C++ Programming:

Problem Solving and

Programming
Chapter 6
Repetition
 loop-repeat a statement continuesly until the condition false

Objectives
In this chapter you will:
• Learn about repetition (looping) control
structures
• Explore how to construct and use count-
controlled, sentinel-controlled, flag-controlled,
and EOF-controlled repetition structures
• Examine break and continue statements
• Discover how to form and use nested control
structures
2
Concept of Looping

• A loop is a group of
instructions the
computer executes
repeatedly while
some looping
continuation
condition remain
syntax of for loop
TRUE. ----------------------
for(initialization;condition;counter){
for(int text=1;text<=200;text++){
statement;
cout<<text<<".Hello!
}
Welcome to C++Language class
}
Hello!Welcome to C++ language Class
print the text above for 100 times
**continue at pg 29**
3
 pattern in for loop
*
psedocode of while loop
**
-------------------------------- ***
1.initialize count to 0 *** *
2.prompt and get input print this triangle pattern using one cout<<"*"<<" ";
3.WHILE input GREATER THAN 1
prompt and get input learn about nested loop
increment count by 1
Endwhile
4.Display input and count

to construct 4 key words Two types of loop:

1.Initialization A. pre-test
2.condition
3.statement pre-test
4.updating/counter - the action will be execute when the
condition is true

1.while loop- event based controller(e.g.

user withdraw money and give us to
control user until insufficient)

syntax of while loop

--------------------------
example applying while loop
initialization;
int count,input; while(condition){
cout<<"Enter first number:"; statement;
cin>>input; updating
while (input>1){
cout<<"Enter next number:"; }
cin>>input;
//how many times the loop performed 2.for loop-counter based(give us to
//count=count+1; control user with 3 times to key in pin
0=0+1 number)
//count+=1 post-test- the action will be executed at
count++; least once if the condition is false
} one type
cout<<"Last value is"<<input<<",loop was performed"<< count<<endl; 1.do..while loop
4
 Pre-Test Loop

• The condition is
checked at the false
beginning of each Condition
iteration (loop)
true

Actions

5
Pre-Test Loop
• In each iteration (loop),
the condition is tested
false first.
Condition
• If it is TRUE, the loop
true continues. Otherwise,
the loop terminates.
Actions
• This structure is possible
not executing any
actions at all.

6
Pre-Test Loop
• Example:
Set ball counter to 0
While box is not empty
Take a ball from box
Increase ball counter by 1
End While
Print ball counter

7
Post-test Loop

• The condition is checked

Actions at the end of each loop

true
Condition

false

8
Post-test Loop
• In each loop, the loop
actions are executed.
Actions Then the condition is
tested.
true • If it is TRUE, a new loop
Condition
starts. Otherwise, the
false loop terminates
• This structure performs
the actions at least once.

9
Post-test Loop
• Example:
Set ball counter to 0
Do
Take a ball from box
Increase ball counter by 1
While box is not empty
Print ball counter

10
Exercise
• Based on the general algorithms above, what
will happen to each type of loops if the box is
initially empty?

11
 Loop Condition,
Initialization & Update
• Other than condition, commonly there are 2
more processes (initialization and updating)
associate with loops.

12
 Loop Condition,
Initialization & Update
Initialization
Set student counter = 1
spell it(GREATER THAN OR
SMALLER THAN)
While student counter <= 3
Condition
Print “Congratulation”
Add 1 to student counter
End While
Action Print “You are late”

Updating

This loop will repeat for 3 times

13
 Loop Condition,
Initialization & Update
Notes:
 It is important to write your initialization,
condition and updating statements correctly. If
not, the loop will either never repeat or never
stop (i.e. an endless loop).

14
15
Event-Controlled Loop

 The loop will be terminated when an event

changes the loop control expression
(condition) from TRUE to FALSE.

16
Event-Controlled Loop

Set total to 0
This loop keeps
Do repeating as long
Read number as the user
response is “Yes”.
Add number to total
Print “Anymore (Yes/No)?” Event: The user
Read response response.

