DARVO

DARVO是心理学中的一个概念，源于“deny”（否认）、“attack”（攻击）、“reverse victim and offender”（颠倒受害者与施害者身份）这几个英文词的首字母缩写，是施害者（如性侵犯者）在被要求对自己行为负责时可能作出的一系列反应。^[1]一些学者认为这是精神虐待者常用的心理操纵手段。^[2]^[3]^[4]

这一概念由美国心理学家珍妮弗·弗雷德（英语：Jennifer Freyd）于1977年提出。DARVO所描述的施害者反应通常包含以下步骤：^[2]

施害者否认发生过侵犯行为；
当受害者指出侵犯的证据、试图让施害者对其行为负责时，施害者开始攻击受害者（或其亲人、好友）；
施害者意图颠倒受害者和施害者的身份，认为自己才是真正的受害者。

参见

参考文献

^ Syal, Rajeev. Why did the Depp-Heard libel outcomes differ in the US and UK?. The Guardian. June 2, 2022. （原始内容存档于June 3, 2022）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Freyd, J.J. II. Violations of Power, Adaptive Blindness and Betrayal Trauma Theory. (PDF). Freyd Dynamics Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon. February 1997 [2020-11-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于May 1, 2020）.
^ Harsey, Sarah. Perpetrator Responses to Victim Confrontation: DARVO and Victim Self-Blame. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. June 1, 2017, 26 (6): 644–663. doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1320777 .
^ Wakefield, M. How Narcissists Use DARVO to Escape Accountability. Narcissistic Abuse Rehab. 2020-03-30 [2020-11-24]. （原始内容存档于January 10, 2021）.

[1] Syal, Rajeev. Why did the Depp-Heard libel outcomes differ in the US and UK?. The Guardian. June 2, 2022. （原始内容存档于June 3, 2022）.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Freyd, J.J. II. Violations of Power, Adaptive Blindness and Betrayal Trauma Theory. (PDF). Freyd Dynamics Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon. February 1997 [2020-11-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于May 1, 2020）.

[Harsey-3] Harsey, Sarah. Perpetrator Responses to Victim Confrontation: DARVO and Victim Self-Blame. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. June 1, 2017, 26 (6): 644–663. doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1320777 .

[:1-4] Wakefield, M. How Narcissists Use DARVO to Escape Accountability. Narcissistic Abuse Rehab. 2020-03-30 [2020-11-24]. （原始内容存档于January 10, 2021）.

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