Nowadays, there are numerous programming languages are becoming more general and all-

purpose, but these languages have their specialties, and each language has its own advantages
and  disadvantages. Usually, programming languages can be classified into a few types,
however,  these languages support multiple programming style. Every year there are a
number of programming languages are implemented, but few languages are becoming very
popular which may used by a professional programmer in their career.

Programming languages are used to control the performance of the computer or machine. At
present, computer programmer has many choices to choose the language, but there are many
differences between programming languages. So, this article gives a brief information
regarding what are the different types of programming languages, differences between
programming languages and types of programming languages in useful ways.

What is Programming Language?

A programming language is a notation designed to connect instructions to a machine or a
computer. Programming languages are mainly  used to control the performance of a machine
or to express algorithms. At present, thousand programming languages have been
implemented. In the computer field, many languages need to be stated in an imperative form,
while other programming languages utilize declarative form. The program can be divided
into two forms such as syntax and semantics. Some languages are defined by an SO standard
like C language.

Types of Programming Languages

The different types of programming languages are discussed below.

Procedural Programming Language

The procedural programming language is used to execute a sequence of statements which

lead to a result. Typically, this type of programming language uses multiple variables, heavy
loops and other elements, which separates them from functional programming languages.
Functions of procedural language may control variables, other than function’s value  returns.
For example, printing out information.

Functional Programming Language

Functional programming language typically uses stored data, frequently avoiding loops in
favor of recursive functions.The functional programing’s  primary focus is on the return
values of functions, and side effects and different suggests that storing state are powerfully
discouraged. For example, in an exceedingly pure useful language, if a function is termed, it’s
expected that the function not modify or perform any o/p. It may, however, build algorithmic
calls and alter the parameters of these calls. Functional languages are usually easier and build
it easier to figure on abstract issues, however, they’ll even be “further from the machine”
therein their programming model makes it difficult to know precisely, but the code is
decoded into machine language (which are often problematic for system programming).

Object-oriented Programming Language

This programming language  views the world as a group of objects that have internal data and
external accessing parts of that data. The aim this programming language  is to think about
the fault by separating it into a collection of objects that offer services which can be used to
solve a specific problem. One of the main principle of object oriented programming
language  is encapsulation that everything an object will need must be inside of the object.
This language also emphasizes reusability through inheritance and the capacity to spread
current implementations without having to change a great deal of code by using
polymorphism.

Scripting Programming Language

These programming languages are often procedural and may comprise object-oriented
language elements, but they fall into their own category as they are normally not full-fledged
programming languages with support for development of large systems. For example, they
may not have compile-time type checking. Usually, these languages require tiny syntax to get
started.

Logic Programming Language

These types of languages let programmers  make declarative statements and then allow the
machine to reason about the consequences of those statements. In a sense, this language
doesn’t tell the computer how to do something, but employing restrictions on what it must
consider doing.

To call these groups ” types  of language ” is really a bit confusing. It’s easy to program in an
object-oriented style in C language. In truth, most of the languages include ideas and features
from various domains, which only helps to increase the  usefulness of these types of
languages. Nevertheless, most of the programming languages do not best in all styles of
programming.

The Difference Between Different Programming Languages

C++ Language

The C++ language has an object oriented structure which is used in large projects.
Programmers can collaborate one program into different parts or even one individual work on
each part of the program. The structure of object oriented also permit code to be reused many
times.This language is an efficient language. But, many programmers will disagree
C++ Language

C Language

The C language is a  basic programming language and it is a very popular language,

particularly used in game programming, Because C language includes the additional packing
of the C++, Every programmer uses this language because it makes programs faster .
However the value of this language gives the reusability of C++ to get the slight increase in
performance with C language.

C Language

Pascal Language

Pascal language is mostly a teaching language and few industries uses this language to write
the programs. This language tends to use keywords instead of symbols and braces in C
language. So this language is very easy for beginners to understand than a programming
language like C, C++. Borland is a compiler software company, which is using Delphi
programming language for industrial strength. Delphi is an object oriented language of
Pascal, and presently  Borland compilers only use it.
Pascal Language

Fortran Language

Fortran language is a number crunching language and still it is used by scientists. This
language allows different sizes of variables up to the memory limit in the machine. This
language is suitable for engineers, who have to calculate values with high precision. Program
in Fortran is inflexible and sometimes it makes difficult to read.

