JavaScript Notes (Bilingual: English + Hindi)
1. Introduction
Definition (English): JavaScript is a scripting language used to create dynamic and interactive
web pages.
Definition (Hindi): JavaScript ek scripting language hai jo dynamic aur interactive web pages
banane ke liye use hoti hai.
Syntax:
console.log('Hello JavaScript');
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<script>
document.write("Hello from JavaScript");
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output: Console → Hello JavaScript Webpage → Hello from JavaScript
2. Variables & Data Types
Definition (English): Variables are containers for storing data values. Types: var, let, const.
Definition (Hindi): Variables data store karne ke containers hote hain. Types: var, let, const.
Syntax:
var x = 5;
let y = 'Hello';
const pi = 3.14;
Example:
console.log(x);
console.log(y);
console.log(pi);
Output: 5 Hello 3.14
3. Operators
Definition (English): Operators are symbols that perform operations on values and variables.
Definition (Hindi): Operators woh symbols hote hain jo values aur variables par operations
perform karte hain.
Syntax:
let x=10, y=3;
Example:
console.log(x+y);
console.log(x-y);
console.log(x*y);
console.log(x/y);
Output: 13 7 30 3.333...
4. Conditional Statements
Definition (English): Used to make decisions in code (if, else, switch).
Definition (Hindi): Decision making ke liye use hota hai (if, else, switch).
Syntax:
if(condition){ ... } else { ... }
Example:
let num = 5;
if(num>0){ console.log('Positive'); } else { console.log('Negative'); }
Output: Positive
5. Loops
Definition (English): Loops are used to repeat a block of code multiple times.
Definition (Hindi): Loops ka use ek block of code ko bar-bar chalane ke liye hota hai.
Syntax:
for(initialization; condition; increment){ ... }
Example:
for(let i=1;i<=3;i++){ console.log(i); }
Output: 1 2 3
6. Functions
Definition (English): Functions are blocks of code designed to perform a task.
Definition (Hindi): Functions ek block of code hote hain jo specific kaam ke liye likhe jaate hain.
Syntax:
function functionName(params){ return value; }
Example:
function add(a,b){ return a+b; }
console.log(add(2,3));
Output: 5
7. Arrays
Definition (English): Arrays are used to store multiple values in a single variable.
Definition (Hindi): Arrays ek variable me multiple values store karne ke liye use hote hain.
Syntax:
let arr = [1,2,3];
Example:
let fruits=['Apple','Banana'];
fruits.push('Mango');
console.log(fruits);
Output: Apple,Banana,Mango
8. Strings
Definition (English): Strings are sequences of characters enclosed in quotes.
Definition (Hindi): Strings characters ka sequence hote hain jo quotes me likhe jaate hain.
Syntax:
let str = 'Hello';
Example:
let s='JavaScript';
console.log(s.toUpperCase());
Output: JAVASCRIPT
9. Objects
Definition (English): Objects are collections of key-value pairs.
Definition (Hindi): Objects key-value pairs ka collection hote hain.
Syntax:
let obj = {key:value};
Example:
let person={name:'Sarfaraz', age:20};
console.log(person.name);
Output: Sarfaraz
10. DOM Manipulation
Definition (English): DOM is used to access and change HTML elements dynamically.
Definition (Hindi): DOM ka use HTML elements ko dynamically access aur change karne ke liye
hota hai.
Syntax:
document.getElementById('id').innerHTML='text';
Example:
<p id='demo'></p>
<script>
document.getElementById('demo').innerHTML='Hello';
</script>
Output: Page par → Hello
11. Events
Definition (English): Events are actions that can be handled (click, hover, etc.).
Definition (Hindi): Events wo actions hote hain jo handle kiye ja sakte hain (click, hover, etc.).
Syntax:
<button onclick='myFunc()'>Click</button>
Example:
<button onclick="alert('Hi')">Click</button>
Output: Shows alert box: Hi
12. ES6 Features
Definition (English): Modern JavaScript features include let/const, arrow functions, template
literals.
Definition (Hindi): Modern JavaScript features me let/const, arrow functions, template literals aate
hain.
Syntax:
let [a,b] = [1,2];
const add=(x,y)=>x+y;
Example:
console.log(`Sum = ${add(2,3)}`);
Output: Sum = 5
13. Asynchronous JS
Definition (English): Handles tasks that take time using callbacks, promises, async/await.
Definition (Hindi): Time-taking tasks ko handle karne ke liye callbacks, promises, async/await ka
use hota hai.
Syntax:
setTimeout(()=>{...},1000);
Example:
setTimeout(()=>console.log('Hello after 1s'),1000);
Output: Prints after 1s → Hello after 1s
14. Classes
Definition (English): Classes are templates for creating objects (OOP concept).
Definition (Hindi): Classes objects banane ke templates hote hain (OOP concept).
Syntax:
class ClassName { constructor(){...} method(){...} }
Example:
class Animal{ constructor(name){this.name=name;} speak(){console.log(this.name);} }
let dog=new Animal('Dog'); dog.speak();
Output: Dog
15. JSON & Storage
Definition (English): JSON is used for data exchange. localStorage stores data in browser.
Definition (Hindi): JSON data exchange ke liye use hota hai. localStorage browser me data store
karta hai.
Syntax:
JSON.stringify(obj); localStorage.setItem(key,value);
Example:
localStorage.setItem('user','Sarfaraz');
console.log(localStorage.getItem('user'));
Output: Sarfaraz
16. Error Handling
Definition (English): try-catch is used to handle errors in JS.
Definition (Hindi): try-catch ka use errors handle karne ke liye hota hai.
Syntax:
try { ... } catch(error) { ... }
Example:
try{ let x=undefined; console.log(x.name);} catch(e){ console.log('Error found'); }
Output: Error found
17. Advanced Topics
Definition (English): Closures, hoisting, callbacks, higher-order functions.
Definition (Hindi): Closures, hoisting, callbacks, higher-order functions.
Syntax:
function outer(){ let x=10; function inner(){console.log(x);} return inner;}
Example:
let f=outer(); f();
Output: 10
