Python

Introduction
Python Preliminaries
• A multi-paradigm language
▫ Procedural, Functional, Object-Oriented etc.
• Has an interpreter
• Downloadable from www.python.org
• Editor used: IDLE

• Suggested Readings:
▫ Allen Downey: Think Python – How to Think Like a
Computer Scientist, Green Tea Press.
▫ Mark Lutz: Programming Python, O’ Reilly.
In Python you can do -
• Procedural Programming
• Object-Oriented Programming
• Functional Programming
• Event-Driven Programming
• Concurrent/Parallel Programming
• Database Programming
• Network Programming
• Server-Side Scripting
• Client-Side Scripting
• Python-C Integration
Python Preliminaries
• All programming constructs are just like
C/C++
▫ If, for, while etc. except for code blocks { }
• Math Ops: + , –, *, /, %, **
• Logical Ops: and, or, not
• Comparison Ops: < , >, <=, >=, ==, !=
Python By Examples
• > print " Hello World" [= Hello World]
•>2 + 2 [= 4]
•>6 – 3 [= 3]
• > 18/3 [= 6]
• > 18/7 [= 2 integer
division]
• > 18.0/7 [ = 2.5714]
• > 18/7. does the same
thing
• > 19%2 [=1 finds
modulus]
• > 8.75%5 [ = 0.25]
• > 8**3 [= 512 ] 8 raise to
the
Python By Examples
Variables
• > x=18 [x is integer 18]
• > y=2.5
•>x + y [ = 20.5]
•>z = x + y [ z=20.5]

Input
• > g=input ("Enter a number")
[ Enter a number = 10 (user input) ---> g
becomes 10]
• > f = input() [ No message]
Python By Examples
• > pow(5,4) [54=625]
• > abs(–18) [= 18]
• > floor(18.7) Error
Message [Function reside in
modules so we have to import module]

• > import math

• > math.floor(18.7) [= 18]
• > math.sqrt(81) [= 9]

• > s = math.sqrt(81)

• > mysqrt = math.sqrt

• > mysqrt(81) [= 9]
Create and Save Programs
• File -> new window
• write program -> save as fn.py
▫ Note: Save before run [ use F5 for Run ]
Program
x = raw_input ("Enter Name:" )
print ("Hey" + x)
print ("Press Enter")
input()

▫ fn.py can be executed by clicking the file icon

Strings
• "Hey now" is same as 'Hey now'
• 'He's a boy" [incorrect]
• "He's a boy" [correct]
• 'He\'s a boy' [correct, using escape
character]
• "He said "Good bye" to me" [incorrect]
• "He said \"Good bye\" to me" [correct]
Storing Strings
• S1= "Hello"
• S2 = " There"
• S1+S2 [concatenation]
• S1, S2 [puts them in tuples like ('Hello'
, 'S2' )]
• num =18
• print "I am " + str(num)
or
• n= str(18)
• print "I am " + n
or
• print "I am " + `num`
▫ Note: we can use repr( ) function in place of str( ).
Raw Input
• input [treat input as numbers]
• raw_input [treat input as string]
• n = input() [n is a number]
• s=raw_input() [s is a string]
Sequence and Lists
creating a list
• color = ['Red' , 'green', 'blue',
'yellow']
• indexes 0 1 2 3
-4 -3 -2 -1
color[2] -> 'blue', color[-1] -> 'yellow',
color[-3] -> 'green'
• Strings can also be indexed
• str = 'Dayalbagh'
str[0] -> 'D', str[1] -> 'a'
also
str[-1] -> 'h'
str[-2] -> 'g'
Slicing
• example = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
• example[4:8] [4,5,6,7]
• example[4:9] [4,5,6,7,8]
• example[-5:-1] [5,6,7,8]
• example[-5:0] does not work
• example[-5:] till the end
• example[:7] from the start
• example[:] full list
• example[1:8:2] [1,3,5,7] 2 is the

increment
• example [10:2:-2] [9,7,5,3]
• example [ : :-2] count backwards
entire list
Editing Sequences
• [7,4,5] + [4,6,5] gives
[7,4,5,4,6,5]
• [4,6,5] + ["Hello"] Error Not same
types

• "Hello"*10

Hello Hello Hello Hello Hello Hello Hello

Hello Hello Hello

• [20]*10

[20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20,
20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20]
Membership
• name = 'Dayalbagh'

