Introduction to Python

Python is an interpreted programming language. It

was created by Guido Van Rossum, and released in
1991.

It can be used :-
 web development (server-side),
 software development,
 handle big data and complex mathematics
 system scripting.
 connect to database systems
Why Python
 Python works on different platforms
 Simple syntax Example: print("Hello, World!")
 Similar to the English language.
 Python runs on an interpreter system (executes very fast )
 It allows Object-oriented Programming
 It can be written using Thonny, Pycharm, Netbeans or
Eclipse
How to install Python?

To check if you have python installed

 Search in the start bar for Python or
 Run in your cmd prompt:
C:\Users\Your Name>python –version
 To check in Linux
python –version
It can be written in any text editor
Example:
print(“Hello, Welcome to the world of Python!”)

 Save this file as hello.py

 Open your cmd line, navigate to the directory where you
saved your file, and run
C:\Users\Your Name>python hello.py

 The output : Hello, Welcome to the world of Python!

Python syntax

1. print("Hello, World!")

2. if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
if 5 > 6:
print("Five is less than six!")
Variable in Python

Python has no command for declaring a variable

In Python, variables are created when you assign a value to it:

x=5
y = "Hello, World!"
print(x)
print(y)
Python Variable
 How to declare Variable name
 Start with a letter or the underscore character
 Not with a number
 A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
 Variable names are case-sensitive
(age, Age and AGE are three different variables)
 Variable: Multiple ways
 Camel Case
myVariableName = "Linguistics”
 Pascal Case
 MyVariableName = " Linguistics”

 Snake Case
 my_variable_name = “Linguistics"
 Assigning multi values to multi Variables

x, y, z = “Phonology", “Phonetics", “Speech Pathology"

print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
Single value to multi Variable
x = y = z = “Phonology"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
 Outputting Variable

print() function is often used to print the values stored in the variables
x = "Python is awesome"
print(x)
In the print() function, multiple variables are separated by a comma.
+ operator can also be used to print the multiple variables
x = "Python"
y = "is"
z = "awesome"
print(x, y, z)
 Global Variable and Local Variable
Global
x = "awesome"
Syntax
Variable
VariableName = “Statement1” def myfunc():
Local x = "fantastic"
def FunctionName():
VariableName = “Statement2” Variable print("Python is " + x)
print(“Statements” + VariableName) myfunc()
FunctionName()

print(“Statements” + VariableName) print("Python is " + x)

Output:
Python is fantastic
Python is awesome
Python - 2
Comments in Python
 Comments is used to explain Python code and make the
code more readable
 Comments prevent execution when testing code.
 Comments start with a #

x=5
y = "Hello, World!"
print(x) #This is a comment. This will print the value of
x
print(y)
Comments in Python
Lets see this code

#print("Hello, World!")
print("Cheers, Mate!")

What would be the output?

Text Type: Str "Hello World"

Numeric Types: int, float, complex 20, 20.02, 1j

Sequence Types: list, tuple, range ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

("apple", "banana", "cherry")
range(6)
Mapping Type: Dict {"name" : "John", "age" : 36}

Set Types: set, frozenset {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

Boolean Type: Bool True

Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryview

None Type: NoneType

 If you want to specify the data type of a variable, this can be
done with casting.
x = str(3) # x will be '3'
y = int(3) # y will be 3
z = float(3) # z will be 3.0

You can get the data type of a variable with the type() function.
x=5
y = “Mohan"
print(type(x))
print(type(y))
 One type to another type
 x=1
y = 2.8
z = 1j

#convert from int to float:

a = float(x)

#convert from float to int:

b = int(y)

#convert from int to complex:

c = complex(x)

print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
 Assigning String to a Variable

Assigning a string to a variable is done with the variable name

followed by an equal to (=) sign and the string:
Example a = “Linguistics"
print(a)

Or a=„Linguistics‟
print(a)
 Assign multiline String to a Variable
Use three double quotes for multi line statements

Example

a=“““Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It

is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive,
systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of
language, particularly its nature and structure.”””
print(a)
 Check String

 in and not in function in Python

txt = "The best things in life are free!"

if "free" in txt:
print("Yes, 'free' is present.")

txt = "The best things in life are free!"

if "expensive" not in txt:
print("No, 'expensive' is NOT present.")
Python Collections (Arrays)
There are four collection/special kind of data types in Python.