Fortran Language

Java Language

The Java language is a multi platform language that’s particularly helpful in networking. Of
course, mostly this language is used on the web with Java applets. However, this language is
used to design cross platform programs, Since it similar to C++ in structure and syntax. For
C++ programmers, Java language is very easy to learn and it offers some advantages
provided by object oriented  programming. Like reusability and it can be difficult to write
efficient code in Java. But, nowadays the speed of the Java language has increased and 1.5
version offers some good features for easy program making.
Java Language

Perl Language

Perl language is a file management language for UNIX. But it is more popular for its
common gateway interface programming (CGI). It is a term for programs that web servers
can perform to allow additional capabilities of web pages. Pearl language is a method for
searching text and it is used for useful server functions and other databases, and it is very
easy to pick up the fundamentals if you have any experience in any language. As a CGi
language, web hosting services select Perl language over C++ language. Because, the web
hosts can review Perl script files. Since they are text files, when C++ is compiled.

Perl Language

PHP Language

The PHP language is used to design web pages and sometimes it is also used as scripting
language. This language is designed to develop a rapid website, and as a result comprises
features which make it easy generate HTTP headers and link to databases. As a scripting
language, it includes a set of components permit the programmer to easily get up to speed.
However, it has more  sophisticated object oriented features.

PHP Language

LISP Language

LISP language is mostly used in computer science research and it stores all data in lists such
as arrays. The syntax of list is very simple and easy to make for developers to implement
structures.

LISP Language

Scheme Language

The scheme language is an alternate of LISP language, and it has a simpler syntax and
features. Any project under the scheme language will result in the re implementation of most
of the  LISP language. But, this is very popular introductory language in the computer
science department of MIT’s. This language easily solves the problems instead of worrying
about syntaxes of programming language.
Scheme Logo

This is all about the differences between programming languages and few major
programming languages are discussed. And, the remaining languages like Tcl, Python,
Smalltalk, COBOL, C# and Prolog are similar to the above languages which are discussed.
But selecting the suitable language for developing a program or application is very important

This set of Computer Fundamentals Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses
on “High Level Languages”.

1. Prolog comes under ___________

a) Logic Programming
b) Procedural Programming
c) OOP
d) Functional

Answer: a
Explanation: Prolog stands for Programming in Logic. The options mentioned are the four
categories of programming. Prolog is a type of logic programming.

2. Java is procedural programming.

a) True
b) False

Answer: b
Explanation: The statement is false. Java is a type of object oriented programming language.
It involves solving real-life problems as well.

3. A program that can execute high-level language programs.

a) Compiler
b) Interpreter
c) Sensor
d) Circuitry

Answer: b
Explanation: Interpreter is a program that can execute high-level language programs
“directly,” without first being translated into machine language.
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4. Executables might be called ________

a) native code
b) executable code
c) complex code
d) machine code
Answer: a
Explanation: The executables are sometimes called native code. HLL are translated to
Machine language called the native code.

5. Source program is compiled to an intermediate form called ___________

a) Byte Code
b) Smart code
c) Executable code
d) Machine code

Answer: a
Explanation: The Source program is compiled to an intermediate form called byte code. For
each supported platform, write a “virtual machine” emulator that reads byte code and
emulates its execution.

6. _______________ is the assembly language for an imaginary architecture.

a) Byte code
b) Machine code
c) Native code
d) Executable code

Answer: a
Explanation: Source program is compiled to an intermediate form – byte code. Byte code is
the assembly language for an imaginary architecture.

7. JIT stands for?

a) Just in time
b) Jump in time
c) Jump in text
d) Jump in terms

Answer: a
Explanation: JIT stands for Just in time. JVMs actually compile each bytecode instruction to
native code the first time it is used.

8. JVM stands for?

a) Java virtual machine
b) Java visual machine
c) JRE virtual machine
d) JRE visual machine

Answer: a
Explanation: JVM stands for Java Virtual Machine. Other related terms are JRE which is java
runtime environment and JDK which is java development kit.

9. A language supported by MS. Net platform.

a) C
b) C++
c) java
d) C#
Answer: d
Explanation: C# is supported by MS. Net platform. JAVA was originally designed for web
purposes.

10. Which of the following isn’t a characteristic of High level languages?

a) machine code
b) platform independent
c) interactive execution
d) user-friendly

Answer: a
Explanation: HLL isn’t in machine language. It is converted to machine language for further
processing.
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