• 'z' in name [false]

• 'y' in name [true]

• color = ['Red','blue','green']

• 'yellow' in color [false]

More on Lists
• number=[8,1,4,17,28,165,7]
• len(number) [7]
• min(number) [1]
• max(number) [165]
• list('dayalbagh')

['d','a','y','a','l','b','a','g','h']
converts string to list
• number[3]=77
[8,1,4,77,28,165,7]
• del(number[3]) [8,1,4,28,165,7]
More on Slicing
• ex=list('dayalbagh')
• ex[4:]=list('Singh') [d a y a S i n g
h]

• ex=[7,8,9]
• ex[1:1]=[3,3,3] [7,3,3,3,8,9]

• ex=[1,2,3,4,5]
• ex[1:3]=[8,8,8,8] [1,8,8,8,8,4,5]

• del ex[1:5] [1,4,5]

Methods
• nums=[21,18,30]
• nums.append(45)
[nums=21,18,30,45] nums is
object and append is method.
• nums=[1,2,3,3,4,3,4]
• nums.count(4) [= 2]
• nums.count(5) [= 0]
• one = [1,2,3]
• two = [4,5,6]
• one.extend(two)
[one gives
1,2,3,4,5,6]
More Methods
• color=['red','green','yellow']
• color.index('green') [ =1 ]

• color.insert(2,'cyan')

• color.pop(1) [returns element

with
index 1 and delete from
list]

• color.remove('yellow')

• color.reverse()
Sorting
• nums=[2,5,28,17,14]
• nums.sort() [ascending order]

• nums.sort(reverse=True) [for descending

order]

• sorted( 'dayalbagh') [sorted list]

Tuples
• 2,5,3,7 (2,5,3,7)
• texm=(2,5,3,7) tuple cannot be
changed
• texm[2] [gives 3]

• color=['red','green','blue']
[has to be a list]
• color2=('black')
[has to be a tuple]
• color2.join(color)

[red black green black blue black yellow

black]
Strings
• str="Hey there %s, How are you %s"
• varb=('amit','today')
• print str % varb

• str="Hey there how are you"

• str.find('there') [= 4 ]

• str="Good MORNING"
• str.lower() [good
morning]
• str="Hey there how are you there"
• str.replace('there','man' )
[Hey man how are you
Dictionary
• book={'Dad':'Bob','Mom':'Lisa','Bro':'Joe'
} [Dad is key and Bob is definition.]

• book['Dad'] ['Bob']
• book.clear() [clear all items]
• book2=book.copy() [copies dictionary]
• book.has_key('Mom') [true]
Programs: if statement
color="blue"
if color == "blue" :
print "Right Color"

if color == "blue":
print "Right Color"
else :
print "Wrong Color"

• Nesting of if / if - else is possible.

• blocking is based on indentation.
Programs: if statement
if color == "blue" :
print "Blue"
else if color == "green" :
print "Green"
else if color == "yellow" :
print "yellow"
else :
print(" Wrong Color")

n=10
if n > 3 and n < 30 :
print "Right "
if a > 10 or b < 10 :
print "big"
Comparing Lists
• one=[1,2,3]
• two=[1,2,3]
• three=[1,2,4]
• one is two [False, it will be
true only when they
refer to the same
objects.]

• one is three [False]

• three=four=[1,2,4]
• three is four [True]

• "drag" < "Cat" [False]

Programs: While Loop
b=1
while b<=10 :
print b
b=b+1 // b+=1
Programs: For Loop
color=['red','green','yellow']
for c in color :
print "I like " + c

nums=[1,2,3,4,5]
for i in nums :
print i
Programs: For Loop
Loop through dictionary book
for item in book : [item - set to
keys]
print item, book[item]

Infinite loop and break

while 1:
name=raw_input("Enter Name")
if name == 'quit' :
break
Programs: For Loop
range(4) [0,1,2,3]

num=[1,2,3,4,5]
for i in range (len(num)) :
num[i] = num[i]*2

Note: for usual for i = 0 to 9 use while

loop.
Building Functions
def hello (x) :
return "Hello " + x

>print hello ('Sanjay') [Hello

Sanjay]

def plusten(x):
return x+10

>print plusten(44) [54]

Functions - Parameters
def name(first,last) :
print "%s %s" % (first,last)

>name('Amit','Sharma') [Amit
Sharma]

def name (first='Tom',last='Smith') :

print "%s %s" % (first, last)

