近地系外行星
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截至2021年5月7日,人类共在太阳系外发现4723颗系外行星,其中极少数位于太阳系附近[3]。美国国家航空航天局系外行星档案记有97颗离地球不到十秒差距(32.6光年)的系外行星[注 1][4]。与地球相距不足十秒差距的恒星超过四百颗[注 2][9],其中约60颗确知有行星系,51颗恒星肉眼可见[注 3][11],九颗包含行星系。
1998年,科学家首度宣布在离地15.3光年的格利澤876周围发现行星,2020年又在32光年外的顯微鏡座AU附近发现行星。比邻星距太阳系仅4.25光年,是离地最近的恒星,2016年科学确认该星附近发现距地最近的系外行星比鄰星b。离地十秒差距范围以21.6光年外的格利泽892系外行星最多,共有六颗。
十秒差距范围发现的大部分系外行星轨道距围绕旋转的恒星很近,大多质量远超地球,只有少数类似,12光年外的鯨魚座YZ有两颗行星可能质量小于地球。众多已经确认的系外行星可能是宜居星球,比邻星b与23.6光年外的格利泽667Cc希望最大。[12]國際天文聯會2015年开展公开调查为已知系外天体起名,其中包括天苑四(10.5光年)与北落师门周围的行星[注 4][15]。
近地系外行星
[编辑]° | 水星、地球和木星(用于对比) |
# | 确认多行星系 |
↑ | 据信属宜居行星 [12] |
恒星 | 系外行星(按距恒星距离排列) | 注释 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
名称 | 距离 (光年) |
视星等 | 质量 (M☉) |
分配字母 [注 5] |
质量 (M🜨)[注 6] |
半径 (R🜨) |
半长轴 (天文單位) |
轨道周期 (日) |
离心率 |
倾角 (°) |
发现手段 | 发现年份 | |
太阳° | 0 | −26.7 | 1 | 水星 | 0.055 | 0.3829 | 0.387 | 88.0 | 0.205 | — | — | — | — |
地球 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 365.3 | 0.0167 | — | — | — | |||||
木星 | 317.8 | 10.973 | 5.2 | 4333 | 0.0488 | — | — | — | |||||
比邻星# | 4.2441 | 11.13 | 0.123 | b↑ | >1.2 | ~1.1 | 0.0486 | 11.2 | 0.109 | ~133 | 径向速度法 | 2016 | [17][12][18][19][20],一颗候选[21] |
c | 7 | — | 1.489 | 1928 | 0.04 | 133 | 径向速度法 | 2020 | |||||
巴納德星 | 5.958 | 9.511 | 0.144 | b | >4.2 | — | 0.430 | 232 | 0.04 | — | 径向速度法 | 2018 | [22][23] |
沃夫359# | 7.895 | 13.54 | 0.09 | c | >3.8 | — | 0.018 | 2.69 | 0.15 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
b | >43.9 | — | 1.845 | 2938 | 0.04 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
拉蘭德21185 | 8.307 | 7.52 | 0.46 | b | >2.7 | — | 0.0789 | 12.9 | 0.12 | — | 径向速度法 | 2017 | [23][24] |
天苑四 | 10.489 | 3.73 | 0.781 | 埃吉尔 | 248 | — | 3.48 | 2692 | 0.07 | 89 | 径向速度法 | 2000 | 估计另有行星一颗,岩屑盤一到两个,星周盤一个[25][26][27] |
拉卡伊9352# | 10.721 | 7.34 | 0.489 | b | >4.2 | — | 0.068 | 9.26 | 0.03 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | 一颗候选[23][28] |
c | >7.6 | — | 0.120 | 21.8 | 0.03 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
羅斯128 | 11.007 | 11.1 | 0.168 | b↑ | >1.4 | ~1.2 | 0.0496 | 9.87 | 0.12 | — | 径向速度法 | 2017 | [29] |
格利泽725B# | 11.490 | 9.7 | 0.248 | b | >15.7 | — | 0.261 | 91.29 | 0.06 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
c | >13.1 | — | 0.428 | 192.4 | 0.03 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
格龙布里奇34A# | 11.618 | 8.1 | 0.38 | b | >3.03 | — | 0.072 | 11.44 | 0.094 | ~61 | 径向速度法 | 2014 | [30][31][32] |