While response = “Yes”

Print total

17
Counter-Controlled Loop

• Used when we know the number of times

action(s) are being repeated.
• In this case, we will use a variable as a
counter to repeat the action(s).

18
Counter-Controlled Loop
Initialize the
control variable
(student counter).
Set student counter = 1
While student counter <= 3 Condition tests
Print “Congratulation” the value of the
Add 1 to student counter control variable.
End While Update the
Print “You are late” control variable.

19
Looping Control Structures
syntax for do...while loop

• 3 types: ---------------------------------
initialization;
do{
statement;
update;

−while loops }while(condition);

−for loops Example of do...while loop

int number1, number2,sum=0;

do{
cout<<"Enter two numbers:";

−do-while loops
cin>>number1>>number2;
sum=number1+number2;
cout<<"Sum of"<<number1<<"and"<<number2
<< "is" << sum<<endl;
cout<<"Do you wish to cintinue>(y/n)";
cin>>answer;
}while(answer=='y');

20
while loops
• It is a pre-test and
event-controlled loop. false
Condition
• Action is run repeatedly
while the condition is true true
• Syntax: Actions

while (condition)
{ The braces { and } can be
action ignored if there is only 1
statement in the body of a
} while loop.
21
while loop - Example
• Write a program that finds the value of 2
multiply itself 10 times by using a while
statement.

22
while loop - Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() Initialization
{
int x = 2;
int count = 1;
Condition
while (count <= 10)
{ accumulator

x = x * 2;
count++; Updating
}

cout << "The result is “<< x;

return 0; } 23
 while loop – Exercise
• Write a loop to print out the even numbers from
500 to 2.

Answer:
Algorithm
int i=500;
capi
tal
lett
set counter to 500
er while counter >= 2 while(i>=2)
print counter value {
subtract 2 from counter cout << i << endl;
end while
i-=2;
}
24
while loop – Exercise
Answer:
• Write a loop to
int x=2, count=1, sum=0;
print the sum
double average;
and average of
even numbers while(x<=10) {
from 2 to 10. sum = sum + x;
x+=2; // same as x=x+2;
count += 1;
}
average = sum / count;
cout <<“ sum: ”<<sum << endl;
cout << “average:”<<average;
25
Sentinel Value
• Sentinel value is a special value that causes
a loop to stop
• It cannot confuse with the valid value,
example: -999 for a test score
• Used when user may not know how many
values to be entered during input process

26
Sentinel Value - Example

cannot counted

total+=total+points

AACS2524 Programming Concepts 27

 for loop
• It is a pre-test and expr1
(Initialization)
counter-controlled loop
•Syntax : False
expr2
(Condition)
Initialization Condition
True

Action
for ( expr1; expr2; expr3 )
expr3
{ (condition)
action updating
} Updating

28
 continue

for loop
• A for loop contains 3 major components:
− expr1: Initialization of control variable.
− expr2: Loop continuation condition.
− expr3: Updating (increment / decrement) of
control variable. pattern
*
**
***
****
//first for loop to create row
for(int row=1;row<=4;row++){
//second for loop for print star only
for(int star=1; star<=row;star++){
cout<<"*"<<"";
//print row
cout<,"\n"; OR cout<<endl;
}

29
 for loop is equivalent to
while loop
• Used when a loop
for (expr1; expr2; expr3)
is to be executed a
{
known / fixed
action
} number of times.
We can do the
same thing with a
expr1;
while (expr2) while loop, but the
{ for loop is easier to
action; read and more
expr3; natural for counter-
} controlled loops.
30
 for loop is equivalent to
while loop
for loop while loop

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++) i = 1;

{ while (i <= 10)
cout << i; {
} cout << i;
i++;
}

31
for loop
The empty for statement causes
an endless loop

for ( ; ; )
{
action;

The loop can start but no condition tells

when to end the loop
32
for loop - Exercise
• Write a for loop to print the following integers
in sequence:
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Answer:
for ( i = 5; i <= 50, i+=5 )
cout << i << ‘ ’;

33
 for loop - Exercise
• Write a program that Answer:
reads a number, and
int limit;
use a for loop to
cout << “Please enter the
display series of limit : ";
integers from 1 up to cin << limit;
the number. The
output should be:
for (i = 1; i <= limit; i++)
Please enter the limit : 3 {
1 cout << i << endl;
2 }
3
34
do-while loop
• It is a post-test and event-controlled loop.
• If you want the loop’s body to execute at least
1 time, you can use a do-while loop.

do
Actions {
action;
true
Condition } while (condition);

false
35
 do-while loop – Exercise
• Convert the following loops to do-while loops.
The output should remain the same.

