Arrays

By

Dr. Sana Aurangzeb

 Arrays
• Related data items

• Collection of the same types of data.

• Static entity – Same size throughout

program
 Arrays
• Simple data type => data element contains a single
value
15 84.35 ‘A’

• Structured data type => a data element contains a

collection of data values

• Array is a structured data-type (collection of

values): 85 79 92 57 68 80
 One Dimensional Array
• Collection of components
– All of the same type

• Structure given a single name

• Individual elements accessed by index indicating

relative position in collection

• Index of an array must be an integer

 One Dimensional Array
int WeeklyTemp[7];
WeeklyTemp

0 31
1 34
WeeklyTemp[0] = 31;
WeeklyTemp[2]= 38; 2 38 4 bytes
WeeklyTemp[4] =30 ; 3 36
4 30
5 29
6 26

cout<< WeeklyTemp[0];
cout<< WeeklyTemp[2];
cout<< WeeklyTemp[4];
 Declaring Array Variables
datatype arrayName[arraySize];
Example:
double myList[10];

Array Size: MUST BE constant

- constant literal
- constant identifier

int size = 4;
double myList[size]; // Wrong
const int size = 4;
double myList[size]; // Correct
double myList[20]; // Correct
 Input/Output of Array elements

int marks[3];
marks[0] = 76;
marks[1] = 65;
marks[2] = 27;

cout<<marks[2]<<marks[0]<<marks[1];
 Input/Output of Array elements –
Using Loops
int marks[5];

for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
cin>>marks[i];

for(int j=0;j<5;j++)
cout<<marks[j];
 Indexed Variables
• Array elements are accessed through the index.
• Array indices are 0-based; that is, they start from 0
to arraySize-1.
For example:
int marks[5];
 Five int values:
marks[0], marks[1], marks[2], marks[3],
marks[4]
 Using array values:
marks[2] = marks[1] + marks[0]
 Using Indexed Variables
• An indexed variable can be used in the same
way as a regular variable.

• For Example:

myList[2] = myList[0] + myList[1];

 No Bound Checking
• C++ does not check array’s boundary.

• So, accessing array elements using subscripts

(index variable) beyond the boundary does not does
not cause syntax errors,

• But the operating system might report a memory

access violation (Compiler or System may crash!)

• Example: …
 Arbitrary Initial Values
• When an array is created, its elements are
assigned with arbitrary values.

int marks[5];
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
cout<<marks[i];
 1D Array Values Example
int n[10]; //n is an array of 10 integers
// initialize elements of array n to 0
for (int i = 0; i<10; i++) {
n[i] = i + 100;
}
cout<<"Element"<<setw(13)<<"Value"<<endl;

// output each array element's value

for (int j = 0; j<10; j++) {

cout<<setw(7)<<j<<setw(13)<<n[j]<<endl;
}
 Initializing an Array
• Declaring, creating, initializing in one step:

dataType arrayName[Size] = {value0, value1, ..., valuek};

• Example:
int myList[4] = {32, 11, -6, 65};
What about:
int List2[4];
List2= {32, 11, -6, 65};
 Declaring, creating, initializing Using the
Shorthand Notation

int myList[4] = {32, 11, -6, 65};

 This shorthand notation is equivalent to the

following statements:

int myList[4];
myList[0] = 32;
myList[1] = 11;
myList[2] = -6;
myList[3] = 65;
 Initializing Wrong way

int myList[4];

myList = {32, 11, -6, 65};

 Implicit Size
• C++ allows you to omit the array size

• For example, the following declaration is fine/correct:

int myList[ ] = {63, 9, 3, 13};

C++ automatically figures out how many elements

are in the array.

int myList [ ]; // WRONG

 Partial Initialization
• C++ allows you to initialize a part of the array.
double myList[4] = {1.9, 4.65}; //correct

- The above example assigns values 1.9,

4.65 to the first two elements of the array.

- The other two elements will be set to zero.

- Note: If an array is declared, but not initialized,

all its elements will contain “garbage”, like all
other local variables.
 Initializing arrays with random values
• Following loop initializes the array myList with
random values between 0 and 99:

int myList[10];

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)

{
myList[i] = rand() % 100;
cout<<“\nArray Element”<<i<<“ has val:”<<myList[i];
}
 Copying Arrays
• Can you copy array using a syntax like this?
int list[3]; int myList[3];
list = myList; // WRONG

• This is not allowed in C++. You have to copy individual

elements from one array to the other as follows:

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)

{
list[i] = myList[i];
}
• Row A
Declare and initialize first array from user
Declare and initialize second array with number 0
Take sum of two arrays and store in third. Display the third
array. Also, display average.