•List is a collection which is ordered and changeable. Allows

duplicate members.
•Tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows
duplicate members.

•Set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable*, and

unindexed. No duplicate members.

•Dictionary is a collection which is ordered** and changeable. No

duplicate members.
 List data Type: List data type may store any type of data

Syntax Example
list_name = [“str1", “str2", “str3"] list1 =
["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(list_name) list2 = [1, 5, 7, 9, 3]
list3 = [True, False, False]
print(list2)
List items are indexed and you can access them by referring to the
index number:

 List1 = [„we‟, „love‟, „India‟]

Indexing starts with zero (0). So, the first item‟s index is 0, the
second item‟s index is 1 and so on.
Example

mylist = [“Linguistics", “Phonology", “Semantics“,

“Pragmatics”, “Computational Linguistics”, “Typology”]

print(mylist[1])

print(mylist[2:5])
A Program to check the type of the list

my_list = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(type(my_list))

A Program to check the item exists in the list

my_list = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

if "apple" in my_list:
print("Yes, 'apple' is in the fruits list")
Insert/Append/Extend Items
To insert a new list item, without replacing any of the existing values, we can use
the insert(). The insert() method inserts an item at the specified index:

To append elements from another list to the current list, use the extend() method.

To add an item to the end of the list, use the append() method:

Example
Insert "watermelon" as the third item:
list1 = [“ABC", “DEF", “JKL"]
list1.insert(2, “GHI")
print(list1)
 Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to
perform common mathematical operations:
Operator Name Example
+ Addition x+y
- Subtraction x-y
* Multiplication x*y
/ Division x/y
% Modulus x%y
** Exponentiation x ** y
// Floor division x // y
Some program using operators

i = 256*256
print('The value of i is', i)

J= 100+101
Print(„the value of J is‟, J)

Output:
 When you run a condition in an if statement, Python
returns True or False:

a = 200
print(10 > 9) b = 33

print(10 == 9) if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
print(10 < 9) else:
print("b is not greater than a")
Python - 3
 Python Conditions and If statements
Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:

 Equals: a == b
 Not Equals: a != b
 Less than: a<b
 Less than / equal to: a <= b
 Greater than: a>b
 Greater than/equal to: a >= b

These conditions can be used in several ways, most commonly in "if

statements" and loops.
An "if statement" is written by using the if keyword.
Syntax or
if expression1:
if expression statement
Statement1 elif expression2:
else Statement2 statement
elif expression3:
statement
else:
statement
 a=3
b=3
Syntax if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
if expression elif a == b:
Statement1 print("a and b are equal")
else Statement2
a = 20
b=3
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
else:
print("a is greater than b")
Lets consider the given
code/program….and answer.
# this is an exercise program
What is/are variable here ? prime_numbers = [1, 3, 5, 7, 11]
print(prime_numbers)
Write the data type of those variables.
empty_list = [ ]
What is/are the function(s) used here? print(empty_list)
What would be the output of this print(prime_numbers[0])
program?

What is comment in this program?