c | >36 | — | 5.4 | 7,600 | 0.27 | ~61 | 径向速度法 | 2018 | |||||
天倉五# | 11.753 | 3.50 | 0.78 | g | >1.7 | — | 0.133 | 20 | 0.06 | — | 径向速度法 | 2017 | 四颗候选[33][34][12][35][36][37] |
h | >1.8 | — | 0.243 | 49.4 | 0.23 | — | 径向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
e | >3.9 | ~1.6 | 0.538 | 163 | 0.18 | — | 径向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
f↑ | >3.9 | — | 1.33 | 636 | 0.16 | — | 径向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
印第安座εA | 11.869 | 4.83 | 0.762 | b | 1032.85 | — | 11.55 | 16509.5 | 0.26 | 64.25 | 径向速度法 | 2018 | [38][39][40] |
格利澤1061# | 11.98 | 7.52 | 0.113 | b | >1.4 | — | 0.021 | 3.204 | <0.31 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | 行星d的轨道有两种可能[41] |
c↑ | >1.7 | — | 0.035 | 6.689 | <0.29 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
d↑ | >1.6 | — | 0.052 | 12.434 | <0.54 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
鯨魚座YZ# | 12.108 | 12.1 | 0.13 | b | >0.75 | — | 0.0156 | 1.97 | 0.0 | — | 径向速度法 | 2017 | 一颗候选[42][43][23] |
c | >1.2 | — | 0.0209 | 3.06 | 0.04 | — | 径向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
d | >1.1 | — | 0.0276 | 4.66 | 0.03 | — | 径向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
魯坦星# | 12.199 | 11.94 | 0.29 | c | >1.2 | — | 0.0365 | 4.72 | 0.12 | — | 径向速度法 | 2017 | [12][44][23] |
b↑ | >2.2 | ~1.4 | 0.09 | 18.6 | 0.03 | — | 径向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
d | >10.8 | — | 0.712 | 413.9 | 0.17 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
e | >9.3 | — | 0.849 | 542 | 0.03 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
蒂加登星# | 12.496 | 15.4 | 0.08 | b↑ | >1.1 | — | 0.0252 | 4.91 | 0 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [45] |
c↑ | >1.1 | — | 0.0443 | 11.41 | 0 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
卡普坦星# | 12.829 | 8.8 | 0.28 | c | >6.9 | — | 0.311 | 121 | 0.07 | — | 径向速度法 | 2014 | [46]一颗候选但有争议[47][23] |
沃夫1061# | 14.046 | 10.1 | 0.25 | b | >1.9 | — | 0.0375 | 4.89 | 0.03 | — | 径向速度法 | 2015 | [12][48][23] |
c↑ | >3.6 | ~1.5 | 0.089 | 17.9 | 0.03 | — | 径向速度法 | 2015 | |||||
d | >6.5 | — | 0.421 | 184 | 0.02 | — | 径向速度法 | 2015 | |||||
白羊座TZ# | 14.584 | 12.298 | 0.14 | b | >30.9 | — | 0.403 | 241.883 | 0.18 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | 一颗候选[23][49][注 7] |
c | >71.6 | — | 0.870 | 767.887 | 0.33 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
