Self Healing Concrete

SELF HEALING
CONCRETE
PRESENTED BY,
T.LAVANYA
M.E-STR(IIYr)
The three main processes of autogenous healing according to
Joseph are
Swelling and hydration of cement pastes;
Precipitation of calcium carbonate crystals,
Blockage of flow paths due to deposition of water impurities or
movement of concrete fragments that detach during the
cracking process.
Self healing/sealing mechanisms: a) dissolution, deposition and

crystallization, b) physical clogging, c) continuing hydration and d)
swelling of the cement matrix.
Hollow-Fiber Glass
Systems
Glass fibers, which contain specific healing agents, can
represent two different methods.

One method can serve as a one-part adhesive, such as
cyanoacrylate.
The system can also serve as a two-part epoxy system,
containing both a resin and a hardener.
Both of these methods will be located perpendicular to
one another; however, one is implemented within the
matrix itself and one within the fibers.
Tubes crack when a crack develops,releasing
chemical to seal the crack.
AUTONOMIC HEALING OF
POLYMER COMPOSITES
Consists of polymerization capsules that have
non-ending chain ends.

Like the Hollow Glass Fiber Self-Healing
method, a microencapsulated healing agent is
released into the crack plane once the
damage occurs.
Allows the epoxy matrix to heal multiple
cracks
MICRO-ENCAPSULATION
PROCESSES
An essential part of the microcapsule is the core shell
itself.
The method utilized to generate the microcapsules
core can be by liquid or gaseous phase, liquid or
slurry, multiple wall capsule, etc.
The in-situ process includes a combination of
aqueous and interfacial polymerization.
For the aqueous phase, the core material must be
immersible in water.
The walls will form when the dissolved
material creates a phase out and wrap

around core particles to make a suitable
change.
In order for this to occur,the system of the
aqueous solution must be changed by the
reduction in temperature, addition of chemical
precipitating agent, or ph alteration.
The formation of a polymer at the interface
between two liquid (Water and DCDP
Interface) phases is known as interfacial
polymerization.
AUTONOMOUS HEALING BY
BACTERIA
Its is a special type of
concrete invented by a
group of microbiology
researchers under the head
of Henk Jonkers.
Bio concrete is also called
as BACTERIAL CONCRETE or
self healing concrete.
Its specially made to
increase the lifespan or the

durability of concrete
structure by the self healing
action of that concrete.
8
Self-healing concrete is a product that will biologically
produce limestone to heal cracks that appear on the

surface of concrete structures.
Specially selected types of the bacteria genus Bacillusa
(JC3) is added to concrete with Calcium lactate as
feeding material and nitrogen and phosphorus, are added
to the ingredients of the concrete when it is being
mixed.
Calcium lactate & JC3 mixture is added in form of
palates
Initially JC3 bacteria spores remain in dormant state
These spores germinate when come in contact with H2O
in temp around 25deg.
Having been activated, the bacteria start to feed on
thecalcium lactate.
As the bacteria feeds oxygen is consumed and the soluble
calcium lactate is converted to insoluble limestone.
limestone solidifies on the cracked surface, thereby
sealing it up.
Oxygen is an essential element in the process of
corrosion of steel and when the bacterial activity has
consumed it all it increases the durability of steel
reinforced concrete constructions.
The two self-healing agent parts are introduced to the
concrete within separate expanded clay pellets 2-4
mmwide, which ensure that the agents will not be
activated during the cementmixing process.
Only when cracks open up the pellets and
incoming water brings the calcium lactate

into contact with the bacteria do these
become activated.
Electron microscope photograph

of bacterial spores
WHAT SPECIAL PRESENT IN BIO CONCRETE

The special bacteria
that has to resist the

alkalinity and the
mechanical stress of
concrete.
The chemical
precursor to activate
the bacteria which is
a nutrient to support
the bacteria during
the hibernation
12
WHAT BACTERIA IS USED

Most of the bacteria belongs to genus bacillus are
fulfilling the required criteria discussed above. some of

the list of bacteria are B. Pseudofirmus ,B. subtilus
B. Cohnii
B. Filla
B.
Pasteurii etc.
The suitable chemical precursor found to be most
suitable is calcium lactate Ca(C 3H5O2)2

Can be found in natural environments, such as alkali
lakes in Russia, carbonate rich desert areas of Spain and
soda lakes in Egypt.
WHAT IS HAPPENING INSIDE BIO

CONCRETE (MECHANISM )
In A, water enters from the left into a micro crack activating the embedded
bacterial spores. In B, the active bacteria seals the cracks with the production
of limestone, protecting the embedded steel reinforcement (brown bar) from
attack and erosion .Bio-mineral production: reduces permeability.
EFFECT ON THE FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY OF

CEMENT MORTAR BEAMS: cement mortar beams with bacteria performed well than the
beams without bacteria.