(a) Print the square of integers 1 to 10 inclusive.

number = 1;
while (number <= 10)
{
square = number * number;
cout << square << ‘ ’;
number++;
}
36
do-while loop – Exercise
Answer:
number = 1;
do {
square = number * number;
cout << square << ‘ ’;
number ++;
} while (number <= 10);

37
do-while loop – Exercise

(b) Print all multiple of 3 in between 10 to 90 inclusive.

for (num = 10; num <= 90; num++)
{
if (num % 3 == 0)
{
cout << num << ‘ ’;
}
}

38
do-while loop – Exercise
Answer:
num = 10;
do {
if (num % 3 == 0)
cout << num << ‘ ’;
num ++;
} while (num <= 90);

39
Loop used to
Accumulate Total assignment

• An accumulator is a variable that you use to

gather or accumulate values.
• Important: Accumulator has initial value.
Usually it starts with 0.
Total Sales

Product 1: 120
Product 2: 250
Product 3: 360
Product 4: 99

Total: 829
40
Loop used to
Accumulate Total
• Example:
int total = 0, price;

for(int i = 0; i<4; i++) accumulator

{
cout << "Product " << i+1 << ": -> ";
cin >> price;
total = total + price;
}

cout << "\n\nTotal: " << total << endl;

41
Nested Loop
• Loop within a loop.
• Program logic gets more complicated.
• When there is a nested loop, for each iteration
of the outer loop, the inner loop is entered and
repeated until done before the next outer loop
is entered.

42
Nested Loop - Example
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
Output: {
i=0: 1 2 3 4 5 cout<<“i=”<<i<<‘: ’;
i=1: 1 2 3 4 5
for(j=1; j<=5; j++)
i=2: 1 2 3 4 5 cout << j;

cout << endl;

}

43
Nested Loop – Exercise

• Use nested for loop to Answer:

print the pattern below: for (i = 0; i <= 3; i++)
@@@@@ {
for (j = 0; j <= 4; j++)
@@@@@
cout << ‘@’;
@@@@@
@@@@@ cout << endl;
}

44
Nested Loop – Exercise
• Without using the aid of computer, produce the
output of the following code:

int i, j;
for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++)
{
cout<<"Outer “<<i<<endl;
for (j = 1; j <= i; j++)
{
cout<<"Inner “<<j;
cout<<endl;
}
}
45
Nested Loop – Exercise
• What is the output for the following code?
for(int x = 0; x < 4; x++)
{
for(int y = 0; y <= x; y++)
{
cout << “+” ;
}
cout << endl;
}
46
Jump Statements
• To terminate the loop or skip some statements
within a loop when certain condition is TRUE.
• Some controls of loop execution are needed.
• 2 types of jump statements:
• break statement
• continue statement

47
break statement
• Causes immediate exit from the structure .
• Program execution continues with the first
statement after the structure.
• It can be used in
− while loop
− for loop
− do-while loop
− switch statement

48
break statement - Example

int x;
for (x = 1; x <= 10; x++)
{
if (x == 5)
break;
cout << x;
}
cout<<“\nLoop ended at ”<<x<<“\n”;

49
continue statement
 A continue statement will skip any remaining
statements in the body of the structure and
proceeds with the next iteration of the loop.
• It can be used in
− while loop
− for loop
− do-while loop

50
continue statement - Example

int x;
for (x = 1; x <= 10; x++)
{ skip 5 and continue the next integer

if (x == 5)
continue;
cout << x;
}
cout<<“\nLoop ended at ”<<x<<“\n”;

51