格利泽674 | 14.839 | 9.38 | 0.35 | b | >11.2 | — | 0.039 | 4.69 | 0.23 | — | 径向速度法 | 2007 | [51][52][23] |
格利泽687# | 14.840 | 9.15 | 0.41 | b | >17.2 | — | 0.163 | 38.14 | 0.17 | — | 径向速度法 | 2014 | [53][23][49] |
c | >16.0 | — | 1.165 | 727.562 | 0.40 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
格利澤876# | 15.250 | 10.2 | 0.33 | d | 6.8 | — | 0.0208 | 1.9379 | 0.12 | 59.5 | 径向速度法 | 2005 | [54][23] |
c | 227 | — | 0.133 | 30.228 | 0.001 | 59.5 | 径向速度法 | 2000 | |||||
b | 720 | — | 0.213 | 61 | 0.001 | 59.5 | 径向速度法 | 1998 | |||||
e | 15 | — | 0.342 | 124.518 | 0.18 | 59.5 | 径向速度法 | 2010 | |||||
葛利斯832# | 16.194 | 8.67 | 0.45 | c↑ | >5.4 | ~1.7 | 0.164 | 35.65 | 0.06 | — | 径向速度法 | 2014 | [12][55][23] |
b | >206 | — | 3.67 | 3831 | 0.06 | — | 径向速度法 | 2008 | |||||
波江座40A | 16.386 | 4.4 | 0.84 | b | >8.5 | — | 0.224 | 42.4 | 0.04 | ~72 | 径向速度法 | 2018 | [56] |
葛利斯3323# | 17.533 | 12.2 | 0.164 | b | >2.0 | ~1.3 | 0.0328 | 5.36 | 0.23 | — | 径向速度法 | 2017 | [57] |
c | >2.3 | — | 0.126 | 40.5 | 0.17 | — | 径向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
葛利斯251 | 18.204 | 9.65 | 0.372 | b | >4.0 | — | 0.0818 | 14.238 | 0.10 | — | 径向速度法 | 2020 | 原有两颗候选,后视为单颗行星[58][23][24] |
葛利斯205# | 18.592 | 7.97 | 0.63 | b | >10.3 | — | 0.109 | 16.9 | 0.11 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
c | >13.8 | — | 0.689 | 271 | 0.04 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
格利泽229A# | 18.777 | 8.14 | 0.58 | c↑ | >7.3 | — | 0.339 | 122 | 0.19 | — | 径向速度法 | 2020 | 行星b截至2020年仍待确认[59] |
b | >8.5 | — | 0.898 | 526.1 | 0.1 | — | 径向速度法 | 2014 | |||||
格利澤752A | 19.286 | 9.13 | 0.46 | b | >13.6 | — | 0.338 | 106.2 | 0.03 | — | 径向速度法 | 2018 | [60][23] |
葛利斯754 | 19.289 | 12.23 | 0.18 | b | >9.8 | — | 0.277 | 78.37 | 0.03 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
葛利斯588# | 19.298 | 9.311 | 0.46 | b | >2.4 | — | 0.049 | 5.81 | 0.04 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
c | >10.3 | — | 0.53 | 206 | 0.06 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
天园增三# | 19.582 | 4.26 | 0.85 | b | >2.7 | — | 0.121 | 18.3 | 0 | — | 径向速度法 | 2011 | 两颗候选 [61][62][63] |
c | >2.4 | — | 0.204 | 40.1 | 0 | — | 径向速度法 | 2011 | |||||
d | >4.8 | — | 0.350 | 90.3 | 0 | — | 径向速度法 | 2011 | |||||
e | >4.8 | — | 0.509 | 147 | 0.29 | — | 径向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
葛利斯784 | 20.083 | 7.97 | 0.5 | b | >9.4 | — | 0.059 | 6.6592 | 0.05 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
