outsides Sinitic, it is related to either Mizo hrât (“valiant, resolute”) or Tibetan གྱད (gyad, “strength; champion, athlete”).

STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gjat (“hero, champion”) for 傑 (OC) ~ 桀 (OC *ɡrad) and གྱད (gyad).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jié (jie²)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): git⁶
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kia̍t

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jié
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jié
  - Wade–Giles: chieh²
  - Yale: jyé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jye
  - Palladius: цзе (cze)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: git⁶
  - Yale: giht
  - Cantonese Pinyin: git⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gid⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːt̚²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kia̍t
  - Tâi-lô: kia̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiat
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛt̚⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛt̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛt̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiɛt̚⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛt̚⁴/

Middle Chinese: gjet

Rime
Character	桀
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	薛 (83)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	渠列切
Baxter	gjet
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡˠiᴇt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡᵚiɛt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiæt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/giat̚/
Li Rong	/ɡjɛt̚/
Wang Li	/ɡĭɛt̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯ɛt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jié
Expected Cantonese Reflex	git⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-[k]<r>at/, /*m-[k]<r>at/, /*[k]<r>at/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡrad/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	桀	桀	桀
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jié	jié	jié
Middle Chinese	‹ gjet ›	‹ gjet ›	‹ kjet ›
Old Chinese	/*N-[k]<r>at/	/*m-[k]<r>at/	/*[k]<r>at/
English	remarkable; hero	perch for fowls	lift, raise
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	桀
Reading #	1/1
No.	6461
Phonetic component	桀
Rime group	月
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	傑
Old Chinese	/*ɡrad/

Definitions

桀

chicken roost
- 雞棲于桀、日之夕矣、羊牛下括。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  鸡栖于桀、日之夕矣、羊牛下括。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Jī qī yú jié, rì zhī xī yǐ, yáng niú xià kuò. [Pinyin]
  The fowls roost on their perches; and in the evening of the day, the goats and cows come down and home;
Jie of Xia, an ancient emperor
- 韋顧既伐、昆吾夏桀。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  韦顾既伐、昆吾夏桀。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Wéi Gù jì fá, Kūnwú Xiàjié. [Pinyin]
  Having smitten [the princes of] Wei and Gu, [he smote] [the prince of] Kunwu, and with Jie of Xia.
- 桀德，惟乃弗作往任，是惟暴德罔後。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  桀德，惟乃弗作往任，是惟暴德罔后。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Documents, circa 7^th – 4^th centuries BCE
  Jié dé, wéi nǎi fú zuò wǎng rèn, shì wéi bàodé wǎng hòu. [Pinyin]
  Jie’s character was such that he did not follow precedents in making appointments, and therefore his character was violent and ruined the future [of his kingdom].
fierce; brutal; cruel
- 君不肖而側室賢，太子輕而庶子伉，官吏弱而人民桀，如此則國躁；國躁者，可亡也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  君不肖而侧室贤，太子轻而庶子伉，官吏弱而人民桀，如此则国躁；国躁者，可亡也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Han Feizi, circa 2^nd century BCE, translated based on W. K. Liao's version
  Jūn bùxiào ér cèshì xián, tàizǐ qīng ér shùzǐ kàng, guānlì ruò ér rénmín jié, rúcǐ zé guó zào; guó zào zhě, kěwáng yě. [Pinyin]
  If the ruler is unworthy but his half-brothers are worthy; if the heir apparent is powerless and the concubine's son surpasses him; or if the magistrates are weak and the people are fierce; then the state will be seized with a panic. And a panic-stricken state is liable to ruin.
to lift; to raise; to shoulder; to bear
- 齊高固入晉師，桀石以投人，禽之；而乘其車，繫桑本焉，以徇齊壘，曰：「欲勇者，賈余餘勇。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  齐高固入晋师，桀石以投人，禽之；而乘其车，系桑本焉，以徇齐垒，曰：「欲勇者，贾余余勇。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
  Qí Gāo Gù rù Jìnshī, jié shí yǐ tóu rén, qín zhī; ér chéng qí chē, jì sāngběn yān, yǐ xùn Qí lěi, yuē: “Yù yǒng zhě, gǔ yú yúyǒng.” [Pinyin]
  Gao Gu of Qi entered the ranks of the Jin army, raised a stone and hurled it against a Jin man, took him captive; and then rode in his [the captive's] chariot, tying it to a mulberry trunk with its roots. He paraded around the Qi fortifications, saying, “Those who want valor can buy my surplus.”
Alternative form of 傑／杰 (jié, “outstanding; hero”)
- 伯兮朅兮、邦之桀兮。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Bó xī qiè xī, bāng zhī jié xī. [Pinyin]
  My noble husband is how martial-like! The hero of the country!

Usage notes

Barnwell (2013) proposes that the 桀 (jié, “hero”) mentioned in Classic of Poetry "Airs of Wey - Bo Xi" was indeed Jié of Xià (夏桀).^[1]

Compounds

Etymology 2

trad.		桀
simp. ^#		桀
alternative forms		扴

Pronunciation

Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ke̍h / ke̍eh

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke̍h
  - Tâi-lô: ke̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: keh
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /keʔ⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /keʔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /keʔ¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke̍eh
  - Tâi-lô: ke̍eh
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛʔ¹²¹/

Note:

Zhangzhou:
- ke̍eh - “to be not in harmony; to contradict; to get stuck”;
- ke̍h - “to impede”.

Definitions

桀

(Hokkien) to be not in harmony; to be incompatible; to be contrary
(Hokkien) to impede; to obstruct; to hinder
(Mainland China and Philippine Hokkien) to get stuck; to wedge
(Mainland China Hokkien) to contradict (people)
(Xiamen Hokkien) hard to get along with others

Compounds

Etymology 3

trad.		桀
simp. ^#		桀

Pronunciation

Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khe̍h / khe̍eh

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khe̍h
  - Tâi-lô: khe̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qeh
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰeʔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰeʔ⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khe̍eh
  - Tâi-lô: khe̍eh
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɛʔ¹²¹/

Definitions

桀

(Hokkien) to have estrangement; to be in conflict with each other (often reduplicated)
𪜶兩人桀桀。 [Hokkien, trad.]
𪜶两人桀桀。 [Hokkien, simp.]
In lióng lâng khe̍h khe̍h. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
Both of them are in conflict with each other.
(Xiamen Hokkien) to hit something
碗桀著壁。 [Hokkien, trad. and simp.]
Óaⁿ khe̍h tio̍h piah. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
The bowl hit the wall.
(Quanzhou Hokkien) to have a crack (of a jar, vat, etc.)

References

^ Barnwell, Scott A. (2013). "The Evolution of the Concept of De 德 in Early China" Sino-Platonic Paper, 235. p. 24-25, fn. 86

Japanese

Kanji

桀

(Hyōgai kanji)

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Readings

On (unclassified): けつ (ketsu)
Kun: はりつけ (haritsuke)

Korean

Hanja

桀 (eum 걸 (geol))

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Vietnamese

Han character

桀: Hán Nôm readings: kiệt

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] Barnwell, Scott A. (2013). "The Evolution of the Concept of De 德 in Early China" Sino-Platonic Paper, 235. p. 24-25, fn. 86

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