Python Complete Notes – Index

From the page: @i__simplify

Basics

1. What is Python?

2. How Python Works Internally

3. Variables in Python

4. Python Data Types

5. Type Conversion

6. Input & Output

Operators & Control Flow

7. Python Operators

8. Conditional Statements (if, elif, else)

9. Loops (for, while)

10. Loop Control (break, continue)

Functions & Logic

11. Functions (def, return, *args, **kwargs)

12. Lambda Functions

13. List Comprehension

String and Collection Handling

14. Strings

15. Lists

16. Tuples

17. Sets

18. Dictionaries

19. Nested Data Structures

File & Error Handling

20. File Handling (open(), modes, with-blocks)

21. Exception Handling (try, except, finally)

Functional Programming

22. map(), filter(), reduce()

Modules & Libraries

23. Python Modules & Packages (import, math, etc.)

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

24. Classes & Objects

25. Inheritance

Projects & Practice

26. Final Mini Project Ideas (To-do, Calculator, Games)

Bonus Concepts

27. match-case (Python 3.10+)

28. enumerate()

29. zip()

30. with statement

31. __name__ == "__main__"

32. assert for debugging

33. Type Hints in Functions

Every topic includes:

• Clear explanations
• Examples

• Practice questions

Designed for Instagram learners from @i__simplify

 Learn Python – Complete Notes

From the page: @i__simplify

What is Python?

Python is a beginner-friendly and powerful programming language used in almost every domain
— from web development to data science and automation.

Easy to Read: Python syntax is clean and almost like English.

Versatile: One language, many uses.
Large Community: Tons of libraries and community support.

Where is Python Used?

• Web Development (e.g., Django, Flask)

• Data Science & Machine Learning (e.g., Pandas, TensorFlow)

• Automation (e.g., Scripts, Web Scraping)

• App & Game Development

• Cybersecurity, IoT, and more!

Think of Python like a Swiss Army knife — one tool, many jobs.

How Python Works Internally

When you run a .py file:

1. Python reads the code line by line using an interpreter.

2. It converts the code into bytecode (an intermediate form).

3. The Python Virtual Machine (PVM) then executes the bytecode.

It’s like writing a movie script (your code), compiling it into shots (bytecode), and then the
director (PVM) shooting each scene.

Variables in Python

Variables are used to store values. Think of them as containers with names.

x = 10

name = "Python"

Rules for Naming Variables:

• Must start with a letter or underscore (_)

• Can include letters, digits, and underscores

 • Are case-sensitive (Age ≠ age)

• Use meaningful names: user_age, total_price

Example:

city = "Mumbai"

print("City is:", city)

Practice Questions (Variables)

1. Create a variable a and assign it your favorite number.

2. Store your name in a variable and print it.

3. Try swapping values between two variables.

Python Data Types

Python supports various data types for storing different kinds of information.

Basic Data Types:

Type Example Description

int 5, -3 Integer values

float 3.14 Decimal values

str "hello" Text

bool True, False Boolean values

Collection Data Types:

Type Example Description

list [1, 2, 3] Ordered & changeable

tuple (4, 5) Ordered & unchangeable

set {1, 2, 3} Unordered, unique items

dict {"name": "Ali"} Key-value pairs

List = shopping items, Tuple = birthdate, Set = unique IDs, Dict = contact book

Practice Questions (Data Types)

1. Create a list of your 3 favorite foods.

 2. Store your birth year in a tuple.

3. Make a dictionary for a contact with name and phone number.

4. Create a set of numbers with duplicates and see the output.

Type Conversion in Python

Python allows you to convert between different data types easily.

Common Conversions:

From To Syntax Result

String → Integer int("10") ➝ 10

String → Float float("3.14") ➝ 3.14

Number → String str(25) ➝ "25"

String → List list("abc") ➝ ['a', 'b', 'c']

Useful when working with input or APIs that return everything as text.

Practice Questions (Type Conversion)

1. Convert the number 100 into a string and check its type.

2. Convert the string "45.7" into a float and print its type.

3. Convert the string "i__simplify" into a list.

Input and Output in Python

Input:

Used to accept data from the user.

name = input("Enter your name: ")

Note: input() always returns a string.

Output:

Used to display messages.

print("Hello", name)

You can print multiple values separated by commas.

Practice Questions (Input/Output)

 1. Take your age as input and print it with a message.

2. Ask for a city and print: "You live in: <city>".

3. Take two numbers as input and print their sum.

Python Operators

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

Arithmetic Operators:

+, -, *, /, // (floor divide), % (modulus), ** (power)

Assignment Operators:

=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=

Comparison Operators:

==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

Logical Operators:

and, or, not

Membership Operators:

in, not in

Practice Questions (Operators)

1. Write a program that checks if a number is even or odd.

2. Take two inputs and print which one is larger.

3. Try using in to check if a letter exists in a string.

Conditional Statements

Used to make decisions in code.

if age >= 18:

print("Adult")

elif age >= 13:

print("Teenager")

else:

print("Child")
 Only one block will execute based on the condition that is true.

