COMPUTER

PROGRAMMING

REPETITION STRUCTURE

1
CONTROL STRUCTURES
 All programs can be written in terms of 3 control
structures
1. Sequence Structure
2. Selection Structure
 If (Single Selection Statement)
 If-else (Double Selection Statement)
 Switch (Multiple Selection Statement)
3. Repetition Structure
 For
 While
 Do-while

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INTRODUCTION TO LOOPS
 Loop: a control structure that causes a statement or
statements to repeat

 C++ has three looping control structures:

 while loop
 do-while loop
 The for loop.

 The difference between these structures is how they

control the repetition.
THE WHILE LOOP – HOW IT WORKS
while (expression)
statement;

 expression is evaluated
 if true, then statement is executed, and expression
is evaluated again
 if false, then the loop is finished and program statements
following statement execute
THE LOGIC OF A WHILE LOOP
THE WHILE LOOP IN PROGRAM 5-3
HOW THE WHILE LOOP IN PROGRAM 5-3
LINES 9 THROUGH 13 WORKS
FLOWCHART OF THE WHILE LOOP IN
PROGRAM 5-3
THE WHILE LOOP IS A PRETEST LOOP
expression is evaluated before the
loop executes. The following loop will
never execute:

int number = 6;
while (number <= 5)
{
cout << "Hello\n";
number++;
}
WATCH OUT FOR INFINITE LOOPS
 The loop must contain code to make expression
become false

 Otherwise, the loop will have no way of stopping

 Such a loop is called an infinite loop, because it will

repeat an infinite number of times
EXAMPLE OF AN INFINITE LOOP

int number = 1;
while (number <= 5)
{
cout << "Hello\n";
}
ACTIVITY 1

 Write a program that display “Pakistan for five times

using while loop.

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ACTIVITY SOLUTION
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ( )
{
int n;
n=1;
while (n <= 5 )
{
cout<<"Pakistan"<<endl;
n++;
}

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return 0;
}
ACTIVITY 2

 Write a program that displays counting from 1 to 10

using while loop.

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ACTIVITY SOLUTION
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ( )
{
int n;
n=1;
while (n <= 10)
{
cout<<n<<endl;
n++;
}

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return 0;
}
ACTIVITY 3

 Write a program that display first five number and their sum
using while loop.

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ACTIVITY SOLUTION
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ( )
{
int c, sum;
c=1;
sum = 0;
while (c <= 5)
{
cout<<c<<endl;
sum = sum +c;
c=c+1;
}
cout<< “sum is”<< sum;
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return 0;
}
ACTIVITY 4

 Write a program that display first five numbers with their

squares using While loop.

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ACTIVITY SOLUTION
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ( )
{
int n;
n=1;
while (n <= 5)
{
cout<<n<< “ ”<<n*n<<endl;
n++;

}
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return 0;
}
DO WHILE LOOP
 The do while is an iterative control in C++ language. This loop executes
one or more statements while the given condition is true.
 The condition on this loop is checked after the body of the loop. That is
way, it is executed at least once.
Syntax
do
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
.
.
statement n;

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}
while(condition);
DO WHILE LOOP (FLOWCHART)

 do: It is the keyword that indicate the beginning of the

loop.
 Statement: It represent the body of the loop.

 While(condition): It indicate the last statement

of do….while loop.

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DO WHILE LOOP (EXAMPLE)
int main()
{
int counter = 1; // initialize counter

do
{
cout << counter << “ “ <<endl; // display counter
++counter;

}
while ( counter <= 10 ); // end do/while

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} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Difference between while and do… while

while do… while

• It is pre tested loop as the • It is post test loop as
condition s checked before condition is checked after
the body of the loop. the body of the loop.
• The loop body is never • The loop body is executed
executed if the condition is at least once even if
false in the beginning. condition is false.
• The semicolon is not used • The semicolon is used after
after the condition. the condition.
• It is called entry controlled • It is called exit controlled
loop. loop.
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Activity 5

• Write a program that display a back counting

from 10 to 1 using do…. while loop.

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Activity solution

int main ( )
{

int c;
c= 10;
do
{
cout<< c<<endl;
c =c+1;
}
while (c >=1);
return 0;
}

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ACTIVITY 6

 Write a program that gets two numbers from the user and
display the result of first number raise to the power of
second number using do…. While loop.

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ACTIVITY SOLUTION
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ( )
{
int a, b, c, r;
cout<<“Enter the number”;
cin>>a;
cout<<“Enter the number”;
cin>>b;
c =1;
r=1;
do
{
r= r*a;
c=c+1;
}
while (c <= b);
cout<<“Result is”<<r; 27
return 0;
}