葛利斯555 | 20.370 | 11.317 | 0.29 | b | >30.1 | — | 0.727 | 449.6 | 0.04 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
格利泽581# | 20.545 | 10.55 | 0.31 | e | >1.7 | — | 0.0282 | 3.15 | 0.0 | ~45 | 径向速度法 | 2009 | 两颗候选但有争议,星周盤一个 [64][65][66][67] |
b | >16 | — | 0.0406 | 5.37 | 0.0 | ~45 | 径向速度法 | 2005 | |||||
c | >5.5 | — | 0.072 | 12.9 | 0.0 | ~45 | 径向速度法 | 2007 | |||||
葛利斯338B | 20.658 | 7 | 0.64 | b | >10.3 | — | 0.141 | 24.5 | 0.11 | — | 径向速度法 | 2020 | [68] |
GJ 625 | 21.114 | 10.2 | 0.30 | b | >2.8 | — | 0.0784 | 14.6 | ~0.13 | — | 径向速度法 | 2017 | [69] |
格利泽892# | 21.306 | 5.57 | 0.78 | b | 4.74 | 1.60 | 0.0388 | 3.09 | ~0 | 85.05 | 径向速度法 | 2015 | [70][71][72] |
c | 4.36 | 1.51 | 0.065 | 6.77 | 0.062 | 87.28 | 径向速度法 | 2015 | |||||
d | >16 | >1.61 | 0.237 | 46.9 | 0.138 | ~87 | 径向速度法 | 2015 | |||||
f | >7.3 | >1.31 | 0.146 | 22.7 | 0.148 | ~87 | 径向速度法 | 2015 | |||||
g | >11 | — | 0.375 | 94.2 | 0 | ~87 | 径向速度法 | 2015 | |||||
f(e) | >108 | — | 3.11 | 2247 | 0.06 | ~87 | 径向速度法 | 2015 | |||||
葛利澤880 | 22.399 | 8.64 | 0.59 | b↑ | >8.5 | — | 0.187 | 39.372 | 0.13 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
LTT 1445A | 22.409 | 10.529 | 0.26 | b | ~2.2 | 1.35 | 0.0381 | 5.35882 | 0.16 | 89.47 | 凌日法 | 2019 | [73] |
葛利斯393 | 22.938 | 8.65 | 0.41 | b | >1.9 | — | 0.055 | 7.027 | 0.03 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
格利泽667C# | 23.632 | 10.22 | 0.33 | b | >5.4 | — | 0.049 | 7.2 | 0.13 | ~52 | 径向速度法 | 2009 | 疑似五颗候选 [74][12][75][76][23] |
c↑ | >3.9 | ~1.5 | 0.1251 | 28.2 | 0.03 | ~52 | 径向速度法 | 2011 | |||||
葛利斯514 | 24.851 | 9.03 | 0.53 | b | >4.3 | — | 0.097 | 15.0 | 0.05 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
葛利斯1151 | 26.231 | 14.01 | 0.15 | b | >2.5 | — | 0.017 | 2.02 | 0 | — | 磁相互作用 | 2020 | [77][78] |
葛利斯486 | 26.351 | 11.395 | 0.32 | b | 2.82 | 1.31 | 0.0173 | 1.47 | <0.05 | 88.4 | 凌日法 | 2021 | [79] |
葛利斯300 | 26.469 | 12.13 | 0.26 | b↑ | >6.8 | — | 0.05 | 8.328 | 0.29 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
葛利斯686 | 26.612 | 9.58 | 0.42 | b | >7.1 | — | 0.097 | 15.5 | 0.04 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [80][23] |
天门增四# | 27.741 | 4.74 | 0.95 | b | >5.1 | — | 0.0502 | 4.22 | ~0.12 | ~77 | 径向速度法 | 2009 | 星周盤一个 [81] |
c | >18 | — | 0.218 | 38 | 0.14 | ~77 | 径向速度法 | 2009 | |||||
d | >23 | — | 0.476 | 123 | 0.35 | ~77 | 径向速度法 | 2009 | |||||