Practice Questions (Conditions)

1. Check if a number is positive, negative, or zero.

2. Take marks as input and print grade using conditions.

3. Check if a given year is divisible by 4.

Loops in Python

Loops are used to repeat a block of code.

for loop:

Used for iterating over sequences.

for i in range(3):

print(i)

while loop:

Runs until a condition is False.

x=0

while x < 3:

print(x)

x += 1

Loop Controls:

• break: exit the loop early

• continue: skip the current iteration

Practice Questions (Loops)

1. Print numbers from 1 to 10 using a for loop.

2. Print all even numbers up to 20.

3. Take input n and print factorial using while loop.

4. Use break to stop a loop when a number becomes greater than 50.

Functions in Python

Functions are reusable blocks of code.

def greet(name):

return "Hello " + name

Special Syntax:

• *args: multiple positional arguments

• **kwargs: multiple keyword arguments

Practice Questions (Functions)

1. Write a function to calculate the square of a number.

2. Create a function to find the largest of 3 numbers.

3. Write a function to return whether a string is a palindrome.

Strings in Python

Strings are sequences of characters.

text = "Python"

Common Methods:

• text.upper() ➝ "PYTHON"

• text.lower() ➝ "python"

• text[0:3] ➝ "Pyt"

• len(text) ➝ 6

Strings are immutable.

Practice Questions (Strings)

1. Count vowels in a string.

2. Reverse a string using slicing.

3. Check if the word "simplify" exists in a sentence.

Lists in Python

Lists are ordered, changeable (mutable), and allow duplicates.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "mango"]

Common List Methods:

Method Example Result

.append() fruits.append("kiwi") Adds to end

.remove() fruits.remove("banana") Removes item

.pop() fruits.pop() Removes last item

.sort() fruits.sort() Sorts list

.reverse() fruits.reverse() Reverses list

Practice Questions (Lists)

1. Create a list of 5 favorite movies and sort them.

2. Add 2 new items to a list using append().

3. Remove duplicates from a list.

Tuples in Python

Tuples are ordered, immutable collections (cannot be changed after creation).

colors = ("red", "green", "blue")

Use Cases:

• Store fixed data (e.g., birthdate, coordinates)

• Use as keys in dictionaries

Practice Questions (Tuples)

1. Create a tuple of weekdays.

2. Try changing a value in a tuple (observe the error).

3. Use tuple unpacking:

a, b = (1, 2)

Sets in Python

Sets are unordered, mutable collections of unique items.

nums = {1, 2, 2, 3}

print(nums) # Output: {1, 2, 3}

Common Set Operations:

• add(), remove()

• union(), intersection(), difference()

Practice Questions (Sets)

1. Create a set of 5 numbers (with duplicates).

2. Add a new element to a set.

3. Find the common values between two sets.

Dictionaries in Python

Dictionaries store data as key-value pairs.

person = {

"name": "Ali",

"age": 22

print(person["name"]) # Ali

Use Cases:

• Contact lists

• JSON data

• User profiles

Practice Questions (Dictionaries)

1. Create a dictionary with details: name, age, email.

2. Update the age value.

3. Add a new key: city.

Nested Data Structures

Python allows nesting lists, sets, or dicts inside each other.

students = [

{"name": "A", "score": 90},

{"name": "B", "score": 85}

]
Useful in APIs, JSON data, or database records.

File Handling

Used to read and write files.

with open("data.txt", "r") as file:

content = file.read()

Modes:

• "r" → Read

• "w" → Write (overwrites)

• "a" → Append

• "r+" → Read and Write

with auto-closes the file — safer!

Practice Questions (File Handling)

1. Write a program to save your name into a .txt file.

2. Read and print the content of that file.

3. Append a new line to an existing file.

Exception Handling

Python handles errors using try...except.

try:

print(10 / 0)

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("You can't divide by zero.")

finally:

print("Execution complete.")

Practice Questions (Exceptions)

1. Handle an error when converting a string to an integer.

2. Catch IndexError when accessing out-of-range list elements.

3. Use finally to print a closing message always.

 List Comprehension

A compact way to create lists.

squares = [x**2 for x in range(5)]

With condition:

python

CopyEdit

evens = [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]

Lambda Functions

Anonymous, one-line functions.

add = lambda x, y: x + y

print(add(3, 4)) # 7

Useful with map(), filter(), reduce().

Map, Filter, Reduce

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]

• map() – Apply a function to each item:

double = list(map(lambda x: x*2, nums))

• filter() – Filter items:

even = list(filter(lambda x: x%2==0, nums))

• reduce() – Reduce list to single value:

from functools import reduce

total = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, nums)

Modules & Packages

Used to import reusable code from other files or libraries.

import math

print(math.sqrt(25))

Other useful modules:

• random
• datetime

• os

• sys

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Model real-world objects using classes.

class Car:

def __init__(self, brand):

self.brand = brand

mycar = Car("Tesla")

print(mycar.brand)

Inheritance

class Animal:

def sound(self):

print("Some sound")

class Dog(Animal):

def bark(self):

print("Woof")

Child class inherits methods of parent class.

Practice Questions (OOP)

1. Create a class Person with attributes name and age.

2. Add a method introduce() to print name.

3. Create a class Student that inherits from Person.

Final Mini-Project Ideas

These are perfect for beginners:

1. To-do List App – Add, remove, and mark tasks done.

2. Number Guessing Game – Generate a random number and ask user to guess.

3. Simple Calculator – Basic operations using functions.

4. Rock-Paper-Scissors Game – Player vs Computer.

5. Contact Book – Use dictionary to store contact info.

Bonus Concepts & Features

Feature Use

match-case Better than if-else (Python 3.10+)

enumerate() Index + value in a loop

zip() Combine two lists

with Safer file handling

__name__ == "__main__" Entry point of Python file

assert Quick debugging

Type hints def add(x: int, y: int) -> int:

Summary

Beginner-friendly
Covers all basics and intermediate concepts
Real-life examples + practice
Written in clean language for easy understanding
From your favorite page @i__simplify

Let’s make learning Python simple, visual, and powerful — together.

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