INTRODUCTION

TO
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

UNIT 2: LESSON 1
WHAT IS COMPUTER PROGRAMMING?

The process of developing and implementing various sets of

instructions to enable a computer to do a certain task.
These instructions are considered computer programs and help
the computer to operate smoothly.
The language used to program computers is not understood
by an untrained eye.
Computer programming continues to be a necessary process
as the Internet continues to expand.
 WHAT IS PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE?
 A programming language is a notation designed to connect
instructions to a machine or a computer.
 Programming languages are mainly used to control the
performance of a machine or to express algorithms.
 In the computer field, many languages need to be stated in an
imperative form, while other programming languages utilize
declarative form.
 The program can be divided into two forms such as syntax and
semantics.
 Some languages are defined by an SO standard like C language.
 KINDS OF PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
Procedural Programming Language
Functional Programming Language
Object-oriented Programming Language
Scripting Programming Language
Logic Programming Language
 Procedural Programming Language
The procedural programming language is used to
execute a sequence of statements which lead to a
result. Typically, this type of programming
language uses multiple variables, heavy loops and
other elements, which separates them from
functional programming languages. Functions of
procedural language may control variables, other
than function’s value returns. For example, printing
out information.
 Functional Programming Language

Functional programming language typically uses stored data, frequently

avoiding loops in favor of recursive functions. The functional
programing’s primary focus is on the return values of functions, and side
effects and different suggests that storing state are powerfully discouraged.
For example, in an exceedingly pure useful language, if a function is termed,
it’s expected that the function not modify or perform any o/p. It may,
however, build algorithmic calls and alter the parameters of these calls.
Functional languages are usually easier and build it easier to figure on
abstract issues, however, they’ll even be “further from the machine” therein
their programming model makes it difficult to know precisely, but the code is
decoded into machine language (which are often problematic for system
programming).
 Object-oriented Programming
Language
This programming language views the world as a group of
objects that have internal data and external accessing parts
of that data. The aim of this programming language is to think
about the fault by separating it into a collection of objects
that offer services which can be used to solve a specific
problem. One of the main principle of object oriented
programming language is encapsulation that everything an
object will need must be inside of the object. This language
also emphasizes reusability through inheritance and the
capacity to spread current implementations without having to
change a great deal of code by using polymorphism.
 Scripting Programming Language

These programming languages are often

procedural and may comprise object-oriented
language elements, but they fall into their own
category as they are normally not full-fledged
programming languages with support for
development of large systems. For example, they
may not have compile-time type checking. Usually,
these languages require tiny syntax to get started.
 Logic Programming Language
These types of languages let programmers make declarative
statements and then allow the machine to reason about the
consequences of those statements. In a sense, this language
doesn’t tell the computer how to do something, but employing
restrictions on what it must consider doing.
To call these groups ” types of language ” is really a bit confusing.
It’s easy to program in an object-oriented style in C language. In
truth, most of the languages include ideas and features from
various domains, which only helps to increase the usefulness of
these types of languages. Nevertheless, most of the programming
languages do not best in all styles of programming.
 TYPES OF LANGUAGE

C++ Language C Language

Pascal Language Fortran Language
Java Language Perl Language
PHP Language LISP Language
Scheme Language Ruby Language
 C++ Language

The C++ language has an object oriented

structure which is used in large projects.
Programmers can collaborate one program into
different parts or even one individual work on
each part of the program. The structure of
object oriented also permit code to be reused
many times. This language is an efficient
language. But, many programmers will disagree.
 C Language

The C language is a basic programming language

and it is a very popular language, particularly used
in game programming, Because C language
includes the additional packing of the C++, Every
programmer uses this language because it makes
programs faster . However the value of this
language gives the reusability of C++ to get the
slight increase in performance with C language.
 Pascal Language

Pascal language is mostly a teaching language and few

industries uses this language to write the programs. This
language tends to use keywords instead of symbols and
braces in C language. So this language is very easy for
beginners to understand than a programming language
like C, C++. Borland is a compiler software company,
which is using Delphi programming language for
industrial strength. Delphi is an object oriented language
of Pascal, and presently Borland compilers only use it.
 Fortran Language
Fortran language is a number crunching
language and still it is used by scientists. This
language allows different sizes of variables up
to the memory limit in the machine. This
language is suitable for engineers, who have
to calculate values with high precision.
Program in Fortran is inflexible and sometimes
it makes difficult to read.
 Java Language

The Java language is a multi platform language that’s

particularly helpful in networking. Of course, mostly this language
is used on the web with Java applets. However, this language is
used to design cross platform programs, Since it similar to C++ in
structure and syntax. For C++ programmers, Java language is
very easy to learn and it offers some advantages provided by
object oriented programming. Like reusability and it can be
difficult to write efficient code in Java. But, nowadays the speed
of the Java language has increased and 1.5 version offers some
good features for easy program making.
 Perl Language

Perl language is a file management language for UNIX. But it is

more popular for its common gateway interface programming
(CGI). It is a term for programs that web servers can perform to
allow additional capabilities of web pages. Pearl language is a
method for searching text and it is used for useful server
functions and other databases, and it is very easy to pick up the
fundamentals if you have any experience in any language. As
a CGi language, web hosting services select Perl language
over C++ language. Because, the web hosts can review Perl
script files. Since they are text files, when C++ is compiled.
 PHP Language

The PHP language is used to design web pages and

sometimes it is also used as scripting language. This
language is designed to develop a rapid website, and
as a result comprises features which make it easy
generate HTTP headers and link to databases. As a
scripting language, it includes a set of components
permit the programmer to easily get up to speed.
However, it has more sophisticated object oriented
features.
 LISP Language

LISP language is mostly used in computer

science research and it stores all data in
lists such as arrays. The syntax of list is very
simple and easy to make for developers
to implement structures.
 Scheme Language
The scheme language is an alternate of LISP
language, and it has a simpler syntax and
features. Any project under the scheme language
will result in the re implementation of most of
the LISP language. But, this is very popular
introductory language in the computer science
department of MIT’s. This language easily solves
the problems instead of worrying about syntaxes
of programming language.
 Ruby Language

Ruby is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose

programming language. It was designed and
developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz"
Matsumoto in Japan.
Ruby is dynamically typed and uses garbage collection.
It supports multiple programming paradigms, including
procedural, object-oriented, and functional
programming. According to the creator, Ruby was
influenced by Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, Basic, and LISP.