Statically Indeterminate Structures

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
Learning outcomes:
 able to draw shear force and bending
moment for continuous beam.
 Able to derive the primary and secondary
moments of prestressing wires.
 able to draw the thrust line of moments
 able to give some advantages of using
continuous members
Addressing to CO3PO3 in COPO matrix
INTRODUCTION – CONTINUOUS BEAM
 The design of statically determinate beams is relatively

straightforward;
 work on the basis of design of individual cross-sections.
 A number of complications arise when the structure is
indeterminate which means that the designer has to
consider, not only a critical section, but also the behaviour
of the beams as a whole.
 These are due to the interaction of a number of factors,
such as Parasitic Moments, Creep, Temperature effects
and Construction Sequence effects. Fig.1 shows example
of continuous precast beam used in the construction of
bridges.
Sclayn Bridge Luzancy Bridge
Fig. 1: Examples of continuous beams used in bridge constructions

• Magnel built the first indeterminate beam
bridge at Sclayn in Belgium in 1946.
• The cables are virtually straight but he

adjusted the deck profile so that the cables
were close to the soffit near mid-span but
above the centroidal axis at the internal
support.
• Even with straight cables the sagging
secondary moments are large; about 50%
of the hogging moment at the central
support caused by dead and live load.
ADVANTAGES OF CONTINUOUS MEMBERS
• Bending moments are more evenly distributed between the centre of span
and the supports of members.
• Reduction in size of members ~ results in lighter structures.
• Ultimate load-carrying capacity is higher than in a statically determinate

structure ~ due to phenomenon of redistribution of moments.
• Continuity of the members in framed structures leads to increased

stability.
• Continuous girders can be formed by segmental construction using

precast units connected by prestressed cables.
• In continuous post-tensioned girders, curved cables can be suitably

positioned to resist the span and support moments.
• Reduction in number of anchorages as compared to series of simply-

supported beams~ only one pair of post-tensioning anchorages and a
single stressing operation can serve several members.
• Deflections are comparatively small as compared to simply-supported

spans.
EFFECT OF PRESTRESSING IN
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
• When an indeterminate structure is prestressed, redundant reactions will
develop ~ due to the redundancies exercising a restraint at the supports.
While a statically determinate structure is free to deform when
prestressed, a continuous structure cannot deform freely.
• However, deflections should conform to the law of consistent
deformation.
• The redundant reactions which develop as a consequence of

prestressing an intermediate structure, result in secondary moments.
The formation of redundant reactions and secondary moments are
examined with reference to a two-span continuous beam, prestressed by
a straight cable located at a uniform eccentricity throughout the span as
shown in Fig. 2.
• Under the action of the prestressing force, P, the beam will deflect as
shown in Fig. 2(a) if it is not restrained at the central support B.
• A redundant reaction R, as shown in Fig. 2(c), develops at the central
support if beam is restrained at B so that deflections are not possible at
this support. As a consequence of this redundant reaction acting
downward, secondary moments as shown in Fig. 2(d), develop in the
continuous beam ABC.
Straight tendon
(a) P e
P
A B C
Deflected profile
-due to prestress force,
(b) P, if no restraint at B
A B C Deflected
profile
R
(c) R= redundant reaction

due to support B
A B C
L L
(d) Secondary moments
A RL/2 C
due to the redundant
reaction
Fig. 2: Redundant Reactions and Secondary Moments

in a Continuous PSC beam
Disadvantages in continuous
PSC beam
a) loss of prestress due to friction is appreciable in long

cables with reversed curves and considerable curvature,
b) secondary stresses due to prestressing, creep, shrinkage
and temperature and settlements of supports may induce
very high stresses unless they are controlled or provided
for in the design.
c) cables positioned to cater for secondary moments are
not generally suitable to provide the required ultimate
moment under a given system of loads, and
d) the computation of collapse or ultimate load is influenced
by the degree of redistribution of moments in the
continuous structure.

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STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

 The design of statically determinate beams is relatively

Fig. 1: Examples of continuous beams used in bridge constructions

• The cables are virtually straight but he

• Reduction in size of members ~ results in lighter structures.

• Ultimate load-carrying capacity is higher than in a statically determinate

• Continuity of the members in framed structures leads to increased

• Continuous girders can be formed by segmental construction using

• In continuous post-tensioned girders, curved cables can be suitably

• Reduction in number of anchorages as compared to series of simply-

• Deflections are comparatively small as compared to simply-supported

• The redundant reactions which develop as a consequence of

(c) R= redundant reaction

Fig. 2: Redundant Reactions and Secondary Moments

a) loss of prestress due to friction is appreciable in long

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