> name() [Tom Smith]

> name(last='Peter') [Tom Peter]
Multiple Parameters to a
Function
def list(* col) : [* signifies multiple
print col
parameters]

>list('Yellow') [Yellow]
>list('Red','Blue','Green') [Red Blue
Green]

def profile(name, *ages) :

print name
print ages

>profile('Amit',20,30,40) [Amit 20 30
Recursive Function
def sum(x) :
if x==1:
return 1
else :
return x + sum (x-1)

>print sum(10) [55]

Function Parameter -
Dictionary
def cart (**items) : [items
belongs to print items
dictionary]

>cart(apples=4,oranges=6)
[apples,oranges -> key; 4,6 ->
def]
Output =
{'apples':4,'oranges':6}

def profile(first,last,*ages,**items) :
print first, last
print ages
items
Functions – Tuples as
Parameters
def example(a,b,c) :
return a+b*c

>num=(5,7,3) [tuple]
>example(*num)
[* means tuple, ** means
dictionary]

def example2(**this) :
print this

>book = {'Dad':55,'Mom':50}
>example2(**book)
Output =
Object-Orientation in
Python
Creating Classes and Objects
• Creating a Class
class student :
name='Amit'
age=22
def sayhello(self) :
return 'Hello There'

• Creating objects
ex1=student()
ex1.name [Amit]
ex1.age [22]
ex1.sayhello() [Hello There]
Creating Classes and Objects
class className :
def createName(self, name) :
self.name=name
def displayName(self) :
return self.name
def saying(self) :
print "Hello %s" % self.name

• first=className( )
• second=className( )
• first.createName('Sanjay')
• second.createName('Amit')
• first.displayName() [Sanjay]
• first.saying() [Hello
Sanjay]
Inheritance – Subclasses and
Superclasses
class parentclass :
var1='I am var1'
var2='I am var2'

class childclass (parentclass) :

pass [means do nothing]

• PO = parentclass()
• PO.var1 ['I am
var1']
• CO = childclass()
• CO.var1 ['I am
var1']
Inheritance – Subclasses and
Superclasses
class parent :
name = "Sanjay"
rollno = 123

class child (parent) :

rollno = 456

• pob = parent()
• cob = child()
• pob.name [Sanjay]
• pob.rollno [123]
• cob.name [Sanjay]
• cob.rollno [456]
Multiple Inheritance
class Mom :
var1= "ABC"
class Dad :
var2="DEF"
class child (Mom,Dad) :
var3 = "GHI"

• cob=child()

• cob.var1 [ABC]
• cob.var2 [DEF]
• cob.var3 [GHI]
Constructors
class new :
def __init__ (self) :
print "constructor "

• obj = new() [constructor is called

here]
Files
File Operations
• fob=open('a.txt','w') [Opens a file a.txt
in
‘w’rite mode]
• fob.write('Hey there') [Write to the file]
• fob.close() [Close the file]

• fob=open('a.txt','r') [Opens a file a.txt

in
‘r’ead mode]

• fob.read(3) [reads 3 characters

from
file a.txt]
• fob.read() [Reads full file from
Reading a File Line-By-Line
• fob=open('a.txt','r')
• print fob.readline() [Reads one line
from the
file pointer]
• print fob.readlines() [Reads all the lines
from the file pointer and
puts them in a list
making each line a
separate element
in the list]
• fob.close()
• fob=open('a.txt','w')
• fob.write('this is a new line \n this is
another line \n')
Writing a File Line-By-Line
• fob=open('a.txt','r')
• listme=fob.readlines() [Reads all the lines in
listme]
• fob.close()
• listme[2]="this is a test\n"
[Changes line 2 in
listme]

• fob=open('a.text','w')
• fob.writelines(listme) [Writes all the lines
in listme to fob,
i.e., a.txt]
• fob.close()
Modules
Creating/Importing Modules
• type in a file

def testmod( ) [type as many

functions print "This works" as you like]

• save in python directory [example :

mymod.py]

• import mymod
• run it as mymod.testmod()

• Note : if we make any change in the module, if

we say <import mymod> again, it will not work.
we have to use reload(mymod)
Getting Module Info
• import math [Import a module such as
‘math’]
• dir(math) [Prints all functions that math
module contain]

• help(math) [Prints all functions that

math module contain with
details]
• math.__doc__ [info]
Thank you!