• Row B

• Declare and initialize array from user

• Take square of a number and store in same array and
display the values in reverse
 Example-1: Summing All Elements
- Write a program to create an array of 100 elements,
initialize each element with the same value (its index
uses). Sum all the array values and print the Sum.
 Example-2: Reversing an Array
Write a program to create an array of 10 elements, initialize
each element a random value (1 to 50). Print the array
values. Then, Reverse the values stored in array. Output the
final array values.
 Example-3: Searching in Array
- Write a program that creates an integer array having
50 elements. Then, ask the user to input values in the
array. After that, find the largest number, smallest
number in the and calculate the average of the values
in the array.
 Example-4: Searching in Array
-Write a program that creates an integer array having
100 elements. Then, randomly assign values (0—99) to
the arrays elements. After that the program should ask
the user to enter a number and print the total number
of occurrences (how many time the number appeared)
in the array.
-Example:
Enter the number: 29
The number 29 appeared 7 times in the array
 Example-5: Finding Largest Element
(Searching)
Write a program to create an array of 50 elements, initialize
each element random value (1 to 100). Find the location
(index) of the largest value. In the end, print both the index
and largest value.

Example output:
Enter a number to search: 44
44 is at location 6
 C-Strings or Character Arrays
• The elements of an array can be just about
anything (any-datatype)

• Consider an array whose elements are all

characters (char type)
– Called a C-String
– Treated differently for I/O than other types of
arrays
 Declaration of C-Strings
• Similar to declaration of any array:

char name[30]; // no initialization

char title[20] = “Hello World";

//initialized at declaration with a string

char chList[6] = {‘H', ‘e', ‘l', ‘l‘, ’o’};

//initialized with list of char values
 Initializing Character Arrays
char city[ ] = “LAHORE";

'L' 'A' 'H' 'O' 'R' 'E' '\0'

city[0] city[1] city[2] city[3] city[4] city[5] city[6]
 Printing Character Array
• For a character array, it can be printed using one print
statement.

• Character arrays are handled differently than other types of

arrays

For example:

char city[ ] = “Lahore";

cout << city; // Correct

int marks [ ] = {20,65,30};

cout << marks; // Wrong
 Character Array (string) Input
• Declare strings 1 element bigger than planned size to
allow for ‘\0’ (null character)
char city[10];
cin>> city; //User enters Islamabad (9 chars)

• When input takes place, C++ automatically places the ‘\0’

in memory at the end of the characters typed in
Sorting
 Sorting An Array
Sorting: Arranging values of an array in Ascending or
Descending order.
E.g., 65, 34, 12, 7, 5, 2, 1 {Descending order}
3, 13, 23, 37, 49, 87 {Ascending order}

Bubble Sort
• Repeatedly stepping through the array to be sorted,
comparing each pair of adjacent items and swapping
them if they are in the wrong order. The pass through
the array is repeated until no swaps are needed (which
indicates that the list is sorted)
Sorting An Array(Ascending)
(Using bubble sort)
 Sorting An Array(Ascending)
int a[4]={4,19,1,3};
int i,j,temp;
for (i=3; i>=1; i--)
{
for (j=0; j<i; j++)
if (a[j] > a[j+1])
{ temp = a[j];
a[j] = a[j+1];
a[j+1] = temp;
}
}
cout<<“Displaying sorted array”;
for (i=0; i<4; i++)
{ cout<<array[i];
}
 Sorting An Array(Ascending)
int a[10]={33,10,1,87,6,44,23,3,11,82};
int i,j,temp;
int N=10;

for (i=0; i<N; i++)

{
for (int j=0; j<N-i-1; j++)
if (a[j] > a[j+1])
{ temp = a[j];
a[j] = a[j+1];
a[j+1] = temp;
}
}
 Sorting An Array(Descending)
int a[10]={33,10,1,87,6,44,23,3,11,82};
int i,j,temp;
int N=10;

for (i=0; i<N; i++)

{
for (int j=0; j<N-i-1; j++)
if (a[j] < a[j+1])
{ temp = a[j];
a[j] = a[j+1];
a[j+1] = temp;
}
}
Two Dimensional Arrays
 Two Dimensional Arrays
• A two dimensional array stores data as a logical
collection of rows and columns

• Each element of a two-dimensional array has a

row position and a column position (indicated by
two indexes)

• To access an element in a two-dimensional array,

you must specify the name of the array followed
by:
– a row index
– a column index
 Declaration and Initialization
• Declaration of a two-dimensional array requires a
row size and a column size

• A consecutive block of (row size)*(column size)

memory locations are allocated.

• All array elements must be of the same type.

• Elements accessed by two offsets: a row offset

and a column offset.
 Example
//Declaration
int data[2][3];

col 0 col 1 col 2

row 0 ? ? ?
row 1 ? ? ?
 Declaring Arrays

datatype arrayName[rowSize][coulmnSize];

Example:
double myList[2][4];

rowSize, and coulmnSize: MUST BE constant

- constant literal
- constant identifier
 Declaring and Initializing Arrays
int myList[3][2] = {{22,33}, {44,55}, {66,77}};

 myList has 3 Rows and 2 coulmns in each row

Coulmn Indexes
 In memory:
0 1
0 22 33
Row Indexes 1 44 55
2 66 77
 Initialization Examples
int temp[4][3] = {{50, 70, 60}, {48, 75, 62},
{51, 69, 60}, {52, 78, 63}};

int t2[7][4] = {{50, 70, 60}, {48, 75, 62},

{51, 69, 60}, {52, 78, 63}};

int temp[][3] = {{50, 70, 60}, {48, 75, 62},

{51, 69, 60}, {52, 78, 63}};
 Example: Input Using cin
• Nested for loops are often used when inputting
and assigning values to a two-dimensional array.