Prime number using for loop

prime_numbers = [1, 3, 5, 7, 11]

for prime in prime_numbers:
print(prime)
print('Done!')
example
 subject = Linguistics
for x in subject:
print(x)

 names = [“Ammi", “Ananya", “Aman"]

for x in names:
print(x)
#printing 0 to 99 numbers

for x in range(100):
print(x)

#printing 1 to 100 numbers

for y in range(1,101)
print(y)
# Iterating over a set
print("\n Set Iteration")
set1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
for i in set1:
print(i),
Displaying table in Python using for
# Multiplication table (from 1 to 10) in Python

num = 12
num = int(input("Display multiplication table of? "))

for i in range(1, 11):

print(num, 'x', i, '=', num*i)
Writing table using for
num=15
i=1
while i<= 10:
# Infinite loop using while
print(“num*i”)
i=i+1 while True
print(“Hi dear”)
# Python program to illustrate while loop

x=0
while (x < 3):
x=x+1
print("Hello friend")
Printing number series in Python
Example

# Fibonacci series
a, b = 0, 1
while a < 10
print(a) ... a, b = b, a+b
break()
It control out of the loop. It is used with both the while and the for
loops, especially with nested loops to quit the loop. It terminates
the inner loop and control shifts to the statement in the outer loop.
age = “\n Please enter your age: ”
while True:
age = input
if age >= 18:
break
else:
print (“You‟re not eligible to vote”)
continue()
It is used to continue running the program even after the
program encounters a break during execution.

for letter in ‘Linguistics':

if letter == ' ':
continue
print ('Letters: ', letter))
 Pass()
The pass statement is a null operator and is used when the
programmer wants to do nothing when the condition is
satisfied.

for letter in ‘Linguistics':

if letter == ' s':
pass
print ('Letters: ', letter))
Functions in Python
Functions (also called 'procedures' in some programming
languages and 'methods' in most object oriented
programming languages) are a set of instructions bundled
together to achieve a specific outcome.

A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called.

You can pass data, known as parameters, into a function. A
function can return data as a result.
Following are the features of Python Functions:
1.It is used to avoid repetitions of code.
2.Using the function, we can divide a group of code into smaller
modules.
3.It helps to hide the code and create clarity to understand the modules.
4.It allows code to be reusable, thus saving memory.
5.Statements written inside a function can only be executed with a
function name.
6.Python function starts with def and then a colon (:) followed by the
function name.
 Defining a function and calling it

def my_function():
print("Hello this is my function")

my_function()

Note: To call a function, use the function name followed by parenthesis:

example

def myIntro(): # define function name

print( “Imran Ali, Research Scholar, Deptt of Linguistics,
Faculty of Arts, Banaras Hindu University” )
myIntro() # call to print the statement
 Defining a function and calling it

def my_function(country = “India"):

print("I am from " + country)
my_function("Sweden")
my_function(“America")
my_function()
my_function("Brazil")

Note: To call a function, use the function name followed by parenthesis:

Python - Calculator
 Simple Calculator
# This function adds two numbers
def add(x, y):
return x + y
# This function subtracts two numbers
def subtract(x, y):
return x – y
# This function multiplies two numbers
def multiply(x, y):
return x * y
# This function divides two numbers
def divide(x, y): return x / y
print("Select operation.")
print("1.Add")
print("2.Subtract")
print("3.Multiply")
print("4.Divide")
while True:
# take input from the user
choice = input("Enter choice(1/2/3/4): ")
# check if choice is one of the four options
if choice in ('1', '2', '3', '4'):
num1 = float(input("Enter first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter second number: "))
if choice == '1':
print(num1, "+", num2, "=", add(num1, num2))
elif choice == '2':
print(num1, "-", num2, "=", subtract(num1, num2))
elif choice == '3':
print(num1, "*", num2, "=", multiply(num1, num2))
elif choice == '4':
print(num1, "/", num2, "=", divide(num1, num2))
# check if user wants another calculation
next_calculation = input("Let's do next calculation? (yes/no): ")

if next_calculation == "no":
# break the while loop if answer is no
break
else:
print("Invalid Input")
Python Library for Natural language processing

 NumPy  TensorFLOW
 Metaplotbit  SciPY
 Pandas  spiCy / NLTK
 Seaborn  OpenCV
 Scikitlearn  Keras
 PyTorch
Presented and instructed by

Imran Ali
Research Scholar, Department of Linguistics
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (India)