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鉍-209

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鉍-209,209Bi
基本
符號209Bi
名稱鉍-209、Bi-209
原子序83
中子數126
核質數據
豐度100%
半衰期2.01×1019[1]
母同位素209Pb (β)
209Po (β+)
213At (α)
衰變產物205Tl
原子量208.9803987 u
自旋9/2−
過剩能量−18 258.461± 2.4 keV
結合能7847.987± 1.7 keV
衰變模式
衰變類型衰變能量MeV
α衰變3.1373
鉍的同位素
完整核素表

鉍-209209Bi)是同位素之一,具有極微弱的放射性半衰期長達2.01×1019年,是鉍最穩定的同位素,也是所有發生α衰變放射性同位素中已知半衰期最長的。它有83個質子和126個中子,原子質量爲208.9803987原子質量單位。其中子數126為幻數,因此具有特別的穩定性。鉍-209是鉍最普遍的同位素,幾乎占天然鉍的100%。

衰變特性

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長期以來,人們認爲鉍-209是所有元素中最重的穩定同位素,但2003年,法國奧賽天體物理和空間研究所的一個研究小組發現209Bi具有放射性,其發生α衰變半衰期約爲1.9×1019[2][3],超過宇宙年齡的十億倍。[4]現在公認最穩定的最大質量數核素鉛-208

在不受外界影響的情況下,鉍-209衰變産生3.14兆電子伏的α粒子,並嬗變鉈-205[5]

在人工干預下(比如在反應堆中或使用加速器),鉍-209可以參加鉛-鉍中子俘獲循環。鉛-206/207/208直到鉍-209都可以參加這一循環,但是俘獲截面都相當低。[6][7]

由於鉍-209超長的半衰期,對於其應用來說,209Bi仍然可以被當作非放射性物質處理。它的放射性比人體的放射性低得多,因此不會造成任何意義上的輻射傷害。雖然209Bi創造了α衰變的半衰期記錄,但其半衰期並不是實驗上確認的放射性核素中最長的;這一殊榮屬於-128(128Te),其雙β衰變的半衰期估計爲7.7×1024年。[8]而當今宇宙年齡不過為(1.3799±0.021)×1010年。[9][10]

2012年,意大利大薩索國家實驗室(Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)團隊驗證了鉍-209α衰變的半衰期值,他們報告的數據是(2.01±0.08)×1019年。他們還發現了鉍-209經α衰變到鉈-205的第二種路徑,即從鉍-209衰變為鉈-205第一激發態。這個反應的半衰期更長,估計爲1.66×1021年。[11]盡管這兩個半衰期都比碲-128的半衰期短,但其α粒子能譜的半峰寬是目前觀測到最小的,根據海森堡測不准原理估計分別爲ΔΕ~5.5×10-43eV和ΔΕ~1.3×10-44eV。[12]

用途

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因為天然鉍完全由鉍-209組成,所以所有鉍的用途都可看作是鉍-209的用途,如的替代品、[13][14]化妝品、[15][16]油漆[17]和像是次水楊酸鉍的藥物。[4][18][19]

合成其它元素

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210Po可通過在核反應堆中用中子轟擊209Bi來製造[20],全世界每年210Po的產量約為100克左右。[21][20]209Po和208Po則可由質子轟擊209Bi而成。[22]用α粒子轟擊209Bi則能得到[23][24][25]

209Bi也可用於合成如𨧀[26][27][28][29]𨨏[26][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]超重元素

核合成

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漸近巨星支紅巨星中,鉍-209和釙-210經由S-過程(慢速過程)通過中子俘獲而形成。此二核素是S-過程產生的最重元素。所有比它們更重的元素都是在R-過程(快速過程)中形成的,該過程發生在超新星爆發前十五分鐘。[40]

參見

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腳註

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相鄰較輕同位素:
鉍-208
鉍-209是
同位素
相鄰較重同位素:
鉍-210
母同位素
砈-213 (α)
釙-209 (β+)
鉛-209 (β)
鉍-209的
衰變鏈
衰變產物
鉈-205 (α)

參考文獻

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