CD Ceti | 28.08 | 14.001 | 0.161 | b | >4.0 | — | 0.0185 | 2.2907 | 0 | — | 径向速度法 | 2020 | [82] |
牛宿增十# | 28.699 | 6.13 | 0.78 | b | >17 | — | 0.32 | 74.7 | 0.13 | — | 径向速度法 | 2010 | [83] |
c | >24 | — | 1.18 | 526 | ~0.32 | — | 径向速度法 | 2011 | |||||
葛利斯849# | 28.711 | 10.42 | 0.49 | b | >270 | — | 2.26 | 1905 | 0.05 | — | 径向速度法 | 2006 | [84][23] |
c | >300 | — | 4.82 | 5,520 | 0.087 | — | 径向速度法 | 2006 | |||||
葛利斯433# | 29.572 | 9.79 | 0.48 | b | >6.0 | — | 0.062 | 7.37 | 0.04 | — | 径向速度法 | 2009 | [85][23][59] |
d | >5.2 | — | 0.178 | 36.1 | 0.07 | — | 径向速度法 | 2020 | |||||
c | >32 | — | 4.82 | 5094 | 0.12 | — | 径向速度法 | 2012 | |||||
葛利斯3325 | 30.109 | 11.73 | 0.27 | b | >11.8 | — | 0.071 | 12.92 | 0.03 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
HD 102365A | 30.374 | 4.89 | 0.85 | b | >16 | — | 0.46 | 122 | 0.34 | — | 径向速度法 | 2010 | [86] |
葛利斯357# | 30.803 | 10.9 | 0.34 | b | 6.1 | 1.17 | 0.035 | 3.93 | 0.02 | 88.92 | 凌日法 | 2019 | [87][23] |
c | >3.6 | — | 0.061 | 9.13 | 0.04 | ~89 | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
d↑ | >7.7 | — | 0.204 | 55.7 | 0.03 | ~89 | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
格利泽176# | 30.879 | 10.1 | 0.45 | b | >8.0 | — | 0.066 | 8.77 | 0.08 | — | 径向速度法 | 2007 | 疑似一颗行星[88][89][23] |
c↑ | >7.4 | — | 0.146 | 28.6 | 0.02 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
葛利斯479 | 30.912 | 10.663 | 0.43 | b | >5.1 | — | 0.074 | 11.3 | 0.03 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
GJ 3512# | 30.949 | 13.11 | 0.123 | b | >147 | — | 0.338 | 204 | 0.44 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [90] |
c | >54 | — | >1.2 | >1390 | — | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
顯微鏡座AU# | 31.719 | 8.63 | 0.50 | b | 17 | 4.38 | 0.0645 | 8.4629991 | 0.10 | 89.03 | 凌日法 | 2020 | [91][92] |
c | <28 | 3.51 | 0.1101 | 18.858991 | 0 | 88.62 | 凌日法 | 2020 | |||||
葛利斯436 | 31.820 | 10.67 | 0.41 | b | 21.36 | 4.33 | 0.0280 | 2.64 | 0.15 | 85.8 | 径向速度法 | 2004 | 一颗候选[23] |
葛利斯49 | 32.145 | 8.9 | 0.57 | b | >16.4 | — | 0.106 | 17.3 | 0.03 | — | 径向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
排除项目
[编辑]与太阳系内天体不同,天文学界尚未确立正式认可系外行星的程序。國際天文學聯合會认为系外行星发现五年后无争议即可确认。[93]经过跟进研究,部分初步报告提出的系外行星是否存在疑有疑问,如2007年发现,离地15.6光年的LHS 288[94]。部分系外行星经后来研究认定不存在,4.36光年外的南門二B[95][96][97]、13.9光年外的范马南星[98]、15.9光年外的格鲁姆布里奇1618[99]、16.2光年外的狮子座AD[100]、16.6光年外的格利泽682[101][102][59]、18.7光年外的VB 10[103]、25.1光年外的北落师门,这些恒星周边都有候选行星后来否决的情况[2]。
2021年,科学家在織女一附近发现候选行星但尚待确认[104]。南門二A周围也发现候选行星,但也可能是小行星或特定发现机制下因人为因素成像[105]。