//Declaration
double table[10][10];

for (int i=0; i<10; ++i) //every row

for (int j=0; j<10; ++j ) //every col
cin >> table[i][j];
 Example: Assignment
//Declaration
const int RSIZE=3;
Const int CSIZE=2;
double v[RSIZE][CSIZE];

for (int i=0; i<RSIZE; ++i) //every row

for (int j=0; j<CSIZE; ++j )//every col
v[i][j] = i+j;

V 0 1
1 2
2 3
 Example: Computations
• Compute the average value of an matrix with n
rows and m columns.

double sum=0;
double average;

for (int i=0; i<n; i++)//every row

for (int j=0; j<m; j++ )//every col
sum += array[i][j];

average = sum / (n*m);

 Example: Computations
• Compute the average value of the 3rd row
of a 2D array with r rows and c columns.

double sum=0;
double rowAverage;

for (int j=0; j<c; j++) //every col

sum += array[2][j];

average = sum / c;
 Outputting 2D Arrays
• Two dimensional arrays are often printed in a
row by row format, using nested for statements.

for (int i=0; i<n; i++)

{
//every row
for (int j=0; j<m; j++ )//every col
cout << array[i][j] << ‘ ‘;

cout << endl; //add end-of-line each row

}
 Higher-Dimensional Arrays
- An array can be declared with multiple dimensions.
2 Dimensional 3 Dimensional

double Coord[100][100][100];

- Multiple dimensions get difficult to visualize graphically.

Single 1D Array
value 2D Array 3D Array
 Larger-Dimension Arrays
• Arrays with more than two dimensions allowed in
C++ but not commonly used

Example: int response[4][10][6];

– First element is response[0][0][0]

– Last element is response[3][9][5]
 Larger-Dimension Arrays
int response[4][10][6];
for(int i=0; i <4; i++){
for(int j=0; j<10; j++){
for(int k =0; k<6; k++){
cin>>response[i][j][k];
}
}
}
 Common Programming Errors
• Forgetting to declare an array
– Results in a compiler error message

• Using a subscript that references a nonexistent

array element
– For example, declaring array to be of size 20 and using
a subscript value of 25
– Not detected by C++ compilers and will probably cause
a runtime error
 (Nested Loops) – Example Program-1
- Write a program to that creates a matrix of size 5 by 5 (5
Columns, and 5 Rows). The program should ask the user
to enter values in each matrix element. Then the program
should display the matrix Row-wise.

Example:

1, 2, 3, 4,
1 2 3 4
5, 6, 7, 8,
5 6 7 8
Output
9, 10, 11, 12,
9 10 11 12
13, 14, 15, 16,
13 14 15 16
 (Nested Loops) – Example Program-2
- Write a program to that creates a matrix of size 5 by 5 (5
Columns, and 5 Rows). The program should ask the user
to enter values in each matrix element. Then the program
should display the matrix Coulmn-wise.

Example:

1, 5, 9, 13,
1 2 3 4
2, 6, 10, 14,
5 6 7 8
Output
3, 7, 11, 15,
9 10 11 12
4, 8, 12, 16,
13 14 15 16
 (Nested Loops) – Example Program-3
- Write a program to that creates a matrix of size 10 by 10
(10 Columns, and 10 Rows). The program should ask the
user to enter values in each matrix element. Then the
program should display the left-diagonal elements of the
matrix.

Example (5 by 5 matrix):
1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8
Output 1, 6, 11, 16,
9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16
Output ?
 Example-4: Zero Matrix
• Write a program that creates a matrix of 3 by 3 (3
rows, and 3 coulmns). Get input values from the user
for the complete matrix. Then, the program should
determine whether the matrix is a “Zero” matrix (all
elements are zero) or not.
 Example-5: Coulmn sum
• Write a program that creates a matrix of 4x4 (4 rows,
and 4 coulmns). Get input values from the user for
the complete matrix. The program should calculate
and print the sums of each individual coulmn.
 Example-6: Matrix Vector
• Write a program that creates a matrix of 3 by 3 (3
coulmns, 3 rows). Create a vector/array having 3
elements. The program should multiply the matrix
with the given vector and print the resultant matrix in
proper format.
 Example-6: Matrix Vector-code
int A[4][4];
Int B[4]; int C[4]; int r;
// Get input in the “A” matrix and “B”
array
for(int i=0; i<4; i++)
{
r = 0;
for(int j=0;j<4; j++)
r = r + A[i][j] * B[j];

C[i] = r;
}