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Array

Dr. Hadeer A. Hosny

2 Points to be covered:
 Introduction to array
 Defining array
 Storing and accessing array elements
 Copying array
 Comparing array
 Two dimension array (Matrix)
 Exercise
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Introduction to array

 An array is used to
store a collection of
data, but it is often
more useful to think of
an array as a
collection of variables
of the same type.
 Represented as a
group of consecutive
memory locations
(sequentially stored).
 Defining array
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 When defining arrays, specify

 Array Name
 Type of elements in array
 Number of elements (arraySize)
 Declaration: type arrayName [ arraySize ];
 Examples:
 Int c[ 10 ];
 float myArray[ 3284 ];

 Defining multiple arrays of same type

 Format similar to regular variables
 Example:
 Int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ];
 Defining array
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Examples

 Int A[10]
 An array of ten integers
 A[0], A[1], …, A[9]
 double B[20]
 An array of twenty long floating point numbers
 B[0], B[1], …, B[19]

 Array indexes always start at zero in C++

 Defining array
6 Array Initializer
 int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
 If not enough elements to store in array , the remaining
elements will be zero
 int n[ 5 ] = { 0 }
 All elements stored in array will be 0
 int n[ 5 ] = { 5,6,7,8,9,0,9 }
 Here too many elements want to be stored in array , so a
syntax error occurs
 int n[ ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; Index
 5 elements are stored, therefore size or array is 5
 double balance[] = {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 7.0, 50.0};

Element
 Storing array elements
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 Three ways to enter elements (values) in array:
 1.Initialize arrays in the variable declaration statement
 Example: double temperature [5]= {12.3,7.5,65,72.1,87.5};
 2.Read input values into the array from the keyboard or
from a file and then store them in array using loop.
 Example
 Array elements are commonly used in loops
int size=10; int a[size],index;
for(index =0; index<=size-1; index++) { cin>>a[index]; }
 To access all elements of an array a for loop is used, for loop will start
from index 0 to the last element in the array which has an index of array
size-1
 When looping through an array, the array index should never go below
0 and always be less than the total number of elements in the array
(size –1).
 Storing array elements
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 Three ways to enter elements (values) in array:
 3.Use assignment statements.
 Example: declaration: int score [6];
 score[0]=49;
 score[1]=75;
 score[2] = 65;
 score[3] = 90;
 score[4]=77;
 score[5]=70;
 Accessing array elements
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 To refer to an element, specify
 Array name
 Position number
 Format:
 Arrayname [position number]

 First element at position (index) 0

 n element array named c:
 c[ 0 ], c[ 1 ]...c[ n –1 ]
 Array elements are like normal variables
 c[ 0 ] = 3;
 cout<< c[ 0 ];
 Perform operations in 4th index. (x=3)
 c[ 5 -2 ] == c[ 3 ] == c[ x ]
 Note: We cannot use assignment statements with entire arrays.
 Accessing array elements
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 We cannot use assignment statements with entire arrays.

 All of the following are valid:

 score[0] = 4;
 score[0] += 7;
 score[1] = score[0] -2;
 score[2] = score[1] + 5 * score[0];
 score[j] = score[j + 1];

 Note: index can be any integral expression.

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Example on dealing with array.

#include <iostream >

using namespace std;
for loop initializes
each array element
/* function main begins program execution */ separately
int main( void )
{
/* symbolic constant SIZE can be used to specify array
size */
int s[ 10 ]; /* array s has SIZE elements */
int j; /* counter */
for ( j = 0; j < 10; j++ ) { /* set the values */
s[ j ] = 2 + 2 * j;
} /* end for */
cout <<"Element Value\n" ;
/* output contents of array s in tabular format */
for ( j = 0; j < 10; j++ ) {
cout<<"\t"<< j<<"\t" <<s[ j ]<<"\n" ;} /* end for */
return 0; /* indicates successful termination */
for loop print index and
} /* end main */ each array element
separately
 Copying arrays
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 This is not the way to copy an array.
 int array1[] = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 };
 int array2[] = array1; // This does not copy array1.
 Copying arrays
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 Solution is to copy element by element in array.
 int array1[ ] = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10 };
 int array2[5];
for (int i= 0; i< 5; i++){
array2[i] = array1[i];
}
 Comparing arrays
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 Variables
Int x,y;
if (x==y) {cout<<“x equals y”;}
 Arrays
int firstArray[ ] = { 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 };
int secondArray[ ] = { 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 };
if (firstArray==secondArray)
cout<<"The arrays are the same.";

No

Why?
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Example on comparing array.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){ Compare 2 arrays
int firstArray[] = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 };
content
int secondArray[] = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 };
bool arraysEqual = true;
int size2=5, size1=5, i=0;
// First determine whether the arrays are same size.
if (size1 != size2)
arraysEqual= false;
// Next determine whether the elements contain same data.
while ( arraysEqual ==true && i< 5)
{
if (firstArray [i] != secondArray[i]){
arraysEqual= false; }
i++;
}
if (arraysEqual==true)
cout <<"The arrays are equal .";
else
cout <<"The arrays are not equal .";
return 0;
}
 Two dimension array
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 A two-dimensional array is an array of arrays.
 Table, with rows and columns .
index
 Two dimension array
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 Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays
 Multi dimensioned arrays may be initialized by
specifying bracketed values for each row. Following is
an array with 3 rows and each row have 4 columns.
 Example:
int a[3][4] = {
{0, 1, 2, 3} , /* initializers for row indexed by 0 */
{4, 5, 6, 7} , /* initializers for row indexed by 1 */
{8, 9, 10, 11} /* initializers for row indexed by 2 */
};
 The nested braces, which indicate the intended row, are
optional. The following initialization is equivalent to
previous example:
int a[3][4] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11};
 Two dimension array
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 Initializing Arrays
 Programs that process two-dimensional arrays can do so
with nested loops.
 To fill the scores array:
int scores[3][4];
for (int row = 0; row < 3; row++)
{
for (int col = 0; col < 4; col++)
{
cout<<"Enter a score: ";
cin>>scores[row][col];
}
}
 Two dimension array
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 To print the scores array:

for (int row = 0; row < 3; row++)

{
for (int col = 0; col < 4; col++)
{
cout<<scores[row][col];
}
}
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Example multi dimension array.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main () {
// an array with 5 rows and 2 columns.
int a[5][2] = { {0,0}, {1,2}, {2,4}, {3,6},{4,8}};

// output each array element's value

for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ )
for ( int j = 0; j < 2; j++ ) {

cout << "a[" << i << "][" << j << "]: ";
cout << a[i][j]<< endl;
}

return 0;
}
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Exercise
Write a program that reads the scores of 20 students, and
print:
 The Maximum value of elements stored in an array.
 The Average value of elements stored in an array.
 The Minimum value of elements stored in an array.
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Outline of course
 Contents going to be covered during the course:
 Problem Solving
 Flow chart, pseudo code, and Algorithm
 Starting writing first C++ program
 Input and Output
 Conditions
 Loops
 Array
 Function
 Pointers
 String
 OOP
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