根据国际天文联会太阳系外行星工作组2003年的定义,行星的标准是质量不足以维持氘热核聚变。研究计算结果表明如此规则的质量上限是约13倍木星質量,质量超过的天体通常归入棕矮星。[106]部分候选系外行星经研究认定质量超过阈值,很可能是棕矮星,如12.6光年外的SCR 1845-6357 B[107]、29.7光年外的SDSS J1416+1348 B[108]、30光年外的WISE 1217+1626 B[109]。
部分次棕矮星或星際行星质量不足以持续核聚变,但因未绕恒星旋转不属系外行星,如离地7.3光年的WISE 0855–0714[110]、13光年外的UGPS 0722-05[111]、18.6光年外的WISE 1541-2250[112]、20光年外的SIMP J01365663+0933473[113]。
统计
[编辑]行星系
[编辑]系外行星数 | 行星系数 | 名称 |
---|---|---|
6 | 1 | 格利泽892 |
5 | 0 | |
4 | 4 | 天倉五、魯坦星、格利澤876、天园增三 |
3 | 7 | 格利澤1061、鯨魚座YZ、沃夫1061、格利泽581、天门增四、葛利斯433、葛利斯357 |
2 | 19 | — |
1 | 29 | — |
合计 | 60 |
距离 (光年) |
恒星系数 | 恒星数 | 有行星的恒星数 | 有行星的恒星数占比 |
---|---|---|---|---|
< 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 33% |
5–10 | 8 | 11 | 3 | 27% |
10–15 | 31 | 43 | 16 | 37% |
15–20 | 57 | 77 | 13 | 17% |
20–25 | 55 | 78 | 11 | 14% |
25–32.6 | ~200 | 19 | ~9% | |
合计 | >413[9] | 63 | <15.0% |
恒星可见 | 数量 |
---|---|
是 | 9 |
否 | 51 |
系外行星
[编辑]分类 | 质量范围[114] | 数目 |
---|---|---|
类地行星 | 0.5至5倍 M🜨 | 47 |
超级地球 | 5至10倍 M🜨 | 24 |
类海王星行星 | 10至50倍 M🜨 | 28 |
类木星行星 | 50至600倍 M🜨 | 10 |
超级木星 | 超600倍 M🜨 | 3 |
合计 | 111 |
轨道半径 | 数目 | 注释 |
---|---|---|
不足0.4AU | 83 | 水星轨道0.39倍AU |
0.4到1倍AU | 16 | 地球轨道一倍AU |
1到5倍AU | 11 | |
超5倍AU | 2 | 木星轨道5.2倍AU |
轨道周期 | 数目 | 注释 |
---|---|---|
不到90天 | 76 | 水星轨道周期88天 |
90至365天 | 17 | |
一到十年 | 14 | 木星11.9年 |
超十年 | 5 |
轨道离心率 | 数目 | 注释 |
---|---|---|
小于0.02 | 17 | 地球轨道离心率0.0167 |
0.02至0.2 | 78 | |
水星0.205 | ||
超0.2 | 15 |
年份 | 数目 |
---|---|
1998 | 1 |
2000 | 2 |
2004 | 1 |
2005 | 2 |
2006 | 2 |
2007 | 3 |
2008 | 1 |
2009 | 6 |
2010 | 3 |
2011 | 5 |
2012 | 1 |
2014 | 5 |
2015 | 9 |
2016 | 1 |
2017 | 15 |
2018 | 5 |
2019 | 38 |
2020 | 9 |
2021 | 1 |
参见
[编辑]注释
[编辑]- ^ 本条目数据基本取自美国国家航空航天局系外行星档案[4],其他数据库也列出部分已经确认但尚未纳入航空航天局档案的近地系外行星[5][6][7]。
- ^ 例如2016年11月确知第104近的恒星系是天园增三,离地19.7光年[8]。
- ^ 3.0 3.1 波特尔暗空分类法认为,亮度至少达到6.5视星等的天体在典型乡村夜空肉眼可见;如果条件“极佳”,肉眼可见的最黯淡天体为7.6甚至8.0视星等[10]
- ^ 恒星天苑四以北欧海洋女神瀾,其行星天苑四b以瀾的丈夫埃吉爾命名[13],行星北落師門b以古叙利亚鱼神大袞命名[14][15]。
- ^ 系外行星命名约定用“b”开始的小写英语字母为行星命名,根据按时间排列的初步报告顺序分配字母,如果报告包含多颗行星则按距离恒星从近到远排列。没有字母说明行星尚待确认,或该项已经撤回。
- ^ 已知大部分系外行星质量误差范围很大(通常在一到三成)。科学家通常靠测算恒星徑向速度变化推断系外行星质量,但这种方法只能估算行星轨道参数,算不出軌道傾角。因此,大部分系外行星只能提供質量下限估计值,同时从统计角度估计真实质量接近质量下限,但系外行星还是有一成三的可能实际质量超出质量下限两倍。[16]
- ^ 冯氏等人2020年在《天文物理期刊》发表的文章把白羊座TZ称为GJ9066,米科·托米(Mikko Tuomi)等人2019年发表的文献称为GJ83.1[50]。行星b和c是冯氏等人2020年文献的编号,托米等人2019年的著作分别编为b和d。托米等人文献编为c的行星未列入冯式等人2020年文章,故列入候选。
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