The higher the bacterial dosage, better was the performance.
Practical
use
The use of Self healing concrete has been very
limited world wide .
The concept is still in developing stage & on the way
to large scale use.
In India no use of this has been done.
A group of professors in JNTU are researching on
bacterial concrete.
Delft University is therefore developing self-healing
concrete products for specific civil engineering
markets that will not be in competition with one
another. Products will be developed for sectors such
as tunnel-lining, structural basement walls, highway
bridges,concrete floors and marine structures.
MERITS
More resistance to the freezing and thawing condition
Reduce plastic shrinkage cracks
High impermeability
High resistance to chemical attacks
Results and discussion

Bacillus subtilis can be produced from lab which is proved to be a safe and
cost effective.
The addition of bascillus subtilis bacteria improves the hydrated structure of
cement mortar.
The compressive strength of cement mortar is maximum with the addition of
bacillus subtilis bacteria for a cell concentration of 105 cells per ml of mixing
water. So, bacteria with a cell concentration of 105 cells per ml of mixing
water was used in the investigation.
The addition of bacillus subtilis bacteria increases the compressive strength of
concrete. In standard grade concrete the compressive strength is increased upto
14.92% at 28 days by addition of bacillus subtilis bacteria when compared to
conventional concrete. The addition of bacillus subtilis bacteria showed
significant improvement in the split tensile strength than the conventional
concrete.
RESEARCH STUDIES
An engineering student Michelle Pelletier from the University of Rhode
Island (URI) developed a self-healing concrete that would be

inexpensive to produce.
Michelle Pelletier, collaborating with URI Chemical Engineering Prof.
Arijit Bose,created a concrete matrix that was embedded with a
encapsulated sodium silicate healing agent.
When cracks formed in the concrete, the capsules ruptured and released
the agent into the adjacent area.
The sodium silicate reacted with the calcium hydroxide already present
in the concrete, and formed a calcium silica-hydrate gel that healed the
cracks and blocked the concretes pores.
The gel hardened in about one Week.
Researchers at Northumbria University in the U.K. are eveloping a
self-healing concrete using ground-borne acteria bacilli megaterium
- to create calcite, a crystalline form of natural calcium carbonate.
CONCLUSION
Based on the present experimental investigations, the
following conclusions are drawn:
decrease of permeability of water and other liquids in
concrete.
increases the compressive strength of concrete. The
compressive strength
Splitting tensile strength is increased
All over maintenance cost is minimized
THANK YOU

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SELF HEALING

The three main processes of autogenous healing according to

Self healing/sealing mechanisms: a) dissolution, deposition and

Glass fibers, which contain specific healing agents, can

represent two different methods.

Tubes crack when a crack develops,releasing

chemical to seal the crack.

non-ending chain ends.

The walls will form when the dissolved

material creates a phase out and wrap

Its is a special type of

increase the lifespan or the

Self-healing concrete is a product that will biologically

produce limestone to heal cracks that appear on the

Having been activated, the bacteria start to feed on

Only when cracks open up the pellets and

incoming water brings the calcium lactate

Electron microscope photograph

WHAT SPECIAL PRESENT IN BIO CONCRETE

that has to resist the

WHAT BACTERIA IS USED

fulfilling the required criteria discussed above. some of

The suitable chemical precursor found to be most

suitable is calcium lactate Ca(C 3H5O2)2

WHAT IS HAPPENING INSIDE BIO

EFFECT ON THE FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY OF

beams without bacteria.

Results and discussion

An engineering student Michelle Pelletier from the University of Rhode

Island (URI) developed a self-healing concrete that would be

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